General Biology Exam 1 – Topic – Name:
INTRODUCTION TO METABOLISM
Characteristics
Multiple Choice
True - False
Short Answer
Essay
Laws of Thermodynamics
Multiple Choice
True - False
Short Answer
Essay
Enzymes -- Characteristics
Multiple Choice
True - False
Short Answer
Essay
Enzymes -- Types
Multiple Choice
True - False
Short Answer
Essay
Enzymes -- Regulation
Multiple Choice
True - False
Short Answer
Essay
Energy Currency
Multiple Choice
True - False
Short Answer
Essay
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_______ provides the ultimate source of energy for most living organisms.
1 The sun
2 Phosphorus compounds
3 Fossil fuels
4 Glucose
5 Fats
The nucleotide most closely associated with energy is
1 cyclic AMP
2 FAD
3 ATP
4 NAD
5 all of the above
Plants need __________ and __________ to perform photosynthesis.
1 oxygen and water
2 oxygen and carbon dioxide
3 carbon dioxide and water
4 sugar and water
5 none of the above
All the following statements are true of the first law of thermodynamics except:
1 The amount of useful energy decreases.
2 The first law of thermodynamics is often called the law of the conservation of energy.
3 The total amount of energy within an isolated system remains the same.
4 One form of energy may be converted to a different form of energy.
5 All are true of the first law.
In an isolated system, all the following are true of the second law of thermodynamics except:
1 Useful energy decreases.
2 Total energy remains constant.
3 All chemical reactions are exergonic.
4 There is a natural tendency toward greater disorder of the organization of matter.
5 All are true of the second law.
Entropy is a measure of:
1 Increase in orderliness
2 Gain of high-level energy
3 Increase in potential energy
4 Increase in randomness
5 Increase in kinetic energy
How is your body able to counteract the effects of entropy?
1 Regular exercise
2 Sunbathing
3 Eating a balanced diet
4 Bathing regularly
5 Buffers
Energy that is not converted to useful energy is usually given off as:
1 radioactivity
2 electricity
3 light
4 heat
5 entropy
Which of the following has the greatest amount of kinetic energy?
1 Tank of gasoline
2 Moving car
3 Hot car engine
4 Cool air surrounding the engine
5 An unlit firecracker
Why is it possible for living organisms to comply with the second law of thermodynamics?
1 Chemical reactions inside cells mostly cause an increase of high-level energy.
2 Living organisms are totally isolated systems which are not subjected to the laws of physics.
3 Photons of light function as an ultimate source of energy for most forms of life on Earth.
4 Living organisms are unique in that they do not require energy for survival.
5 Organisms are able to function efficiently on heat energy alone.
The Law of Conservation of Energy states that although the form of energy used remains the same the total amount of energy changes.
1 True
2 False
Energy is defined as the capacity to do work.
1 True
2 False
Kinetic energy is like sitting at the top of a hill and potential energy is coasting down that hill on your bike.
1 True
2 False
During photosynthesis, plants use light energy to synthesize glucose from carbon dioxide. However, plants do not use up energy during photosynthesis; they merely convert it from light energy to chemical energy. This is an illustration of
1 increasing entropy.
2 chemical equilibrium.
3 the first law of thermodynamics.
4 the second law of thermodynamics.
5 a spontaneous reaction.
Which of the following best illustrates the first law of thermodynamics?
1 The process of photosynthesis where solar energy is converted to chemical energy.
2 The burning of fossil fuels to heat a home.
3 The use of gasoline to allow your car to run.
4 A marathoner eating a high carbohydrate meal and then running a race the next day.
5 All of the above.
Which of the following is part of the first law of thermodynamics?
1 Energy cannot be created or destroyed.
2 Kinetic energy is stored energy.
3 Energy cannot be transferred or transformed.
4 Exergonic reactions are coupled with endergonic reactions.
5 Potential energy equals kinetic energy in a reaction.
In exergonic chemical reactions:
1 Reactants have more energy than products.
2 Reactants have less energy then products.
3 Reactants and products possess equal amounts of energy.
4 Energy is stored by the reactions.
5 Catalysts are required.
Why is photosynthesis considered an endergonic reaction in an isolated plant?
1 Activation energy is not required.
2 Photosynthesis does not comply with the physical laws of the universe.
3 Because sugar has less energy than the sun.
4 Chemically protein catalysts are not needed.
5 Low-energy reactants are converted into high-energy products.
The best description of a coupled reaction is...
1 two reactions that occur simultaneously
2 a reaction that occurs right after another reaction
3 two reactions that occur in the same organelle
4 reactions that occur during sexual reproduction
5 two reactions that involve one providing energy for the other
What is the ultimate source of energy for most forms of life on Earth?
1 Heat energy
2 Solar energy
3 Thermal energy
4 Chemical energy
5 Nuclear energy
Photosynthesis is classed as a coupled reaction because
1 it is exergonic and does not require an initial input of energy to proceed.
2 there is no net change in chemical equilibria between the reactants and products.
3 high-energy reactants are converted into low-energy products.
4 it requires the energy of endergonic reactions to proceed.
5 it produces a high energy product.
The photosynthetic reaction is considered to be an endergonic reaction.
1 True
2 False
The usual source of activation energy for a reaction is potential energy stored by the cell.
1 True
2 False
The burning of sugar is an example of an endergonic reaction and photosynthesis is an example of an exergonic reaction.
1 True
2 False
In cells, endergonic reactions are often coupled with enzymatic reactions that store energy.
1 True
2 False
Which of the following reactions could be coupled to the reactions ATP + H2O ( ADP + P(-7.3 kcal)?
1 A + P ( AP(+9 kcal)
2 B + P ( BP(+8 kcal)
3 CP ( C + P(-4 kcal)
4 DP ( D + P(-10 kcal)
5 E + P ( EP(+5 kcal)
An ______________ chemical reaction releases energy while an __________________ reactions requires an input of energy.
1 exergonic; endergonic
2 endergonic; exergonic
3 enzymatic; endergonic
4 endergonic; enzymatic
5 equilibrium; exergonic
The most common energy carrier molecule of living organisms is:
1 ATP
2 Inorganic phosphate
3 DNA
4 Glucose
5 NADPH
A "high-energy" bond of an ATP molecule is located between:
1 Adenine and ribose
2 Two phosphate groups
3 Ribose and first phosphate group
4 Adenine and first phosphate group
5 Both b and c
When a muscle cell demands energy to perform its work of contraction, what happens to ATP?
1 ATP manufactures more ATP.
2 ATP enters a metabolic pathway.
3 ATP is hydrolysed.
4 ATP is phosphorylated.
5 ATP catalyzes the reaction.
Which of the following is not a common energy carrier in the cell?
1 ATP
2 ADP
3 NAD+
4 FAD
5 All of the above
When a high-energy bond of ATP is broken, primarily what happens to the released energy?
1 It is lost as heat.
2 It functions as a second messenger.
3 It polarizes the cell.
4 It converts inorganic phosphates into energy carrier molecules.
5 It drives endergonic reactions in the cell.
Which molecule results in short-term storage of energy?
1 Glycogen
2 Fat
3 Sucrose
4 Adenosine triphosphate
5 Protein
Why is ATP such a capable carrier of energy?
1 ATP hydrolysis drives cellular endergonic reactions.
2 Enormous amounts of energy are located in chemical bonds of ATP.
3 Phosphorylation releases significant amounts of energy.
4 The energy-containing bonds are not broken easily.
5 ATP is found throughout the cell.
ATP is an energy carrier. Where is the energy actually located?
1 attached to the phosphate group
2 in the bonds between phosphate groups
3 attached to the nucleotide
4 inside the phosphate
5 between the sugar and the phosphate
ADP stores energy in its chemical bonds and is able to use that energy for work in the cell.
1 True
2 False
The metabolism of a cell is the sum of all its chemical reactions.
1 True
2 False
Why are enzymes important?
1 because they're proteins
2 because they can evade the laws of thermodynamics
3 because they bind to substrates
4 because they allow reactions to occur at body temperature
5 because they increase body temperature
Which of the following functions as a biological catalyst?
1 Energy carrier molecule
2 Amino acid
3 Enzyme
4 Substrate
5 Steroids
Which of the following lowers the activation energy of a biochemical reaction?
1 Presence of catalysts
2 High temperature
3 Low concentration of reactants
4 Altering pH to 7
5 High concentration of products
All the following statements pertaining to catalysts are true except:
1 Biological catalysts are specific enzymes.
2 Catalysts increase activation energy requirements.
3 Catalysts increase reaction rate.
4 Catalysts are not permanently altered during reaction.
5 All are true.
Which statement best describes the relationship between an enzyme and a reactant molecule?
1 The relationship is temporary.
2 Covalent chemical bonds stabilize the relationship.
3 The enzyme and reactant molecule are both permanently changed.
4 The resultant product and the enzyme are permanently bonded together.
5 The reactant can not function without the enzyme.
Coenzymes function by:
1 bonding to the enzyme and weakening the bonds of the substrate.
2 binding to the substrate and weakening the bonds of the enzyme.
3 binding two or more substrates and joining them.
4 helping substrates find enzymes.
5 joining together to form an enzyme.
Which enzyme characteristic best explains the fact that animals have enzymes that break apart starch molecules but not cellulose despite the fact that both basically are made up of glucose subunits?
1 Enzyme activity is regulated.
2 Enzymes usually speed up chemical reactions.
3 Enzymes are not permanently changed by the reactions they promote.
4 Enzymes are highly specific.
5 All enzymes are proteins.
Which is the organic molecule which is sometimes required for certain enzyme activity called?
1 an accessory enzyme
2 an allosteric enzyme
3 a coenzyme
4 a functional group
5 an activator
Which of these statements regarding enzymes is FALSE?
1 Enzymes are proteins that function as biological catalysts.
2 Enzymes display specificity for certain molecules to which they attach.
3 Enzymes provide energy for the reactions they catalyze.
4 The activity of enzymes can be regulated by factors in their environment.
5 An enzyme may be used many times over for a specific reaction.
Endproducts of biosynthetic pathways often act to block the initial step in that pathway. This phenomenon is called
1 allosteric inhibition.
2 denaturation.
3 irreversible inhibition.
4 feedback inhibition.
5 endproduct inhibition.
Competitive and noncompetitive enzyme inhibitors differ with respect to
1 the location on the enzyme to which they bind.
2 their pH.
3 their binding affinities.
4 their energies of activation.
5 none of the above.
The hydrolysis of sucrose to glucose and fructose is a spontaneous reaction. However, if you dissolve sucrose in water and keep the solution overnight at room temperature, there is no detectable conversion to glucose and fructose. Why?
1 The reaction is at equilibrium.
2 The activation energy of the reaction increases.
3 The activation energy of the reaction decreases.
4 The reaction is endergonic.
5 The free energy of the products is higher than the free energy of the reactants.
In the presence of alcohol dehydrogenase, the rate of reduction of acetaldehyde to ethanol increases as you increase the concentration of acetaldehyde. Eventually the rate of the reaction reaches a maximum, where further increases in the concentration of acetaldehyde have no effect. Why?
1 All of the alcohol dehydrogenase molecules are bound to acetaldehyde molecules.
2 At high concentrations of acetaldehyde, the activation energy of the reaction increases.
3 At high concentrations of acetaldehyde, the activation energy of the reaction decreases.
4 The enzyme is no longer specific for acetaldehyde.
5 At high concentrations of acetaldehyde, the change in free energy of the reactions decreases.
The organic molecule FAD attaches to the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase where it accepts hydrogen atoms from the substrate succinate. FAD is called
1 a protein.
2 a coenzyme.
3 an enzyme.
4 an enzyme-substrate complex.
5 an active site.
The addition of the competitive inhibitor mevinolin slows the reaction HMG-CoA ( mevalonate, which is catalyzed by the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase. How could you overcome the effects of mevinolin and increase the rate of the reaction?
1 Add more mevalonate.
2 Add more HMG-CoA.
3 Lower the temperature of the reaction.
4 Add a coenzyme.
5 Allow the reaction to reach equilibrium.
Which of the statements regarding enzymes is false?
1 Enzymes are proteins that function as catalysts.
2 Enzymes display specificity for certain molecules to which they attach.
3 Enzymes provide activation energy for the reactions they catalyze.
4 The activity of enzymes can be regulated by factors in their immediate environment.
5 An enzyme may be used many times over for a specific reaction.
Which of the following statements regarding enzymes is true? Enzymes:
1 have no effect on the rate of a reaction
2 increase the rate of reaction
3 change the direction of chemical reactions
4 are permanently altered by the reactions they catalyze
5 prevent changes in substrate concentrations from having an effect on reaction rates
According to the induced fit hypothesis of enzyme function, which of the following is correct?
1 The binding of the substrate depends on the shape of the active site.
2 Some enzymes become denatured when activators bind to the substrate.
3 A competitive inhibitor can out compete the substrate for the active site.
4 The binding of the substrate changes the shape of the enzyme slightly and may stress or bend substrate bonds.
5 The active site creates a microenvironment ideal for the reaction.
All of the following statements regarding enzymes are true except:
1 Enzymes are carbohydrates that function as agents that change the rate of reaction without being consumed in the reaction.
2 Enzymes allow molecules to react in metabolism by lowering activation energies.
3 Each type of enzyme has a uniquely shaped active site, that gives it specificity.
4 Enzymes are very sensitive to environmental conditions that influence the weak chemical bonds responsible for their three-dimensional structure.
5 Some enzymes change shape when regulator molecules, either activators or inhibitors, bind to specific allosteric receptor sites.
How does an enzyme catalyze a reaction?
1 by supplying the energy to speed up a reaction
2 by lowering the energy of activation of a reaction
3 by lowering the ∆G of a reaction
4 by changing the equilibrium of a spontaneous reaction
5 by increasing the amount of free energy of a reaction
What is an organic, nonprotein component of an enzyme molecule called?
1 an accessory enzyme
2 an allosteric group
3 a coenzyme
4 a substrate
5 an activator
A cell typically produces a different enzyme for every compound it uses.
1 True
2 False
Enzymes help the cell make endergonic reactions proceed in the forward direction by:
1 converting these reactions to exergonic reactions.
2 coupling these reactions to exergonic reactions.
3 eliminating excess substrate.
4 binding extraneous inhibitors.
__________is the compound acted on by an enzyme.
1 an accessory enzyme
2 an allosteric group
3 a coenzyme
4 a substrate
5 an activator
A __________may be a coenzyme or the principal component of a specific coenzyme.
1 an accessory enzyme
2 an allosteric group
3 a coenzyme
4 a prosthetic group
5 an activator
The microorganism Proteus vulgaris requires sucrose (C12H22O11) in its culture medium. A microbiology student was asked to determine the number of hydrogen atoms present in a sucrose-containing culture medium. If the molar mass of sucrose is 342.3 g, how many hydrogen atoms are present in 12.8 g of sucrose?
1 4.950 X 1023 atoms
2 6.023 X 1023 atoms
3 9.900 X 1023 atoms
4 1.980 X 1024 atoms
5 2.970 X 1024 atoms
A certain element has an atomic number of 11 and an atomic weight of 23. How many neutrons does this element contain?
1 11
2 12
3 23
4 34
5 35
Which of the following correctly lists the major elements abundant in microorganisms?
1 Carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur
2 Carbon, hydrogen, phosphorous, and sodium
3 Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen
4 Chlorine, oxygen, iron, and potassium
5 Calcium, helium, oxygen, and nickel
The chemical structure depicted below best represents which of the following organic compounds?
1 A sterol
2 A purine
3 A pyrimidine
4 Ribose sugars
5 Polysaccharides
Which of the following correctly represents the isotope(s) of hydrogen?
1 1 proton and 0 neutrons
2 II. 1 proton and 1 neutron
3 III. 1 proton and 2 neutrons
4 I only
5 I and II only
6 I and III only
7 II and III only
8 I, II, and III
Most microorganisms grow best at which of the following pH values?
1 Below 3.5
2 Between 5.5 and 6.5
3 Between 6.5 and 7.5
4 Between 7.5 and 8.5
5 Above 9.0
All of the following are functions of water EXCEPT that water:
1 acts as an insulator.
2 is an excellent solute.
3 represents 80% to 90% of the weight of cells.
4 serves as the medium in which most chemical reactions occur.
5 is capable of breaking the chemical bonds within molecules.
Organic compounds are considered to be lipids if they are soluble in polar solvents.
1 True
2 False
The acidity or alkalinity of a substance depends on its concentration of hydrogen ions.
1 True
2 False
Microorganisms in general preferentially synthesize either the D or L isomer of amino acids but not both.
1 True
2 False
A chemical mixture that causes a solution to resist change in pH is called a/an __________.
1 ion
2 buffer
3 cation
4 anion
5 phosphate
Given the following solutions, which of the following correctly orders them in order of increasing acidity? (a) Solution W: [H+] = 10-6; (b) Solution X: [OH-] = 10-5; (c) Solution Y: pH 1; (d) Solution Z: pH = 4
1 W, Y, X, Z
2 X, Z, Y, W
3 Y, W, X, Z
4 Z, W, X, Y
5 Z, X, Y, W
A pH greater than 7
1 acidic
2 cations
3 anions
4 covalent
5 atomic number
6 electrons
7 atomic weight
8 electron shells
9 basic
10 ionic
11 K, L, M, etc.
Positively charged atoms such as H+ and Mg2+
1 acidic
2 cations
3 anions
4 covalent
5 atomic number
6 electrons
7 atomic weight
8 electron shells
9 basic
10 ionic
11 K, L, M, etc.
Number of protons in atoms
1 acidic
2 cations
3 anions
4 covalent
5 atomic number
6 electrons
7 atomic weight
8 electron shells
9 basic
10 ionic
11 K, L, M, etc.
A chemical bond formed by the sharing of electrons
1 acidic
2 cations
3 anions
4 covalent
5 atomic number
6 electrons
7 atomic weight
8 electron shells
9 basic
10 ionic
11 K, L, M, etc.
Acetic-acid-producing bacteria, such as Acetobacter, are used to make vinegar. A certain sample of vinegar was found to have a pH of 3. What is the [H+] and the [OH-] of the vinegar sample?
1 [H+] =.01 and [OH-] =.001
2 [H+] =.001 and [OH-] =.0000000001
3 [H+] = 10-3 and [OH-] = 10-11
4 [H+] = 10-11 and [OH-] = 10-3
5 [H+] = 10-14 and [OH-] = 10-0
What is the atomic number for the element depicted in the diagram?
1 8
2 10
3 16
4 32
5 64
The conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate involves
1 anaerobic respiration
2 cyclic photophosphorylation
3 substrate level phosphorylation
4 Kreb’s cycle
5 electron transport
Which of the following is capable of being reduced during glycolysis and the Kreb’s cycle?
1 NAD
2 ATP
3 ADP
4 lactic acid
5 all of the above
Which of the following is an exergonic reaction?
1 break down of glucose
2 synthesis of glucose
3 synthesis of starch
4 movement
5 active transport
Substrate is a synonym for
1 end products
2 by products
3 enzymes
4 reactants
5 inhibitor
Which of the following is not true about enzymes?
1 the active site binds the substrate
2 they increase the rate of a chemical reaction
3 they catalyze a wide variety of reactions
4 they lower the activation energy of a chemical reaction
5 none of the above
Enzymes are
1 steroids
2 proteins
3 nucleic acids
4 complex carbohydrates
5 vitamins
Enzymes
1 are very specific
2 act as catalysts
3 are organic molecule
4 are proteins
5 all of the above
A molecule that gives up an electron is said to be
1 ionized
2 oxidized
3 reduced
4 hydrolyzed
5 both A and B, but not C or D
NAD is
1 an inorganic molecule
2 an electron carrier
3 a reducing agent
4 highly phosphorylized
5 a metabolic waste product
When NAD is converted to NADH, it was
1 oxidized
2 reduced
3 phosphorylated
4 denatured
5 hydrolyzed
_______ provides the ultimate source of energy for most living organisms.
1 The sun
2 Phosphorus compounds
3 Fossil fuels
4 Glucose
5 Fats
The nucleotide most closely associated with energy is
1 cyclic AMP
2 FAD
3 ATP
4 NAD
5 all of the above
Plants need __________ and __________ to perform photosynthesis.
1 oxygen and water
2 oxygen and carbon dioxide
3 carbon dioxide and water
4 sugar and water
5 none of the above
Which of the following statements is true of fermentation?
1 It produces a net gain of ATP.
2 It produces a net gain of NADH.
3 It is an aerobic process.
4 It can be performed only by bacteri a.
5 It produces more energy per glucose molecule than does aerobic respiration.
The following statements compare combustion with the aerobic respiration of glucose. Which is FALSE?
1 Combustion releases more total caloric energy from glucose than does respiration.
2 Combustion releases energy from glucose at a more rapid rate than does respiration.
3 Combustion releases nearly all energy as heat and light; respiration captures some of the energy in chemical bonds.
4 Combustion uses heat to provide activation energy; respiration uses enzymes to lower activation energy.
5 Combustion involves the direct transfer of hydrogen atoms to oxygen respiration uses an indirect transfer of hydrogens.
Glycolysis is believed to be one of the most ancient of metabolic processes. Which statement below LEAST supports this idea?
1 If run in reverse, glycolysis will build glucose molecules.
2 Glycolysis neither uses nor needs O_2.
3 Glycolysis is found in all eukaryotic cells.
4 The enzymes of glycolysis are found in the cytosol rather than in a membrane-b bound organelle.
5 Bacteria, the most primitive of cells, make extensive use of glycolysis.
Which of the following statements about lactate fermentation is FALSE?
1 Lactate fermentation produces ATP molecules in addition to the few produced by glycolysis.
2 Lactate fermentation oxidizes NADH to NAD to keep glycolysis functioning.
3 Lactate fermentation takes place in vigorously exercised muscle cells.
4 Lactate fermentation can take place under anaerobic conditions.
5 Lactate fermentation in muscle cells often creates a need for O_2 that must be satisfied later.
Which kind of metabolic poison would most directly interfere with glycolysis?
1 an agent that reacts with oxygen and depletes its concentration in the cell
2 an agent that binds to pyruvate and inactivates it
3 an agent that closely mimics the structure of glucose but is non-metabolic
4 an agent that reacts with NADH and oxidizes it to NAD
5 an agent that inhibits the formation of acetyl coenzyme A
All of the following statements about glycolysis are true EXCEPT
1 glycolysis has steps involving oxidation-reduction reactions.
2 the enzymes of glycolysis are located in the cytosol of the cell.
3 glycolysis can operate in the complete absence of O2.
4 the end products of glycolysis are CO2 and H20.
5 glycolysis makes ATP exclusively through substrate-level phosphorylations.
Which of the following statements about NAD is FALSE?
1 NAD is reduced to NADH during both glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.
2 NAD has more chemical energy than NADH.
3 NAD is reduced by the action of dehydrogenases.
4 NAD can receive electrons for use in oxidative phosphorylation.
5 In the absence of NAD, glycolysis cannot function.
Which metabolic process is most closely associated with intracellular membranes?
1 substrate-level phosphorylation
2 oxidative phosphorylation
3 glycolysis
4 the Krebs cycle
5 ethanolic fermentation
Pyruvate is the last product of glycolysis. Which statement below is TRUE?
1 There is more energy in 6 molecules of carbon dioxide than in 2 molecules of pyruvate.
2 There is more energy in pyruvate than in lactate.
3 There is less energy in two molecules of pyruvate that in one molecule of glucose.
4 Pyruvate is in a more oxidized state than carbon dioxide.
5 Pyruvate is in a more reduced state than glucose.
During oxidative phosphorylation, H2O is formed. Where do the oxygen atoms in the H2O come from?
1 carbon dioxide
2 glucose
3 molecular oxygen
4 pyruvate
5 lactate
What does chemiosmosis involve?
1 The diffusion of water down an electrochemical gradient that drives ATP synthesis.
2 A proton gradient that drives the redox reactions of electron transport.
3 A proton-motive force that drives the synthesis of ATP.
4 An ATP synthase that pumps protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
5 The uptake of NADH produced in glycolysis into the mitochondrion.
Muscle cells in oxygen deprivation convert pyruvate to ________ and in this step gain ________.
1 lactate; ATP
2 alcohol; CO2
3 alcohol; ATP
4 ATP; NAD
5 lactate; NAD
Phosphofructokinase is an important control enzyme. Which of the following statements concerning this enzyme is FALSE?
1 It is activated by citrate.
2 It is inhibited by ATP.
3 It is activated by ADP.
4 It is a coordinator of the processes of glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.
5 It is an allosteric enzyme.
Which type of enzyme in cellular respiration is primarily responsible for removing electrons from organic molecules?
1 decarboxylase
2 ATP synthase
3 deaminase
4 dehydrogenase
5 phosphofructokinase
Why is it impossible to quantify the amount of ATP derived from each glucose molecule during cellular respiration?
1 Our techniques are not good enough.
2 The mitochondria are too unstable.
3 The proton gradient is used for many purposes.
4 ATP is used up as soon as it is produced.
5 The ATP remains inside the mitochondri a.
Assume that a eukaryotic cell has abundant glucose and O2, but needs ATP. The proton gradient in mitochondria of this cell will be generated by _________ and used primarily for _________.
1 the electron transport chain; ATP synthesis
2 the electron transport chain; substrate phosphorylation
3 glycolysis; production of H2O
4 fermentation; NAD reduction
5 diffusion of protons; ATP synthesis
Which process in eukaryotic cells will normally proceed whether O2 is present or absent?
1 fermentation
2 glycolysis
3 Krebs cycle
4 oxidative phosphorylation
5 electron transport
The direct energy source that drives ATP synthesis during respiratory oxidative phosphorylation is
1 oxidation of glucose to CO2 and water.
2 the thermodynamically favorable flow of electrons from NADH to the mitochondrial electron transport carriers.
3 the final transfer of electrons to oxygen.
4 the difference in H+ proton concentrations on opposite sides of the inner mitochondrial membrane.
5 thermodynamically favorable transfer of phosphate from glycolysis and Krebs cycle intermediate molecules of ADP.
DNP is a substance that causes membranes to become more permeable to H_+. What would you expect to happen to an animal that is given an injection of this substance and kept on the same diet throughout the experiment?
1 It would become hyperactive.
2 It would have a lower body temperature.
3 It would lose weight.
4 Its metabolic rate would decrease.
5 It would produce excess amounts of ATP.
A fatty acid is partially oxidized to form 10 molecules of acetyl CoA. Starting with these 10 molecules, how many molecules of ATP will be made directly by the Krebs cycle only?
1 10
2 20
3 32
4 320
5 686
The primary function of the mitochondrion is the production of ATP. To carry out this function, the mitochondrion must have all of the following EXCEPT
1 the membrane-bound electron transport chain.
2 proton pumps embedded in the inner membrane.
3 enzymes for glycolysis.
4 enzymes for the Krebs cycle.
5 mitochondrial ATP synthase.
A major function of the mitochondrial inner membrane is the conversion of energy from electrons to the stored energy of the phosphate bond in ATP. To accomplish this function, this membrane must have all of the following features EXCEPT
1 proteins to accept electrons from NADH.
2 integral, transverse ATP synthase.
3 proton pumps embedded in the membrane.
4 the electron transport chain of proteins.
5 high permeability to protons.
Fermentation is not as energy productive as respiration because
1 it does not take place in a specialized membrane-bound organelle.
2 pyruvate is more reduced than CO_2; it still contains much of the energy from glucose.
3 It takes place within the mitochondria of cells.
4 it is the pathway common to fermentation and respiration.
5 NAD is regenerated by alcohol or lactate production, without the high energy electrons passing through the electron transport chain.
The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is directly involved in
1 glycolysis.
2 accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain.
3 the citric acid cycle.
4 the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl Co A.
5 the phosphorylation of ADP.
The ATP made during fermentation is generated by which of the following?
1 substrate-level phosphorylation
2 electron transport
3 photophosphorylation
4 chemiosmosis
5 oxidation of NADH
All of the following substances are produced in a muscle cell under anaerobic conditions EXCEPT:
1 ATP
2 pyruvate
3 lactate
4 acetyl CoA
5 NADH
In addition to ATP, what are the end products of glycolysis?
1 CO2 and H2O
2 CO2 and ethyl alcohol
3 NADH+ and pyruvate
4 CO2 and NADH
5 H2O and ethyl alcohol
The Krebs cycle reduces molecules that then transfer electrons to the electron transport system. What are they?
1 ATP and CO2
2 CO2 and FAD
3 FADH2 and NADH
4 NADH and ATP
5 NADH, FADH2, and ATP
Catabolism of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates can result in a 2-carbon molecule which enters the Krebs cycle. What is the molecule?
1 glucose
2 acetyl acids
3 fatty acids
4 amino acids
5 pyruvate
In chemiosmotic phosphorylation, what is the most direct source of energy that is used to convert ADP + Pi to ATP?
1 energy released as electrons flow through the electron transport system
2 energy released from substrate-level phosphorylation
3 energy released from ATP synthase pumping hydrogen ions against their concentration gradient
4 energy released from diffusion of protons through ATP synthase
5 No external source of energy is required since the reaction is exergonic.
Suppose a yeast cell uses 10 moles of glucose for energy production. No oxygen is available. What will be the net yield of ATP in moles?
1 12
2 15
3 20
4 30
5 36
How many carbon atoms does each acetyl CoA feed into the Krebs cycle?
1 2
2 4
3 6
4 8
5 10
Which one of the stages produces the most ATP when glucose is completely oxidized to carbon dioxide and water?
1 stage I: glycolysis
2 stage II: oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA
3 stage III: Krebs cycle
4 stage IV: oxidative phosphorylation (chemiosmosis)
Which one of the stages occurs whether or not oxygen is present?
1 stage I: glycolysis
2 stage II: oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA
3 stage III: Krebs cycle
4 stage IV: oxidative phosphorylation (chemiosmosis)
Which one of the stages occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell?
1 stage I: glycolysis
2 stage II: oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA
3 stage III: Krebs cycle
4 stage IV: oxidative phosphorylation (chemiosmosis)
Carbon dioxide is produced during which stage(s)?
1 stage III only
2 stages II and III
3 stages III and IV
4 stages I, II, and III
5 stages II, III, and IV
Which of the following intermediary metabolites enters the Krebs cycle and is formed, in part, by the removal of CO2 from a molecule of pyruvate?
1 lactate
2 phosphoglyceraldehyde
3 oxaloacteic acid
4 acetyl CoA
5 citric acid
When hydrogen ions are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix, across the inner membrane, and into the intermembrane space, the result is
1 the formation of ATP.
2 the reduction of NAD.
3 the restoration of the Na+-K+ balance across the membrane.
4 the creation of a proton gradient.
5 the lowering of pH in the mitochondrial matrix.
Molecules to be broken down during cellular respiration include:
1 polysaccharide.
2 proteins.
3 lipids.
4 both polysaccharide and proteins.
5 polysaccharide, proteins, and lipids.
The approximate number of ATP molecules formed in the mitochondrion for each glucose entering respiration is
1 30
2 from 20 to 30
3 from 21 to 36
4 from 36 to 40
5 from 45 to 50
Where is ATP synthase located in the mitochondrion?
1 ribosomes
2 cytochrome system
3 outer membrane
4 inner membrane
5 matrix
The first step of glycolysis, in which glucose is split at a cost of 2 ATP, results in the formation of
1 two 3-carbon molecules of PGAL.
2 three 2-carbon molecules of PGAL.
3 two 3-carbon molecules of pyruvic acid.
4 three 2-carbon molecules of pyruvic acid.
5 two 2-carbon molecules of acetyl CoA and two CO_2.
Most biological molecules enter the aerobic respiration pathway at the same point. What is that point?
1 glucose
2 acetyl CoA
3 citrate
4 phosphoglyceraldehyde
5 lactate
Each time a molecule of glucose is completely respired, how many oxygen (O2) molecules are required?
1 1
2 2
3 6
4 12
5 none--you use up the CO2 molecules instead
Which of the following is the most randomized form of energy?
1 light
2 electrical
3 thermal (heat)
4 mechanical
5 chemical potential energy
When a protein forms from amino acids, the following changes apply:
1 +∆H, -∆S, +∆G
2 +∆H, -∆S, -∆G
3 +∆H, +∆S, ∆G
4 -∆H, -∆S, +∆G
5 -∆H, +∆S, +∆G
How does an enzyme catalyze a reaction?
1 by supplying the energy to speed up a reaction
2 by lowering the energy of activation of a reaction
3 by lowering the ∆G of a reaction
4 by changing the equilibrium of a spontaneous reaction
5 by increasing the amount of free energy of a reaction
If an analogy were drawn between ATP and money, ATP would be most like a
1 nickel.
2 $10 bill.
3 $1000 bill.
4 five pound gold bar.
5 Swiss bank account.
Why is ATP an important molecule in metabolism?
1 It has high energy phosphate bonds.
2 Its synthesis is exergonic.
3 Its hydrolysis is endergonic.
4 It is readily obtained from an organism's environment.
5 It is extremely stable.
Tryptophan synthetase is an enzyme that:
1 breaks down tryptophan
2 makes tryptophan
3 needs tryptophan as a cofactor
4 needs tryptophan as a conenzyme
5 is produced by tryptophan
The control of enzyme function is an important aspect of cell metabolism. Which of the following is LEAST likely to be a mechanism for enzyme control?
1 allosteric regulation
2 cooperativity
3 feedback inhibition
4 denaturation
5 reversible inhibition
Which of the following would decrease the entropy within a system?
1 dehydration synthesis
2 hydrolysis
3 respiration
4 digestion
5 catabolism
What is the change in free energy at chemical equilibrium?
1 slightly increasing
2 greatly increasing
3 slightly decreasing
4 greatly decreasing
5 no net change
Increasing the substrate concentration in an enzymatic reaction could overcome which of the following?
1 denaturing of the enzyme
2 allosteric inhibition
3 competitive inhibition
4 noncompetitive inhibition
5 insufficient cofactors
Which of the following is part of the first law of thermodynamics?
1 Energy cannot be created or destroyed.
2 The entropy of the universe is decreasing.
3 The entropy of the universe is constant.
4 Kinetic energy is stored energy that results from the specific arrangement of matter.
5 Energy cannot be transferred or transformed.
Whenever energy is transformed, there is always an increase
1 in the free energy of the system.
2 in the free energy of the universe.
3 in the entropy of the system.
4 in the entropy of the universe.
5 in the enthalpy of the universe.
In a system where temperature is uniform, free energy is
1 the total energy of the system.
2 the extra energy emitted by the system.
3 the energy available to do work.
4 equivalent to entropy.
5 kinetic energy.
Which of the following reactions could be coupled to the reaction ATP ( ADP + Pi (-7.3 Kcal)?
1 A + Pi ( AP (+9 Kcal)
2 B + Pi ( BP (+8 Kcal)
3 CP ( C + Pi (-4 Kcal)
4 DP ( D + Pi (-10 Kcal)
5 E + Pi ( EP (+5 Kcal)
Which of the following is true for exergonic reactions?
1 The products have more potential energy than the reactants.
2 The products have less potential energy than the reactants.
3 Reactants will always be completely converted to products.
4 A net input of energy from the surroundings is required for the reactions to proceed.
5 The reactions upgrade the chemical energy in the products at the expense of energy from the surroundings.
What is the general process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones called?
1 catalysis
2 metabolism
3 anabolism
4 dehydration
5 catabolism
ATP generally energizes a cellular process by
1 releasing heat upon hydrolysis.
2 acting as a catalyst.
3 direct chemical transfer of a phosphate group.
4 releasing ribose electrons to drive reactions.
5 emitting light flashes.
A solution of starch at room temperature does not spontaneously decompose rapidly to a sugar solution because
1 the starch solution has less free energy than the sugar solution.
2 the hydrolysis of starch to sugar is endergonic.
3 the activation energy barrier cannot be surmounted by most of the starch molecules.
4 starch cannot be hydrolyzed in the presence of so much water.
5 starch hydrolysis is nonspontaneous.
What is an organic, nonprotein component of an enzyme molecule called?
1 an accessory enzyme
2 an allosteric group
3 a coenzyme
4 a functional group
5 an activator
All of the following statements are representative of the second law of thermodynamics EXCEPT
1 Energy transfers are always accompanied by some loss.
2 Heat energy represents lost energy to most systems.
3 Systems tend to rearrange themselves toward greater entropy.
4 Highly organized systems require energy for their maintenance.
5 Every time energy changes form, there is a decrease in entropy.
All of the following are synonymous with the term entropy EXCEPT
1 randomness.
2 disorder.
3 low free energy.
4 equilibrium.
5 organized.
Which of the following represents the Kcal of energy per mole of ATP hydrolyzed?
1 3.3
2 4.5
3 5.2
4 7.3
5 729
According to the second law of thermodynamics, all of the following are true except:
1 the synthesis of large molecules from small molecules is exergonic.
2 the Earth is not a closed system.
3 life exists at the expense of greater energy than it contains.
4 entropy increases in a closed system.
5 every chemical transformed represents a loss of free energy.
A chemical reaction that has a positive ∆G is correctly described as
1 endergonic.
2 exergonic.
3 enthalpic.
4 spontaneous.
5 exothermic.
Which of the statements regarding enzymes is false?
1 Enzymes are proteins that function as catalysts.
2 Enzymes display specificity for certain molecules to which they attach.
3 Enzymes provide activation energy for the reactions they catalyze.
4 The activity of enzymes can be regulated by factors in their immediate environment.
5 An enzyme may be used many times over for a specific reaction.
How can one increase the rate of a chemical reaction?
1 increase the activation energy
2 cool the reactants
3 decrease the concentration of reactants
4 add a catalyst
5 increase entropy
Which of the following statements regarding enzymes is true? Enzymes
1 have no effect on the rate of a reaction.
2 increase the rate of reaction.
3 change the direction of chemical reactions.
4 are permanently altered by the reactions they catalyze.
5 prevent changes in substrate concentrations from having an effect on reaction rates.
A series of enzymes catalyze the reaction X --> Y --> Z --> A. Product "A" binds to the enzyme that converts X to Y at a position remote from its active site. This binding decreases the activity of the enzyme. In this example substance X is
1 a coenzyme.
2 an allosteric inhibitor.
3 a substrate.
4 an intermediate.
5 the product.
A series of enzymes catalyze the reaction X --> Y --> Z --> A. Product "A" binds to the enzyme that converts X to Y at a position remote from its active site. This binding decreases the activity of the enzyme. Substance "A" functions as
1 a coenzyme.
2 an allosteric inhibitor.
3 the substrate.
4 an intermediate.
5 a competitive inhibitor.
According to the second law of thermodynamics
1 the entropy of the universe is constantly increasing.
2 for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
3 every energy transfer requires activation energy from the environment.
4 the total amount of energy in the universe is conserved or constant.
5 energy can be transferred or transformed, but it can be neither created nor destroyed.
Which of the following statements is true concerning catabolic pathways?
1 They combine molecules into more complex and energy rich molecules.
2 They are usually coupled with anabolic pathways to which they supply energy in the form of ATP.
3 They involve endergonic reactions that break complex molecules into simpler ones.
4 They are spontaneous and do not need enzyme catalysis.
5 They build up complex molecules such as protein from simpler compounds.
Which of the following statements is true regarding enzyme cooperativity?
1 A multi-enzyme complex contains all the enzymes of a metabolic pathway.
2 A product of a pathway serves as a competitive inhibitor of an early enzyme in the pathway.
3 A molecule bound to an allosteric site affects the active site of several subunits.
4 Several substrate molecules can be catalyzed by the same enzyme.
5 A substrate binds to an active site and inhibits cooperation between enzymes in a pathway.
According to the induced fit hypothesis of enzyme function, which of the following is correct?
1 The binding of the substrate depends on the shape of the active site.
2 Some enzymes become denatured when activators bind to the substrate.
3 A competitive inhibitor can outcompete the substrate for the active site.
4 The binding of the substrate changes the shape of the enzyme slightly and may stress or bend substrate bonds.
5 The active site creates a microenvironment ideal for the reaction.
Correct statements regarding ATP include: (I) ATP (adenosine triphosphate) serves as the main energy shuttle in cells. II. ATP drives endergonic reaction in the cell by the enzymatic transfer of the phosphate group to specific reactants. III. The regeneration of ATP from ADP and phosphate is an endergonic reaction.
1 I only
2 II only
3 III only
4 I and III only
5 I, II and III
All of the following statements regarding enzymes are true except:
1 Enzymes are carbohydrates that function as agents that change the rate of reaction without being consumed in the reaction.
2 Enzymes allow molecules to react in metabolism by lowering activation energies.
3 Each type of enzyme has a uniquely shaped active site, that gives it specificity.
4 Enzymes are very sensitive to environmental conditions that influence the weak chemical bonds responsible for their three-dimensional structure.
5 Some enzymes change shape when regulator molecules, either activators or inhibitors, bind to specific allosteric receptor sites.
According to the first law of thermodynamics
1 matter can be neither created nor destroyed.
2 energy is neither created nor destroyed.
3 all processes increase the entropy of the universe.
4 systems rich in energy are intrinsically unstable.
5 the universe loses energy because of friction.
If enzymes could not be used during a reaction, which of the following could be added to a system to make the reaction occur faster?
1 substrate
2 energy, possibly in the form of heat
3 product
4 water
5 none of the choices are correct
Free energy is also known as _________ when discussing cellular systems.
1 ATP
2 ∆G
3 entropy
4 both entropy and ΔG in cellular systems
All but which of the following might increase the activity of an enzyme?
1 phosporylation
2 a vitamin
3 2-4 degree increase in temperature
4 lead
Which form of energy is NOT correctly associated with an example?
1 kinetic energy: fat molecules
2 kinetic energy: movement of muscles
3 chemical energy: glucose
4 potential energy: water held behind a dam
5 potential energy: ATP
Which best describes the first law of thermodynamics?
1 Energy is not created nor destroyed, but it can change into matter.
2 Energy is not created nor destroyed, but it can change from one energy form to another.
3 Energy can be created from matter or used to produce matter.
4 Some useful energy is lost as heat whenever an energy transfer occurs.
Energy transfers are always 100% efficient in changing energy from one useful form to another.
1 Which best describes the second law of thermodynamics?
2 Energy is not created nor destroyed, but it can change into matter.
3 Energy is not created nor destroyed, but it can change from one energy form to another.
4 Energy can be created from matter or used to produce matter.
5 Some useful energy is lost as heat whenever an energy transfer occurs.
6 Energy transfers are always 100% efficient in changing energy from one useful form to another.
Which of the following is consistent with the laws of physics governing energy?
1 When a liter of gasoline is burned in a car engine, 100% of its energy goes into moving the car along the road.
2 You eat a "quarter-pounder" hamburger and assemble exactly a quarter-pound of additional body weight on your body.
3 Eventually sunlight that is absorbed on the earth returns to space as dispersed heat.
4 A calorie of sunlight becomes a calorie of plant tissue that, eaten by you, becomes a calorie of heat lost in muscle "power."
5 Chemical bonds are a case of converting energy to matter; breaking the bonds converts matter to energy.
Which term is derived from the Greek root word meaning "turning inward"?
1 thermodynamics
2 kinetics
3 exergonic
4 endergonic
5 entropy
While science is not yet able to describe the phenomenon of "thinking" in physical terms, we can be certain that it is a process involving the metabolism of brain cells. With positron emission tomography (PET scan) it is possible to inject short-lived isotopes and image the regions of the brain that have the most active metabolism during various mental activities. For different mental functions, different regions and amounts of nerve cells become active. However,
1 the cellular energy expended in "thinking" must be less than the chemical bond energy supplied in food to these brain cells.
2 "thought" cannot be linked to cell processes because energy is not related to matter.
3 since thoughts can occur over and over, the requirement for a continual input of energy to prevent entropy does not apply to this cell activity.
4 "thinking" is beyond the scope of science to study.
A living organism represents stored energy in the form of chemical compounds. When an organism dies, what happens to this stored energy?
1 All chemicals immediately lose their high-energy bonds.
2 All molecules immediately degrade into basic elements.
3 All energy immediately leaves, and that is one manifestation that the organism is dead.
4 The chemical compounds in cells lose their organization over time because there is no longer an input of energy to maintain the organized state.
5 The chemical compounds remain exactly intact and ready to start up again unless digested by a consumer or decay organism.
If all of the sunlight that struck the earth's surface was (temporarily) absorbed and none was immediately reflected back into space, then
1 the earth would "appear black" or not be visible from the surface of the moon.
2 there would be more sunlight absorbed on the surface of the earth.
3 if the dramatic increases in temperature, ice melt, evaporation, etc., still allowed plant life, there might be a small increase in photosynthesis (but most sunlight goes to these other functions).
4 All of the choices are correct.
5 None of the choices are correct.
Astrophysicists explain that eventually the sun will swell to become a red giant, engulf the earth and "burn out" with all forms of energy dispersing in a final "heat death." Compared with conditions today, the entropy of the universe then will
1 have increased greatly.
2 have decreased greatly.
3 remain the same because energy cannot be created or destroyed.
All of the biochemical pathways in a cell constitute
1 coupling reactions.
2 free energy.
3 endergonic reactions only.
4 exergonic reactions only.
5 metabolism.
Endergonic reactions
1 are always coupling reactions.
2 have a negative ΔG and occur spontaneously.
3 can only occur if there is an input of energy.
4 have products with less free energy than the reactants.
5 All of the choices are correct.
Which of these statements is NOT a consequence of the second law of thermodynamics?
1 While the total amount of energy is unchanged, the energy lost as heat is no longer useful to the cell in doing work.
2 Reactions that occur spontaneously are those that increase the amount of useful energy in a system.
3 The amount of disorder in the universe is always increasing.
4 To maintain organization of a cell, a continual input of energy is required.
Coupling occurs when the energy released by an exergonic reaction is
1 used to drive another exergonic reaction.
2 used to drive an endergonic reaction.
3 lost as nonusable heat to the environment.
4 used to decrease the entropy of the universe.
5 All of the choices are correct.
The subunits from which ATP is made are
1 ADP and phosphate.
2 FAD and NAD+.
3 FAD and NADPH.
4 ADP and FAD.
5 ADP and NAD+.
ATP is considered to be
1 an enzyme used widely in all kinds of cells.
2 a coenzyme used to inhibit or activate different enzymes.
3 a molecule that carries a great deal of chemical energy in a chemical bond.
4 the precursor of a high-energy membrane-bounded protein.
ATP is considered a high-energy compound because under cellular conditions, 7.3 kcal per mole of energy is released when a bond is broken between
1 the base adenine and the sugar ribose.
2 the adenosine and the phosphate groups.
3 the base adenine and the phosphate groups.
4 the adenosine diphosphate and the third phosphate.
5 All of the bonds release energy as ATP is completely broken down.
While eating a container of yogurt, you have to leave, so you store the yogurt in the refrigerator. A day later you return and find the surface of the yogurt is no longer smooth but has broken into several liquified products. You correctly guess that enzymes from your saliva, via the spoon, have continued digesting the yogurt in your absence. What will happen over time?
1 The reaction will soon stop because the amount of saliva is small, and you would have to add more saliva to continue the degradation.
2 The reaction will continue indefinitely since the enzyme is not consumed by the reaction.
3 The reaction will continue until half is digested and then stop because the reaction between substrate and product will be balanced.
4 Absolutely no degradation of the yogurt will occur naturally unless in the presence of this enzyme.
If there are twelve different intermediate products produced in the stages for production of a molecule in a cell, we can expect that there
1 is one enzyme that carries this process through to the end product.
2 is one enzyme for degradation and another enzyme for synthesis.
3 may not be any enzymes involved if this is a natural cell product.
4 must be twelve different raw materials combined in the cell by one enzyme.
5 are about twelve enzymes, at least one responsible for each step in the metabolic pathway.
Which of the following is characteristic of enzymes?
1 They lower the energy of activation of a reaction by binding the substrate.
2 They raise the energy of activation of a reaction by binding the substrate.
3 They lower the amount of energy present in the substrate.
4 They raise the amount of energy present in the substrate.
An enzyme is generally named by adding _____ to the end of the name of the ______.
1 "-ose," cell in which it is found
2 "-ase," cell in which it is found
3 "-ose," substrate
4 "-ase," substrate
5 "-ase," coenzyme
Lactose is milk sugar, and humans produce substantial lactase enzyme to digest it when we are infants. However, we soon lose some or even all of our lactase after childhood. In such cases, undigested lactose passes to the lower intestine where bacteria break it down into lactic acid and CO2, causing painful gas bloating. This problem could be avoided by
1 avoiding all dairy products containing lactose.
2 taking lactase enzyme tablets when consuming lactose products.
3 taking any enzyme tablets when consuming dairy products.
4 consuming lactose in tablet form.
5 Both taking lactase enzyme and avoiding all dairy products would be correct.
Which statement describes the currently accepted theory of how an enzyme and its substrate fit together?
1 As the product is released, the enzyme breaks down.
2 The enzyme is like a key that fits into the substrate, which is like a lock.
3 The active site is permanently changed by its interaction with the substrate.
4 As the substrate binds to the enzyme, the shape of the active site changes to accommodate the reaction.
Which statement is NOT true about the effects of various conditions on the activity of an enzyme?
1 Higher temperatures generally increase the activity of an enzyme up to a point.
2 Above a certain range of temperatures, the protein of an enzyme is denatured.
3 A change in pH can cause an enzyme to be inactivated.
4 An enzyme's activity is generally reduced by an increase in substrate concentration.
5 When sufficient substrate is available, the active site will nearly always be occupied.
Which term is derived from the Greek root words meaning "other space"?
1 allosteric
2 coenzyme
3 vitamin
4 enzyme
5 chemiosmosis
Which statement is NOT true about enzyme inhibition?
1 In competitive inhibition, the inhibitor binds to the active site of the enzyme.
2 In noncompetitive inhibition, the inhibitor binds to the allosteric site of the substrate.
3 In irreversible inhibition, a poison binds to the enzyme so that it can never work again.
4 Most inhibitors act in a reversible fashion.
5 All of the statements are true.
A coenzyme is
1 an ionic cofactor that interacts with an enzyme to allow it to work.
2 a protein cofactor that interacts with an enzyme to allow it to work.
3 a nonprotein organic cofactor that interacts with an enzyme to allow it to work.
4 an ionic cofactor that interacts with an enzyme to inhibit it.
5 a protein cofactor that interacts with an enzyme to inhibit it.
A substance that is NOT a coenzyme is
1 ATP.
2 NAD+.
3 NADP+.
4 vitamins.
Solar energy is stored in which molecules during photosynthesis?
1 FAD
2 ATP
3 NADPH
4 Both ATP and NADPH are correct.
Which organelles contain functioning ATP synthetase complexes in their membranes?
1 Golgi complexes and lysosomes
2 mitochondria and chloroplasts
3 endoplasmic reticulum and vesicles
4 vacuoles and vesicles
5 mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum
Which term is derived from the Greek root words meaning "chemical push"?
1 allosteric
2 coenzyme
3 vitamin
4 enzyme
5 chemiosmosis
What establishes the electrochemical gradient across a membrane to provide energy for ATP production?
1 The chloroplast's electron transport system provides the ions.
2 Hydrogen ions naturally collect on the outside of the organelle membrane.
3 Hydrogen ions are pumped across the membrane by carrier proteins.
4 All of the choices establish the electrochemical gradient.
Which of the following is NOT a form of potential energy?
1 food
2 water in a dam
3 a muscle contracting
4 All of the choices are not potential energy.
Diffuse, disorganized forms of energy
1 are heat.
2 increase entropy.
3 are not usable to do work.
4 Includes all of the choices.
Energy coupling of endergonic and exergonic reactions within cells
1 permits biological reactions to proceed at temperatures consistent with life.
2 uses heat released by one reaction to fuel the other reaction.
3 utilizes ATP to carry energy between the exergonic and endergonic reactions.
4 All of the choices are correct.
ATP:
1 supplies energy needed to synthesize macromolecules within the cell.
2 supplies energy required to pump substances across the plasma membranes.
3 is the energy source for mucscles to contract.
4 All of the choices are correct.
Poisons
1 may be enzyme inhibitors.
2 may be certain antibiotics.
3 affect prokaryotes and eukaryotic cells differently.
4 All of the choices are correct.
Of the following, which process will not denature a protein?
1 temperatures above 100 degrees Centigrade
2 strong acids or strong bases
3 phosphorylation
4 distilled water
If a reaction results in one molecule losing an electron and a second molecule gaining that electron, the electron donor is said to be
1 reduced.
2 transformed.
3 oxidized.
4 inhibited.
In the electron transport systems of chloroplasts and mitrochondria,
1 the system consists of a series of membrane bound carriers that transfer electrons from one carrier to another.
2 high energy electrons enter the system and low energy electrons exit the system.
3 energy release occurs when the electron transfers from one carrier to another.
4 All of the choices are correct.
Potential energy is best described as the
1 ability to do work.
2 energy of motion of molecules.
3 energy that comes from the sun.
4 energy in the nucleus of an atom.
5 stored energy that is available to do work.
Which statement does NOT describe a chemical equation?
1 The products are placed to the left of the arrow.
2 The reactants are placed to the left of the arrow.
3 The arrow represents the direction in which the reaction proceeds.
4 Atoms must be balanced on both sides of the arrow.
[pic]From the above table of free energy exchange, it is obvious that
1 photosynthesis and cellular respiration have essentially the same amount of free energy generated or released.
2 free energy is released in all of these reactions except photosynthesis.
3 where the free energy is negative, formation of the products is more likely.
4 All of the choices are true.
5 None of the choices are true.
Both chloroplasts and mitochondria are involved with ATP synthesis.
1 True
2 False
If a change in pH alters an allosteric site where an inhibitor binds, but doesn't change the active site for the intended substrate, it would be possible for an enzymatically controlled reaction to occur as normal.
1 True
2 False
Since energy is completely used up by a cell, the cell requires more energy to enter it in the form of food.
1 True
2 False
All organisms produce heat during their metabolic processes.
1 True
2 False
All energy used to allow a cell to function can ultimately be traced back to an origin in the external environment.
1 True
2 False
In order to roll a rock down a hillside, you must first push it up out of the hole in which it rests. Pushing the rock is analogous to the energy of activation of a chemical reaction.
1 True
2 False
In cellular metabolism, chemical reactions occur randomly in various parts of the cell, as chemicals happen to bump into each other.
1 True
2 False
As energy is converted into heat and work in a cell, the energy will either leave the cell or be stored in various chemical bonds.
1 True
2 False
The ultimate source of nearly all the energy that is used to support life is sunlight.
1 True
2 False
An enzyme is a globular protein that inhibits the formation of chemical bonds within the enzyme's substrate(s).
1 True
2 False
The energy of activation is the energy that must be supplied so that molecules are able to interact with each other in a chemical reaction.
1 True
2 False
Feedback inhibition is the process that turns off an early enzyme in a metabolic pathway as the result of inhibitory actions of a product of the pathway.
1 True
2 False
ATP is produced and used continuously in all active cells.
1 True
2 False
The energy for ATP synthesis in chemiosmotic phosphorylation comes from the movement of hydrogen ions across a membrane down a concentration gradient.
1 True
2 False
The electron transport system is associated with the binding of an enzyme to its substrate.
1 True
2 False
Vitamins are required for the action of every enzyme in a cell.
1 True
2 False
Energy for all life processes is derived directly or indirectly from the sun.
1 True
2 False
Activation of an enzyme can be due to phosphorylation.
1 True
2 False
Which of the statements regarding enzymes is false?
1 Enzymes are proteins that function as catalysts.
2 Enzymes display specificity for certain molecules to which they attach.
3 Enzymes provide activation energy for the reactions they catalyze.
4 The activity of enzymes can be regulated by factors in their immediate environment.
5 An enzyme may be used many times over for a specific reaction.
All of the following statements regarding enzymes are true except:
1 Enzymes are carbohydrates that function as agents that change the rate of reaction without being consumed in the reaction.
2 Enzymes allow molecules to react in metabolism by lowering activation energies.
3 Each type of enzyme has a uniquely shaped active site, that gives it specificity.
4 Enzymes are very sensitive to environmental conditions that influence the weak chemical bonds responsible for their three-dimensional structure.
5 Some enzymes change shape when regulator molecules, either activators or inhibitors, bind to specific allosteric receptor sites.
How does an enzyme catalyze a reaction?
1 by supplying the energy to speed up a reaction
2 by lowering the energy of activation of a reaction
3 by lowering the ∆G of a reaction
4 by changing the equilibrium of a spontaneous reaction
5 by increasing the amount of free energy of a reaction
A cell typically produces a different enzyme for every compound it uses.
1 True
2 False
Enzymes help the cell make endergonic reactions proceed in the forward direction by:
1 converting these reactions to exergonic reactions.
2 coupling these reactions to exergonic reactions.
3 eliminating excess substrate.
4 binding extraneous inhibitors.
__________is the compound acted on by an enzyme.
1 an accessory enzyme
2 an allosteric group
3 a coenzyme
4 a substrate
5 an activator
Which of the following is capable of being reduced during glycolysis and the Kreb’s cycle?
1 NAD
2 ATP
3 ADP
4 lactic acid
5 all of the above
Which of the following is an exergonic reaction?
1 break down of glucose
2 synthesis of glucose
3 synthesis of starch
4 movement
5 active transport
Substrate is a synonym for
1 end products
2 by products
3 enzymes
4 reactants
5 inhibitor
Enzymes are
1 steroids
2 proteins
3 nucleic acids
4 complex
5 vitamins
Which of the following is not true about enzymes?
1 the active site binds the substrate
2 they increase the rate of a chemical reaction
3 they catalyze a wide variety of reactions
4 they lower the activation energy of a chemical reaction
5 none of the above
Enzymes
1 are very specific
2 act as catalysts
3 are organic molecule
4 are proteins
5 all of the above
A molecule that gives up an electron is said to be
1 ionized
2 oxidized
3 reduced
4 hydrolyzed
5 both A and B, but not C or D
NAD is
1 an inorganic molecule
2 an electron carrier
3 a reducing agent
4 highly phosphorylized
5 a metabolic waste product
When NAD is converted to NADH, it was
1 oxidized
2 reduced
3 phosphorylated
4 denatured
5 hydrolyzed
The nucleotide most closely associated with energy is
1 cyclic AMP
2 FAD
3 ATP
4 NAD
5 all of the above
Plants need __________ and __________ to perform photosynthesis.
1 oxygen and water
2 oxygen and carbon dioxide
3 carbon dioxide and water
4 sugar and water
5 none of the above
Before a glucose molecule can be broken down to release energy
1 one ATP molecule must be added to glucose
2 two ATP molecules must be added to glucose
3 two phosphate groups must be added to glucose
4 one ATP molecule must be removed from glucose
5 two ATP molecules must be removed from glucose
The amount of energy released from a glucose molecule is dependent on what happens to
1 carbon atoms
2 oxygen atoms
3 electrons
4 phosphorus atoms
5 water molecules
Glycolysis would quickly halt if the process ran out of ___, which serves as the electron acceptor.
1 NADP
2 ADP
3 NAD
4 water
5 none of these
Glycolysis
1 takes place in the mitochondria
2 only happens to glucose
3 is the first step in the breakdown of glucose
4 results in the formation of pyruvates
5 both C and D, but not A or B
The net yield per molecule of glucose used during glycolysis is
1 one ATP
2 two ATP
3 four ATP
4 thirty-six ATP
5 thirty-eight ATP
Pyruvate can be regarded as the end product of
1 glycolysis
2 acetyl CoA formation
3 fermentation
4 the Kreb’s cycle
5 none of these
The Kreb’s cycle takes place in the
1 ribosomes
2 centromeres
3 cytoplasm
4 mitochondria
5 plastids
The breakdown of pyruvate by the Kreb’s cycle results in the production of
1 energy
2 carbon dioxide
3 oxygen
4 NADH
5 all except C
Which of the following serves as a bridge from glycolysis to the Kreb’s cycle?
1 acetyl CoA formation
2 the regeneration of NAD
3 chemiosmotic coupling
4 the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate
5 none of these
Which of the following liberates the most energy?
1 aerobic respiration
2 alcoholic fermentation
3 lactate fermentation
4 all of these are the same
Under anaerobic conditions muscle cells produce
1 ethanol
2 acetaldehyde
3 pyruvate
4 lactic acid
5 citric acid
If fermentation follows glycolysis,
1 carbon dioxide will be one of the products as pyruvate is converted to lactate
2 the two NADH molecules produced during glycolysis will be used to reduce pyruvic acid to either lactic acid or ethanol and carbon dioxide.
3 oxidative phosphorylation occurs either on the plasma membrane or on derivatives of the plasma membrane.
If the organism is performing aerobic respiration, it uses _____________ as the final electron acceptor.
1 hydrogen
2 carbon
3 water
4 oxygen
5 NAD
6 NADH
The greatest number of ATP molecules are produced in
1 glycolysis
2 alcoholic fermentation
3 anaerobic electron transport
4 electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation
5 Kreb’s cycle
During electron transport, _____ ions accumulate in the outside of the inner mitochondrial membrane.
1 calcium
2 hydrogen
3 oxygen
4 protons
5 sodium
The ultimate electron acceptor in aerobic respiration is:
1 NADH
2 carbon dioxide
3 water
4 oxygen
5 ATP
The free energy released when electrons are passed from _________ to __________ is used to generate ATP in respiration.
1 NADH : oxygen
2 pyruvic acid : acetyl CoA
3 FADH : water
4 glucose : carbon dioxide
5 organic compound : NAD
Deaminatiion is a step in the utilization of
1 carbohydrates
2 lipids
3 amino acids
4 nucleic acids
5 fats
The beta-oxidation pathway is involved in the breakdown of
1 carbohydrates
2 lipids
3 amino acids
4 nucleic acids
5 fats
Which of the following statements is true of fermentation?
1 a. It produces a net gain of ATP.
2 It produces a net gain of NADH.
3 It is an aerobic process.
4 It can be performed only by bacteri a.
5 It produces more energy per glucose molecule than does aerobic respiration.
The following statements compare combustion with the aerobic respiration of glucose. Which is false?
1 Combustion releases more total caloric energy from glucose than does respiration.
2 Combustion releases energy from glucose at a more rapid rate than does respiration.
3 Combustion releases nearly all energy as heat and light; respiration captures some of the energy in chemical bonds.
4 Combustion uses heat to provide activation energy; respiration uses enzymes to lower activation energy.
5 Combustion involves the direct transfer of hydrogen atoms to oxygen respiration uses an indirect transfer of hydrogens.
Which of the following statements about lactate fermentation is false?
1 Lactate fermentation produces ATP molecules in addition to the few produced by glycolysis.
2 Lactate fermentation oxidizes NADH to NAD to keep glycolysis functioning.
3 Lactate fermentation takes place in vigorously exercised muscle cells.
4 Lactate fermentation can take place under anaerobic conditions.
5 Lactate fermentation in muscle cells often creates a need for O2 that must be satisfied later.
Which kind of metabolic poison would most directly interfere with glycolysis?
1 an agent that reacts with oxygen and depletes its concentration in the cell
2 an agent that binds to pyruvate and inactivates it
3 an agent that closely mimics the structure of glucose but is non-metabolic
4 an agent that reacts with NADH and oxidizes it to NAD
5 an agent that inhibits the formation of acetyl coenzyme A
All of the following statements about glycolysis are true except
1 glycolysis has steps involving oxidation-reduction reactions.
2 the enzymes of glycolysis are located in the cytosol of the cell.
3 glycolysis can operate in the complete absence of O2.
4 the end products of glycolysis are CO2 and H20.
5 glycolysis makes ATP.
During oxidative phosphorylation, H2O is formed. Where do the oxygen atoms in the H2O come from?
1 carbon dioxide
2 glucose
3 molecular oxygen
4 pyruvate
5 lactate
Muscle cells in oxygen deprivation convert pyruvate to ________ and in this step gain ________.
1 lactate; ATP
2 alcohol; CO2
3 alcohol; ATP
4 ATP; NAD
5 lactate; NAD
Assume that a eukaryotic cell has abundant glucose and O2, but needs ATP. The proton gradient in mitochondria of this cell will be generated by _________ and used primarily for _________.
1 the electron transport chain; ATP synthesis
2 the electron transport chain; substrate phosphorylation
3 glycolysis; production of H2O
4 fermentation; NAD reduction
5 diffusion of protons; ATP synthesis
Which process in eukaryotic cells will normally proceed whether O2 is present or absent?
1 fermentation
2 glycolysis
3 Krebs cycle
4 oxidative phosphorylation
5 electron transport
DNP is a substance that causes membranes to become more permeable to H+. What would you expect to happen to an animal that is given an injection of this substance and kept on the same diet throughout the experiment?
1 It would become hyperactive.
2 It would have a lower body temperature.
3 It would lose weight.
4 Its metabolic rate would decrease.
5 It would produce excess amounts of ATP.
The primary function of the mitochondrion is the production of ATP. To carry out this function, the mitochondrion must have all of the following excpt
1 the membrane-bound electron transport chain.
2 proton pumps embedded in the inner membrane.
3 enzymes for glycolysis.
4 enzymes for the Krebs cycle.
5 mitochondrial ATP synthase.
All of the following substances are produced in a muscle cell under anaerobic conditions excpt:
1 ATP
2 pyruvate
3 lactic acid
4 acetyl CoA
5 NADH
In addition to ATP, what are the end products of glycolysis?
1 CO2 and H2O
2 CO2 and ethyl alcohol
3 NADH+ and pyruvate
4 CO2 and NADH
5 H2O and ethyl alcohol
Catabolism of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates can result in a 2-carbon molecule which enters the Krebs cycle. What is the molecule?
1 glucose
2 acetyl acids
3 fatty acids
4 amino acids
5 pyruvate
How many carbon atoms does each acetyl CoA feed into the Krebs cycle?
1 2
2 4
3 6
4 8
Where is ATP synthase located in the mitochondrion?
1 ribosomes
2 cytochrome system
3 outer membrane
4 inner membrane
5 matrix
| |Lyases |Electrons (or sometimes whole hydrogens) are removed from on molecule and added to another. |
| |Isomerases |A large molecules is split into smaller molecules by the addition of water between its bonds. |
| |Transferases |Two molecules, using the energy from ATP or other nucleotide triphosphates, are hook together. |
| |Hydrolases |Removes a group from a molecule to form a double bond or adds a group to a double bond. |
| |Oxidoreductases |The molecule keeps the same atoms, but they are rearranged. |
| |Ligases |This enzyme will remove a group from one molecule and add it to another molecule |
Enzymes are not used up in the reactions they catalyze and can be used over and over again.
1 Trye
2 False
How do enzymes work?
1 They produce energy which they give to the substrate to increase the rate of reaction.
2 They increase the local temperature, increasing the rate of reaction.
3 They combine the substrate with a catalyst, increasing the rate of reaction.
4 They lower the activation energy, increasing the rate of reaction.
5 They combine the substrate with snRNA to increase the rate of reaction.
General term for the non-protein component of an enzyme is a:
1 prosthetic group
2 cofactor
3 coenzyme
4 co-inducer
5 co-enzyme
Most general term for an organic, non-protein component of an enzyme is:
1 prosthetic group
2 cofactor
3 coenzyme
4 co-inducer
5 co-enzyme
| |Lyases |a. Electrons are removed from on molecule and added to another. |
| |Isomerases |b. Splits a molecule by the addition of water across its bond. |
| |Transferases |c. Hooks two molecules together using the energy from an NTP (e.g. ATP). |
| |Hydrolases |d. Removes a group forming a double bond or adds a group to a double bond. |
| |Oxidoreductases |e. The molecule keeps the same atoms, but they are rearranged. |
| |Ligases |f. Removes a group from one molecule and add it to another molecule |
A chemical reaction that has a positive ∆G is correctly described as:
1 endergonic
2 exergonic
3 enthalpic
4 spontaneous
5 exothermic
All chemical reactions result in a net energy change.
1 True
2 False
What does ∆G stand for?
1 change in free energy
2 an atoms affinity for electrons
3 degreee of hydrophobicity
4 strength of the peptidoglycan cell wall
5 gravitational pull of the nucleus
Endergonic reactions may be coupled to exergonic reactions to drive exergonic reaction foward.
1 True
2 False
Which of the following has the highest oxidation / reduction potential?
1 NAD / NADH
2 O2 / H2O
3 CH4 / CO2
4 NO2 / NO3
A substance is said to be oxidized if electrons are _______________.
1 added
2 removed
3 rearranged
4 transformed
5 moved to a higher orbital
A substance is said to be reduced if electrons are:
1 added
2 removed
3 rearranged
4 transformed
5 moved to a higher orbital
An oxidation reduction can only occur if it is accompanied by a reduction reaction.
1 True
2 False
Electrons flow from compounds with a ____________ to compounds with a ____________.
1 positive OR potential . . . . . . negative OR potential
2 negative OR potential . . . . . . positive OR potential
3 few electrons . . . . . . . many electrons
4 many electrons . . . . . . few electrons
5 Define the following terms:
Define the term oxidation.
Define the term reduction.
Define the term oxidant.
Define the term reductant.
Define the term catalyst.
Define the term enzyme.
Define the term substrate.
Define the term product.
List three types of work living organisms must perform.
What is the most common "energy currency" cells use?
Define metabolism.
What is the first law of thermodynamics?
What type of macromolecules are enzymes?
Define the terms phototroph and chemotroph.
Define the terms autotroph and heterotroph.
Define the terms oxidation and reduction.
Why does an enzyme stop working if the temperature is raised too high or put in extreme acid or base?
What is the difference in an enzyme that ends in –ase compared to an enzyme that ends in –synthase?
Enzymes carry out chemical and energy transformations. Give an example of an energy transformation performed by biological systems.
The reactant of an enzymatically catalyzed reaction is termed the _________, which binds to the __________ of the enzyme.
Normally an enzyme has maximal enzyme activity at 37(C, but once it has been heated to 100(C and then cooled back down to 37(C the enzyme is no longer active. Why?
Describe the properties of a biological catalyst.
__________ are biological catalysts.
The enzyme phosphoglucoisomerase catalyses the conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate. The region on phosphoglucoisomerase where glucose-6-phosphate binds is called ____________________.
Explain how enzymes decrease the activation energy required for biological processes in our bodies. Why are enzymes necessary in organisms?
Special molecules like NAD+ and FAD transport ________________ in cells, which can then be used as energy in the cell.
The molecule __________ is the major energy carrier in cells.
ATP is considered a short-term form of energy for the cell, while ________________ represents more stable, long term energy stores.
Briefly describe how ATP acts as an energy carrier in cells.
The burning of sugars as fuels for runners is an example of an __________________ chemical reaction whereas the production of sugars during photosynthesis is an example of an ___________________ chemical reaction.
In chemical reactions, the __________ are converted into products.
Describe an analogy to distinguish between endergonic and exergonic chemical reactions.
Why does increasing the temperature of a chemical reaction generally increase the rate of the reaction?
Describe a coupled reaction in terms of energy and give an example of such a reaction.
In chemical reactions __________ reactions release energy and __________ reactions require an input of energy.
The energy of movement is __________ energy and stored energy is referred to as __________ energy.
Sitting at the top of a slide a child has __________ energy and when sliding down she is using __________ energy.
Briefly describe the difference between kinetic energy and potential energy and give an example of each.
Briefly describe the two laws of thermodynamics.
What is a simple definition of energy from the biological perspective? Give some examples of where energy is used in a cell.
The second law of thermodynamics states that the _____________, or disorder, of the universe is constantly increasing.
Energy transformations are not 100% efficient; often energy in the form of ______________ is released, which fulfills the second law of thermodynamics.
State the first law of thermodynamics, and explain what it means in a living cell.
State the second law of thermodynamics, and explain what it means in a living cell.
Explain how it appears at first sight that life must violate the laws of thermodynamics, but how it is shown that life does NOT violate these rules.
Describe how cellular metabolism occurs within cells: what processes are involved and how do they interact?
Explain how an enzyme works, and how a coenzyme or cofactor may be involved in an enzymatic reaction.
Describe the effects of substrate concentration, pH, and temperature on the activity of an enzyme.
Describe the differences in action and effect of four different kinds of enzymatic inhibition.
Describe the two processes by which ATP is made in different parts of the cell.
In living substances, the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and P is virtually the sole supply of energy. Yet it is not supplied directly by the environment. Describe how the energy to regenerate ATP is provided by either sunlight or catabolism.
What are the molecules needed to carry charges in the oxidation-reduction reaction that occurs during photosynthesis, and how does this result in storage of chemical energy?
What are the molecules needed to carry charges in the oxidation-reduction reaction that occurs during cellular respiration, and how does this result in storage of chemical energy?
In living substances, the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and P is virtually the sole supply of energy. However, ATP does not release this energy spontaneously but only in cell machinery where some work is being carried out. In such cases, special enzymes (ATPases) are necessary for the hydrolysis of ATP. A) How does the universality of ATP and the diversity of enzyme systems relate to the unity and diversity of life through evolution?
B) Would ATP need to be present in storehouse amounts (many days' energy supply) or catalytic amounts requiring continuous regeneration?
C) If ATP underwent hydrolysis spontaneously at a fast rate without enzymes, would life as we know it be possible?
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