Qualitative and quantitative data - Mr Hansson's IB ...
Qualitative and quantitative data
Definitions
Quantitative data: Data that is numerical, use of descriptive statistics
Qualitative data: Usually contextual, textual, narrative, difficult to express in numerical terms. Rich in detail and description
All qualitative data can be expressed in numerical terms. All quantitative data is based on qualitative judgments.
Examples of quantitative research methods
Experiments
Correlation studies
Examples of qualitative research methods
Observations
Case studies
Content analysis
Interviews
Evaluation of the use of qualitative data in research
Strengths
• In depth examination of a phenomena, provides rich data
• Useful for investigating sensitive issues
• To examine complex questions that can be impossible with quantitative methods
• To explore new areas of research
• To generate new theories to explain and overcome problems
• People are studied in their natural environment, increasing transferability/ecological validity
Limitations
• Subjective, possible researcher bias (might be minimized with reflexivity)
• Replication is difficult
• Labor intensive, expensive, time consuming, general large amounts of data
• Data analysis can be difficult due to amount of data
• Look at the specific, not the general – limits scope and generalizability
To what extent can qualitative research be generalized?
• Many qualitative researchers have a constructivist view; All phenomena are time and context specific (is therefore not generalizable to other times and contexts)
• Qualitative research is often for a specific context or case (does not aim to generalize – idiographic approach, e.g. intrinsic case studies), therefore findings must be generalized with caution
• Generalization might be possible to a certain extent, if generalized to similar contexts
• Larger, representative samples may improve generalizability
• If longitudinal studies are carried out, general trends may be seen
• The general might always be present in the individual, i.e. there may be universal similarities for particular behavior (nomothetic approach – e.g. instrumental case studies)
• Theoretical generalization – research findings can be generalized to theory. Theory can be developed further as a result of the study's findings
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