Python write unicode string to text file

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Python write unicode string to text file

Get Python Cookbook now with O'Reilly online learning. O'Reilly members experience live online training, plus books, videos, and digital content from 200+ publishers. Credit: David Ascher, Paul PrescodYou need to deal with data that doesn't fit in the ASCII character set. Unicode strings can be encoded in plain strings in a variety of ways, according to whichever encoding you choose: # Convert Unicode to plain Python string: "encode" unicodestring = u"Hello world" utf8string = unicodestring.encode("utf-8") asciistring = unicodestring.encode("ascii") isostring = unicodestring.encode("ISO-8859-1") utf16string = unicodestring.encode("utf-16") # Convert plain Python string to Unicode: "decode" plainstring1 = unicode(utf8string, "utf-8") plainstring2 = unicode(asciistring, "ascii") plainstring3 = unicode(isostring, "ISO-8859-1") plainstring4 = unicode(utf16string, "utf-16") assert plainstring1==plainstring2==plainstring3==plainstring4If you find yourself dealing with text that contains non-ASCII characters, you have to learn about Unicode--what it is, how it works, and how Python uses it. Unicode is a big topic. Luckily, you don't need to know everything about Unicode to be able to solve real-world problems with it: a few basic bits of knowledge are enough. First, you must understand the difference between bytes and characters. In older, ASCIIcentric languages and environments, bytes and characters are treated as the same thing. Since a byte can hold up to 256 values, these environments are limited to 256 characters. Unicode, on the other hand, has tens of thousands of characters. That means that each Unicode character takes more than one byte, so you need to make the distinction between characters and bytes. Standard Python strings are really byte strings, and a Python character is really a byte. Other terms for the standard Python type are "8-bit string" and "plain string." In this recipe we will call them byte strings, to remind you of their byte-orientedness. Conversely, a Python Unicode character is an abstract object big enough to hold the character, analogous to Python's long integers. You don't have to worry about the internal representation; the representation of Unicode characters becomes an issue only when you are trying to send them to some byte-oriented function, such as the write method for files or the send method for network sockets. At that point, you must choose how to represent the characters as bytes. Converting from Unicode to a byte string is called encoding the string. Similarly, when you load Unicode strings from a file, socket, or other byte-oriented object, you need to decode the strings from bytes to characters. There are many ways of converting Unicode objects to byte strings, each of which is called an encoding. For a variety of historical, political, and technical reasons, there is no one "right" encoding. Every encoding has a case-insensitive name, and that name is passed to the decode method as a parameter. Here are a few you should know about: The UTF-8 encoding can handle any Unicode character. It is also backward compatible with ASCII, so a pure ASCII file can also be considered a UTF-8 file, and a UTF-8 file that happens to use only ASCII characters is identical to an ASCII file with the same characters. This property makes UTF-8 very backward-compatible, especially with older Unix tools. UTF-8 is far and away the dominant encoding on Unix. It's primary weakness is that it is fairly inefficient for Eastern texts. The UTF-16 encoding is favored by Microsoft operating systems and the Java environment. It is less efficient for Western languages but more efficient for Eastern ones. A variant of UTF-16 is sometimes known as UCS-2. The ISO-8859 series of encodings are 256-character ASCII supersets. They cannot support all of the Unicode characters; they can support only some particular language or family of languages. ISO-8859-1, also known as Latin-1, covers most Western European and African languages, but not Arabic. ISO-8859-2, also known as Latin-2, covers many Eastern European languages such as Hungarian and Polish. If you want to be able to encode all Unicode characters, you probably want to use UTF-8. You will probably need to deal with the other encodings only when you are handed data in those encodings created by some other application. Get Python Cookbook now with O'Reilly online learning. O'Reilly members experience live online training, plus books, videos, and digital content from 200+ publishers. Unicode is the standard for encoding text in almost all languages spoken in the world. It is nowadays used as the native encoding for text on most modern operating systems. The major exception is Microsoft Windows that still has a dual system supporting code pages and Unicode for applications. Qt's Classes for Working with Strings These classes are relevant when working with string data. For information about rendering text, see the Rich Text Processing overview, and if your string data is in XML, see the XML Processing overview. The Unicode Consortium has a number of documents available, including In Qt, and in most applications that use Qt, most or all user-visible strings are stored using Unicode. Qt provides: Translation to/from legacy encodings for file I/O: see QTextCodec and QTextStream. Support for locale specific Input Methods and keyboards. A string class, QString, that stores Unicode characters, with support for migrating from C strings including fast translation to and from UTF-8, ISO8859-1 and US-ASCII, and all the usual string operations. Unicode-aware UI controls. Unicode compliant text segmentation (QTextBoundaryFinder) Unicode compliant line breaking and text rendering To fully benefit from Unicode, we recommend using QString for storing all user-visible strings, and performing all text file I/O using QTextStream. All the function arguments in Qt that may be user-visible strings, QLabel::setText() and a many others, take const QString &s. QString provides implicit casting from const char * so that things like label->setText("Password:"); will work. There is also a function, QObject::tr(), that provides translation support, like this: label->setText(tr("Password:")); QObject::tr() maps from const char * to a Unicode string, and uses installable QTranslator objects to do the mapping. Qt provides a number of built-in QTextCodec classes, that is, classes that know how to translate between Unicode and legacy encodings to support programs that must talk to other programs or read/write files in legacy file formats. Conversion to/from const char * uses a UTF-8. However, applications can easily find codecs for other locales, and set any open file or network connection to use a special codec. Since US-ASCII and ISO-8859-1 are so common, there are also especially fast functions for mapping to and from them. For example, to open an application's icon one might do this: QFile file(QString::fromLatin1("appicon.png")); or QFile file(QLatin1String("appicon.png")); Qt supports rendering text in most languages written in the world. The detailed list of supported writing systems depends a bit on operating system support and font availability on the target system. In this tutorial we will learn how to use Python to write text file with different mode to overwrite or append existing file and how to write Unicode charater to a text file. Append content to the end of existing file with mode `a' For example we have the file named test.txt with content as below and located in the same folder of your Python code. To append to existing file's content we use `a' for mode argument when open file for writing in Python. f = open('test.txt', 'a') f.write('Happy Coding!') f.close() After execute the Python code above we will get the file as below. Overwrite existing file with mode `w' To overwrite existing file we use `w' for mode argument when open file for writing in Python. f = open('test.txt', 'w') f.write('This file has been overwrite.') f.close() After execute the Python code above we will get the file as below. Create new file with mode `x' To creating a completely new file Python open() built-in method support `x' for mode argument. In this mode the Python application will failing if the file already exist. For example assump that we have test.txt file already exist on your folder. f = open('test.txt', 'x') f.write('This is new file') f.close() If we execute the Python code above we will get result. Traceback (most recent call last): File ".\create_new_file.py", line 1, in f = open('test.txt', 'x') FileExistsError: [Errno 17] File exists: 'test.txt' Modify file name to test2.txt f = open('test2.txt', 'x') f.write('This is new file') f.close() Execute above Python code we will get new file as below. Write list of strings to text file using writelines() method The Python code example below will show you how to use writelines() to write list of strings to text file. f = open('test3.txt', 'w') data = ['Hello from ', 'Happy', ' ', 'Coding!'] f.writelines(data) f.close() Execute above Python code we will get new file as below. Write Unicode character to text file with UTF-8 encoding To write Unicode charater Python open() method support encoding=`utf-8' argument. f = open('test4.txt', 'w', encoding='utf-8') f.write('Vit Nam') f.write('') f.write('') f.close() Execute above Python code we will get new file as below. Recommended Posts

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