AP Biology - Weebly



Chapter 6

Cellular Respiration

__________________________________________________________________________________

Chapter 6 QUESTIONS – Overview of Cell Respiration

1. What is the overall equation for cellular respiration?

2. What happens to the amount of potential energy of electrons as they shift from carbon and hydrogen toward oxygen in cellular respiration?

3. What are the functions of NAD+ and FAD in cellular respiration?

4. Contrast the following:

|Substrate-Level Phosphorylation |Oxidative Phosphorylation |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

5. Define chemiosmosis. Review the principles of chemiosmosis and the concept of the proton motive force.

6. Describe the four phases of cellular respiration and include the location within the cell they occur:

|Glycolysis |Pyruvate |Citric Acid Cycle |Electron Transport Chain |

| |Oxidation | | |

|Description: |Description: |Description: |Description: |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

|Location: |Location: |Location: |Location: |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

Glycolysis Summary

|Energy Investment | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

|Energy Yielding | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

|In |Out |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

7. Why is glycolysis considered anaerobic?

8. What happens to pyruvate if oxygen is not available?

The Citric Acid Cycle – Acetyl CoA Prep

9. Where does this reaction occur?

10. Write the detailed reaction for the Preparatory Reaction below:

Acetyl CoA Prep per Pyruvate

|In |Out |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

Acetyl CoA Prep per Glucose

|In |Out |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

Citric Acid Cycle

Citric Acid Cycle Summary per Pyruvate

|In |Out |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

Citric Acid Cycle Summary per Glucose

|In |Out |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

11. Complete the following chart by providing the number of each molecule produced per glucose molecule.

|Molecule |# Produced per glucose |Molecule |# Produced per glucose |

| | | | |

|NADH | |ATP | |

| | | | |

|CO2 | |FADH2 | |

Electron Transport Chain

12. What are the reactants and products of electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation?

|Reactants |Products |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

13. As electrons are transported through the electron transport chain to oxygen, they lose potential energy. This energy is used to do what work?

Fermentation

|Inputs |Outputs |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

14. Compared to aerobic respiration, how efficient is fermentation?

15. Where does the majority of potential energy of glucose reside after fermentation?

16. Under what condition(s) does fermentation occur?

17. Describe what happens during lactic acid fermentation.

18. Why is replenishing NAD+ crucial to cellular metabolism?

19. Summarize the total energy yield from glucose in human cells in the presence versus the absence of O2.

Metabolic Pool

Define:

|Catabolism |Anabolism |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

20. Most commonly glucose is represented as the molecule broken down in the respiration equation. Does this mean that glucose is the only source of energy in cellular respiration? Explain.

21. Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins can all be used fuel for cellular respiration. Trace the path of each of these food groups from the point of digestion in the intestines to where and in what form they enter cellular respiration.

| | |

| | |

|Carbohydrates | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

|Fats | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

|Proteins | |

| | |

| |

1. What is the role of photosynthesis in an ecosystem?

1. Define oxidation and reduction in terms of electron gain or loss; gain or loss of hydrogen and oxygen.

2. In general, describe what happens during photosynthesis and write a summary equation.

a. What are the reactants in photosynthesis? _____________________________

b. What are the products of photosynthesis? _____________________________

c. Where in the cell does photosynthesis occur? _______________________

d. What substance is oxidized? _____________________________

e. What substance is reduced? _____________________________

2. Water and carbon dioxide are both required for photosynthesis.

a. How does water get to the site of photosynthesis?

b. How does the carbon dioxide get the site of photosynthesis?

11. What is the source of O2 produced in photosynthesis?

12. Photosynthesis is described as an endergonic redox process.

a. Why endergonic?

b. What substance is oxidized?

c. To what is it oxidized?

d. What substance is reduced?

e. To what is it reduced?

3. Indicated the role of each structure within the leaf:

a. Mesophyll cells

b. Thylakoid

c. Thylakoid membrane

d. Grana

e. Stroma

f. Photosystem

g. Stomata

h. chlorophyll

15. What pigments are involved (directly and indirectly) in photosynthesis?

18. In general, describe the structure of a photosystem.

19. Where, within the chloroplast, are the photosystems located?

20. Compare and contrast the two photosystems in photosynthesis.

|Photosystem I |Photosystem II |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

24. Describe the organization of the thylakoid membrane, the location of the various components of the light reactions, and how ATP is produced by chemiosmosis. You may find it helpful to sketch a diagram similar to Figure 10.12, indicating where H+ become concentrated and ATP is produced.

25. Summarize the light reactions below:

|Reactants |Products |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

QUESTIONS – Chapter 10.3: The Calvin Cycle

26. Summarize the three stages of the Calvin Cycle below:

|Stage |Summary (Reactants and Products) |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

27. What is the role of Rubisco in the Calvin cycle? (What is its more formal name?)

28. Where does the Calvin Cycle occur within the chloroplasts?

29. For each glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate molecule that exits the Calvin cycle:

________ molecules of CO2 enter the cycle

________ molecules of ATP are used

________ molecules of NADPH are used

________ turns of the Calvin cycle are required

30. What are the possible fates of G3P?

31. For each glucose molecule produced by photosynthesis:

________ molecules of CO2 are used

________ molecules of ATP are used

________ molecules of NADPH are used

________ turns of the Calvin cycle are required

32. Summarize the Calvin cycle below:

|Reactants |Products |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

|What is photorespiration? | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

|Why does it occur? | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

|What effect does it have on | |

|photosynthetic output? | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

What environmental conditions foster photorespiration?

................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download