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User guide How to build a private Steem blockchain for corporate projectsRepository Will I Learn?How to customize and install the steem softwareHow to configure a witness node, a seed node, and an RPC nodeHow to create and configure more witnesses for the same chainHow to perform basic operations with CLI walletHow to configure the firewallRequirements2 Servers with:1 CPU4 GB RAM500 MB of Hard DiskUbuntu 16.04 installedThese are the minimum requirements for each machine, but they can grow as the blockchain grows.DifficultyIntermediateGuide ContentsBelow is a summary of all the steps:Install dependenciesClone SteemCustomizeInstall SteemStart the first witnessCreate the second witnessStart the second witnessExtrasInstall DependenciesOpen the terminal and run:sudo apt-get install -y \ autoconf \ automake \ cmake \ g++ \ git \ libbz2-dev \ libsnappy-dev \ libssl-dev \ libtool \ make \ pkg-config \ python3 \ python3-jinja2These commands will download and install the required packages.Next, install the boost packages (an important dependency for steem)sudo apt-get install -y \ libboost-chrono-dev \ libboost-context-dev \ libboost-coroutine-dev \ libboost-date-time-dev \ libboost-filesystem-dev \ libboost-iostreams-dev \ libboost-locale-dev \ libboost-program-options-dev \ libboost-serialization-dev \ libboost-signals-dev \ libboost-system-dev \ libboost-test-dev \ libboost-thread-devClone SteemNow, we can download the source code of Steem:git clone steemgit checkout stablegit submodule update --init --recursiveHere we take the code from the github repository, enter to the folder, select the most recent stable code, and download more dependencies (the submodules). Regarding the?checkout?command we can define a specific version, for instance,?git checkout v0.19.5?to modify all files to the version 0.19.5.CustomizeThe?config.hpp?file has a lot of features to customize, like the name of the token and the distribution of new tokens issued. They are declared with?#define?directive as constants and some are separated into two groups: Those who are between?#ifdef IS_TEST_NET?and?#else?are used for the Testnet, and those who are between?#else?and?#endif?are used for the Mainnet. We will focus on the mainnet section.Open?config.hpp?(located at?steem/libraries/protocol/include/steemit/protocol) and search:#define STEEM_SYMBOL...#define VESTS_SYMBOL (uint64_t('V') | (uint64_t('E') << 8) | (uint64_t('S') << 16) | (uint64_t('T') << 24)| (uint64_t('S') << 32))#define STEEM_SYMBOL (uint64_t('S') | (uint64_t('T') << 8) | (uint64_t('E') << 16) | (uint64_t('E') << 24)| (uint64_t('M') << 32))#define SBD_SYMBOL (uint64_t('S') | (uint64_t('B') << 8) | (uint64_t('D') << 16))...These constants define the names of the tokens?VESTS,?STEEM, and?SBD. As you can see the words are build letter by letter.Let's change the names to?VESTS,?EFTG, and?EUR:...#define VESTS_SYMBOL (uint64_t('V') | (uint64_t('E') << 8) | (uint64_t('S') << 16) | (uint64_t('T') << 24)| (uint64_t('S') << 32))#define STEEM_SYMBOL (uint64_t('E') | (uint64_t('F') << 8) | (uint64_t('T') << 16) | (uint64_t('G') << 24)#define SBD_SYMBOL (uint64_t('E') | (uint64_t('U') << 8) | (uint64_t('R') << 16))...Now we have defined the names of our tokens!From version 0.20 onwards the names of the tokens are defined in?asset_symbol.hpp.#define STEEMIT_ADDRESS_PREFIXSteem blockchain uses 4 key-pairs for each user (owner, active, posting, memo). The public key of all of them always starts with "STM". The purpose of this prefix is to explicitly differentiate a key pair from different Steem-like blockchains.?STEEMIT_ADDRESS_PREFIX?allows us to define this prefix, which should be fixed to 3 characters. Let's change it to?EUR.#define STEEMIT_ADDRESS_PREFIX "EUR"#define STEEMIT_CHAIN_IDThe chain id is a unique identifier for the blockchain. It is useful to prevent replay transactions between different chains. To configure it we apply the hash function to some text. For instance, the hash of?europe:#define STEEMIT_CHAIN_ID (fc::sha256::hash("europe"))#define STEEMIT_INIT_PUBLIC_KEY_STRThis is the public key of the first user in the blockchain,?initminer. In this order, we need a pair of keys. How to generate one? there are many alternatives, like?this generator?or the CLI wallet (more details about this CLI in the following sections). For instance, using the CLI wallet we can use the command:?get_private_key_from_password initminer owner luxembourg, where the last word (luxembourg) is the password. The response is this:[ "STM8PsyH8FSX7VPKg3ecKLD4khpkrUTYLJeWYcN8h2fJyhVnd1iHf", "5JKVA1RMufcDpprpWmRsNVrkJtb3m3E8VbRUHdsVxC9CRxii2Z4"]The first string is the public key, and the second one the private key.Important! Change the prefix STM in the public key to the prefix used in our chain, in this case EUR?(this change does not affect the private key).#define STEEMIT_INIT_PUBLIC_KEY_STR "EUR8PsyH8FSX7VPKg3ecKLD4khpkrUTYLJeWYcN8h2fJyhVnd1iHf"#define STEEMIT_HARDFORK_REQUIRED_WITNESSESAs the name indicates it represents the number of witnesses required to make a hard fork, which by default is 17. If you have a few servers for testing purposes change it to 1.#define STEEMIT_HARDFORK_REQUIRED_WITNESSES 1#define STEEMIT_MAX_WITNESSESThis value defines the maximum number of witnesses per round, which by default is 21. On steem, new blocks are created every 3 seconds, this means that one round takes 63 seconds. A block is considered irreversible after 2/3 of the witnesses in the round have confirmed. The more witnesses there are, the more decentralized the network will be. However, it takes more time synchronizing and will have slower irreversible time. Then this number of witnesses represents an intermediate point between performance and security.#define STEEMIT_MAX_WITNESSES 21#define STEEMIT_INFLATIONThe inflation in the steem blockchain is defined through 3 constants:ValueDescriptionSTEEMIT_INFLATION_RATE_START_PERCENTInflation rate at the first block. By default (978) meaning 9.78%STEEMIT_INFLATION_NARROWING_PERIODNumber of blocks to reduce the inflation rate by 0.01%. 250000 by defaultSTEEMIT_INFLATION_RATE_STOP_PERCENTFloor for the inflation rate. By default (95) meaning 0.95%#define STEEMIT_CONTENT_REWARD_PERCENTThe distribution of the new tokens is defined through 2 constants:ValueDescriptionSTEEMIT_CONTENT_REWARD_PERCENTPercentage to authors and curators. By default 75%STEEMIT_VESTING_FUND_PERCENTPercentage to holders of Steem Power (internally VESTS). By default 15%.WitnessesRemaining percentage goes to witnesses, that is, 10%.From version 0.20 onwards the names of the constants start with STEEM instead of STEEMIT.Take a look at?config.hpp?file to see more constants to define. Now we are prepared to compile the code.Install SteemGo to the principal steem folder and run:mkdir build_eftgcd build_eftgcmake -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -DLOW_MEMORY_NODE=OFF ..make -j$(nproc) steemdmake -j$(nproc) cli_walletThis could take some time. Here we are installing two things:?steemd?which is the software that creates the blockchain, and?cli_wallet?the command line interface to sign and broadcast transactions.When?LOW_MEMORY_NODE?option is OFF?steemd?is built in such way that data and fields not needed for consensus are not stored in the object database. This is the simplest form of a consensus node.config.ini fileThe?config.ini?file is used to configure the parameters of steemd. Run this commands to create and open the file:cd programs/steemdmkdir eftgvim eftg/config.inipress INS to enable writing and paste this:rpc-endpoint = 127.0.0.1:9876p2p-endpoint = 0.0.0.0:3333shared-file-size = 1Genable-stale-production = truewitness = "initminer"private-key = 5JKVA1RMufcDpprpWmRsNVrkJtb3m3E8VbRUHdsVxC9CRxii2Z4press ESC and type?:x?to exit. The meaning of these lines is detailed below.rpc-endpoint?allows RPC calls for blockchain operations from clients, we have used here the port 9876 but we could put a different one.p2p-endpoint?opens the port to listen connections p2p. Through this port, the machine connects with other witnesses and seed nodes in order to synchronize blocks. Here we set it to 3333 but we could put a different one.shared-file-size?is the disk space reserved for the blockchain. It can set low at the beginning but it should be increased as the blockchain grows.enable-stale-production?activates the witness for block production.witness?is the witness we are configuring, in this case it is?initminer, the first in the blockchain.private-key?is the private key of initminer, which was generated above and match with the?STEEMIT_INIT_PUBLIC_KEY_STRStart the first witnessAt this point we can start the generation of blocks with initminer as unique witness. Being in the steemd folder run./steemd -d eftgFirst, it displays the initminer public key, the chain id, and the node configuration. And finally it starts producing blocks.Hardforks:?Although the code version is?v0.19, the genesis of the blockchain starts in the version?0.0.0. This means that it has to apply hardforks one by one in order to achieve the last version.?The hardfork 19 is applied around the block 294.Congratulations! now you are producing blocks!Create the second witnessIn this section, we will access to the blockchain using the CLI wallet to create a new user,?@alice. Next, she will be configured to be a witness.While?steemd?is running open other terminal and start the CLI wallet with the RPC port:cd programs/cli_wallet./cli_wallet -s ws://127.0.0.1:9876Note: If you can't open another terminal, run steemd in background:./steemd -d eftg > /dev/null 2>&1 &The CLI wallet ask us to set a password:>>> set_password SUPER_SAFE_PASSWORDNext, unlock the wallet:>>> unlock SUPER_SAFE_PASSWORDAnd import the initminer's private key in order to make transactions:>>> import_key 5JKVA1RMufcDpprpWmRsNVrkJtb3m3E8VbRUHdsVxC9CRxii2Z4Now, we will create?@alice's account. First suggest some password:>>> suggest_brain_key{ "brain_priv_key": "KERNEL SCABBLE COOREE ASTEISM NONCOM OBOLE MOSAIC MESTIZO DOLCAN BATLAN AVOWANT AUGERER GETTING PLOUKY DIS ESSED", "wif_priv_key": "5KBaNCy9KWiwAT49ugTGg7L1BwXDYokPC7mKPexjLHHAfnDuQ5D", "pub_key": "EUR8T9kSuX4h2bW6JoZ3AdVWxZJLCCAAeZqfk8vZoXS1kCvzBsXeB"}Next, calculate the different key-pairs using the?wif_priv_key:>>> get_private_key_from_password alice owner 5KBaNCy9KWiwAT49ugTGg7L1BwXDYokPC7mKPexjLHHAfnDuQ5D[ "EUR8GyPg9Ha6wUwuMAUFdrQvbSVv2Be9FckBYVmM8YJ3gsWkq9mYr", "5JtParFnBNYMwQnLqmiozNzk5vh4vY7eykg21uM1VPCB4GNN3g4"]>>> get_private_key_from_password alice active 5KBaNCy9KWiwAT49ugTGg7L1BwXDYokPC7mKPexjLHHAfnDuQ5D[ "EUR8Eh7YVFmgDwc47VhnVHRUmRWjoNvmgBRzMe6CrLRCrF3UgrEWu", "5JDtMRaCv5HZgyFYSTVRisvgyWXHqf6ukMA22tvPnewNo2uyFEi"]>>> get_private_key_from_password alice posting 5KBaNCy9KWiwAT49ugTGg7L1BwXDYokPC7mKPexjLHHAfnDuQ5D[ "EUR5zrHYFXytHC9pBDgr1EuggJJgn4U4g2BmnS3FK1ciobHNV4KQf", "5JhK3HCeyTbUaeXB6zawo1ZRefmigsbrVXnjipHQMYRYUL5vXJC"]>>> get_private_key_from_password alice memo 5KBaNCy9KWiwAT49ugTGg7L1BwXDYokPC7mKPexjLHHAfnDuQ5D[ "EUR71xbxmG8ijSaiFWGXW2LqJF6cTsfLpjvbTSB7JnUzNYEDpUtsD", "5JTXYvSQ8Tzpmq3MdKepVHmS9ZsQhrn8UDrPFbKYvzczugwS6u1"]Save these key-pairs in a safe place. Next, initminer uses these public keys to create the alice's account and delegate some tokens:create_account_with_keys_delegated initminer "5.000 EFTG" "50000.000000 VESTS" alice "{}" EUR8GyPg9Ha6wUwuMAUFdrQvbSVv2Be9FckBYVmM8YJ3gsWkq9mYr EUR8Eh7YVFmgDwc47VhnVHRUmRWjoNvmgBRzMe6CrLRCrF3UgrEWu EUR5zrHYFXytHC9pBDgr1EuggJJgn4U4g2BmnS3FK1ciobHNV4KQf EUR71xbxmG8ijSaiFWGXW2LqJF6cTsfLpjvbTSB7JnUzNYEDpUtsD trueNote: This function only works after the hardfork 17. To see the actual hardfork use?get_witness initminer?and look for?hardfork_version_vote.Now Alice can interact with the blockchain, let's import her active key:>>> import_key 5JDtMRaCv5HZgyFYSTVRisvgyWXHqf6ukMA22tvPnewNo2uyFEiPublish that she wants to be a witness. We can use another key-pair to sign transactions, let's use the suggested brain public key:>>> update_witness alice "" EUR8T9kSuX4h2bW6JoZ3AdVWxZJLCCAAeZqfk8vZoXS1kCvzBsXeB{"account_creation_fee":"0.100 EFTG","maximum_block_size":131072,"sbd_interest_rate":0} trueNow the blockchain should has 2 witnesses, check it:>>> list_witnesses 30 30[ "initminer", "alice"](Optional) initminer gives a vote to alice:>>> vote_for_witness initminer alice true true(Optional) initminer and alice publish the feed price:>>> publish_feed initminer {"base":"5.000 EUR","quote":"1.000 EFTG"} true>>> publish_feed alice {"base":"4.700 EUR","quote":"1.000 EFTG"} trueGood! Now Alice can start producing blocks!Start the second witnessIn the second node repeat the same process of cloning, customizing, and installing steem. Do not change?STEEMIT_INIT_PUBLIC_KEY_STR, use the same as initminer.In the?config.ini?file change the witness to alice and set her private key. Additionally, set the?seed-node?of initminer in order to connect the 2 witnesses (ip address and port 3333):rpc-endpoint = 127.0.0.1:9876p2p-endpoint = 0.0.0.0:3333seed-node = 178.128.78.111:3333shared-file-size = 1Genable-stale-production = truewitness = "alice"private-key = 5KBaNCy9KWiwAT49ugTGg7L1BwXDYokPC7mKPexjLHHAfnDuQ5DNow, start steemd on the alice's machine:./steemd -d eftgIf everything works correctly Alice will synchronize the blockchain with initminer, and both witnesses will be producing blocks.Congratulations! you have created a private steem blockchain with 2 witnesses!ExtrasSeed nodesThe seed nodes help to broadcast transactions and mainly to support all the demand of transactions required by the network.The configuration of a seed node is the same as the witnesses with the difference that the?config.ini?file does not has witness nor private key. Regarding the system requirements, a seed node uses the same resources than a witness node.Additionally it's important to mention that you can define several seed-nodes in the configuration file. For instance:seed-node = 212.117.213.186:2016seed-node = 185.82.203.92:2001seed-node = 52.74.152.79:2001seed-node = 52.63.172.229:2001seed-node = 104.236.82.250:2001seed-node = 104.199.157.70:2001seed-node = steem.:2001seed-node = steemd.pharesim.me:2001seed-node = seed.:2001RPC nodesWhen a user uses the CLI wallet he is communicating with an RPC node. In this order, these nodes help to create and broadcast transactions and also to query them. The?config.ini?file contains a series of API plugins to enable. For instance, this is a full node (all options enabled):plugin = webserver p2p json_rpc witness account_by_key tags follow market_history account_historyplugin = database_api account_by_key_api network_broadcast_api tags_api follow_apiplugin = market_history_api witness_api condenser_api block_api account_history_api...As you can see, the plugins can be split into different lines.They RPC nodes need more resource requirements than a witness or seed node. Take the requirements section of this post as a reference to start, but the node will need more resources as the network grows.?This post?has more details about requirements and recommends to run the plugin?account_history?in a separate node.CLI Wallet commandsIn this section, we will see the basic CLI Wallet commands. A complete and detailed set of functions can be found?here.get_accountUsed to get the current state of an account (public keys, balance, rewards, etc). Needs the account name as parameter. Example:>>> get_account aliceget_witnessGet info of a specific witness. Needs the witness name as parameter. Example:>>> get_witness initminerpost_commentFunction to publish a post or comment. It uses 8 parameters:?author,?permlink,?parent_author?(empty if it is a post),?parent_permlink?(category name if it is a post),?title,?body,?json_metadata, and?broadcast?(False to only sign). Example:>>> post_comment "alice" "my-first-post" "" "introduceyourself""My First Post" "Hi, I'm alice. This is my first post" "{\"tags\":[\"eftg\",\"introduceyourself\"]}" truevoteFunction to vote for a post or comment. It uses 5 parameters:?voter?author,?permlink,?weight, and?broadcast. For intance, to vote the previous post at 100%:>>> vote initminer alice "my-first-post" 100 trueget_stateGet global variables and state of a specific post. It needs the url. For instance, to get the previous post:>>> get_state "introduceyourself/@alice/my-first-post"get_blockGet the transactions of a specific block. Example:>>> get_block 36936vote_for_witnessVote for a witness. It uses 4 parameters:?voter,?witness,?approve, and?broadcast. For instance, if initminer want to vote for alice:>>> vote_for_witness initminer alice true trueupdate_witnessUsed to register a witness or update. It uses 5 parameters:?witness,?url,?block_signing_key,?chain_properties, and?broadcast. Although this function was introduced above, the chain properties were not deepened. There are some chain properties that are defined by witnesses. Each one set his point of view, and the network takes the median of all of them.account_creation_fee: This is the minimum amount of steem needed to create a new account. This amount isn't burned at creation but transferred to the new account. A low fee allows the entry of a lot of new users but at the same time of spam accounts, while a high fee reduces spam but restricts the entry of new users. The witnesses define this intermediate point.maximum_block_size: Every 3 seconds the chain creates a new block. This value is a limit on the size of the block (measured in bytes), and it is very linked to the transactions per second that the blockchain will support. It is measured in Bytes. For instance, the current block size in the main chain is 65536 bytes (that is, 12.5 MB every 10 minutes, more than 1 MB of bitcoin).sbd_interest_rate: All holders of SBD receive an annual interest rate defined by this value. This is measured in hundredths of one percent, for instance set 710 for 7.10%.These properties are written in JSON format. Example:>>> update_witness alice "" EUR8T9kSuX4h2bW6JoZ3AdVWxZJLCCAAeZqfk8vZoXS1kCvzBsXeB{"account_creation_fee":"0.100 EFTG","maximum_block_size":131072,"sbd_interest_rate":710} truepublish_feedUsed to set the SBD exchange rate. Again, the network takes the median of all witnesses. It uses 3 parameters:?witness,?exchange_rate, and?broadcast. Example:>>> publish_feed initminer {"base":"5.000 EUR","quote":"1.000 EFTG"} trueIn this example 5 EUR is the price of 1 EFTG.FirewallInstall UFW (Uncomplicated Firewall) to set the firewall and have more security in the nodes.sudo apt-get install ufwDepending of what you want configure use these instructions:sudo ufw default?allow outgoing` Allow outgoing connectionssudo ufw default deny incoming?Deny incoming connectionssudo ufw allow 9876?Allow connections through 9876 portsudo ufw allow 9876?Deny connections through 9876 portsudo ufw enable?Enable Uncomplicated Firewallsudo ufw disable?Disable Uncomplicated FirewallAll codebase is available here: ................
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