Python Notes - University of Chicago
Contents
Preface
i
Contents
2
1 Getting Started
3
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
Basic Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
1.1.1
Using xterms and logging in to the server . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
1.1.2
About the Python Shell and idle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
1.1.3
Running Python Locally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
Fun with Python . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
1.2.1
Basic operations
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
1.2.2
Lists, tuples and strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
1.2.3
Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.2.4
Getting help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.2.5
Program control: Looping, conditionals and functions . . . . . 12
Progressing in Python . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.3.1
Writing your own modules and executable scripts . . . . . . . 17
1.3.2
List comprehension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.3.3
Using objects in Python . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.3.4
The Numeric array package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.3.5
The Curve object and its uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Advanced Python Topics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1.4.1
Defining your own objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
v
1.4.2
Dictionaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
1.4.3
Writing text data to files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
1.4.4
Reading text data from a file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2 Thermodynamics and vertical structure
39
2.1
Tutorial: Getting physical properties and constants . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.2
Problem set: Dry thermodynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.3
2.2.1
Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.2.2
Ideal gas law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.2.3
Atmospheric composition and mixing ratios . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.2.4
Specific heat: Some basic problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.2.5
Temperature-dependent specific heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.2.6
Potential Temperature and the Dry Adiabat . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.2.7
Inhomogeneous mixtures; Potential density and ¡±virtual temperature¡± . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Data Lab: Analysis of temperature profile data . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2.3.1
Analysis of tropical Earth soundings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2.3.2
Analysis of midlatitude Earth soundings . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.3.3
Analysis of planetary soundings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.4
Tutorial: Numerical solution of differential equations . . . . . . . . . 48
2.5
Problem set: Hydrostatics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
2.6
2.5.1
Mass of carbon in the Earth¡¯s atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . 52
2.5.2
Mass of Titan¡¯s atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
2.5.3
The dry adiabatic lapse rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2.5.4
Heat capacity of atmospheric columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Problem set: Moist thermodynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2.6.1
Latent heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2.6.2
Using the simplified form of the Clausius-Clapeyron relation . 53
2.6.3
Methane on Titan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2.6.4
Boiling vs. evaporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
vi
1
2.6.5
Comparison of idealized vs. empirical saturation vapor pressure 55
2.6.6
Variable latent heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
2.6.7
Latent heat from Clausius-Clapeyron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
2.6.8
Water content of the atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
2.6.9
CO2 condensation in the Martian Winter . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
2.6.10 CO2 condensation on Snowball Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
2.6.11 Moist adiabat for atmosphere with two condensible components 58
2.6.12 Springtime for Europa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
2.7
Computation Lab: Computing the moist adiabat . . . . . . . . . . . 59
2.8
Problem set: Rayleigh fractionation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
3 Elementary radiation balance problems
61
4 Continuous atmosphere radiation problems
63
5 Radiative-convective model problems
65
6 Scattering problems
67
7 Data analysis problems: Earth radiation budget
69
8 Surface energy budget problems
71
9 Seasonal Cycle problems
73
10 Atmospheric evolution modelling problems
75
11 Meridional heat transport modelling problems
77
12 Appendix A: Hints for the user of Unix and its relatives
79
12.1 Simple Unix for the masses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
12.2 A few useful Unix utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
12.3 Nasty Unix stuff I hope you won¡¯t have to deal with . . . . . . . . . . 80
12.4 Public domain software to install on the server . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
2
12.5 Installing the courseware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Chapter 1
Getting Started
3
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