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How do relations evolve from the reign of Edward through to the reign of Elizabeth?Examples of contrast across the periodExamples of continuity across the periodIdentify certain themes that affect relations and give specific examples for each identifying continuity and change where appropriate FranceSomerset looks for a peace with France and in 1547 agrees a treaty with Francis. This is interesting as Somerset pursues quite an aggressive policy towards Scotland, suggesting he wanted to reduce the threat of French involvement in Scotland. However, when Francis dies, Henry II (new King) refuses to sign the treaty due to disagreements over Boulogne and Calais.1549-French declare war on England, but they never actually invade.Mary launches an invasion on France in 1557 involving herself in the Italian Wars on behalf of the Spanish (she is married to Philip II who is Spanish), but most of the fighting is over by the time the troops get there.Jan 1558- England lose Calais when French launch a surprise attack.Elizabeth At start of her reign she begins negotiations with the French at Cateau Cambresis (Mary I had died by this point). France remained a threat, although their agreement to pull down the garrison at Eyemouth in Scotland reduced the threat they could pose to Elizabeth. France however remained Elizabeth’s main security threat, particularly as Henri II continues to champion the cause of Mary Queen of Scots. 1562France is on the brink of Civil War. Huguenots appeal to her for aid. The Huguenots give England Le Havre and Dieppe and promise to give them Calais as well in return for help. England get involved, attracted by possibility of Calais (glory), religion to an extent and needs to prevent a Guise victory (champion Mary Queen of Scots’ claim to the throne) dynastic security.1562 Treaty of Hampton Court- agreement that Elizabeth will aid the Huguenots (military aid). Involvement is a DISASTER. Huguenots leader resolves differences with Catherine de Medici and agrees to expel English. 1563- Warwick surrenders Le Havre. Ultimately, dissuades Elizabeth from launching more continental adventures.1564 Treaty of Troyes, which ends the hostility with France. She is reluctant to involve herself in French affairs. (Huguenots let her down) Key long term development/turning point; after this point she remains on relatively good terms with the French and does not involve herself in French politics after this1572- Treaty of Blois. A treaty of Friendship (shows she now sees Spain as the main threat) French agree to remove support for Mary QofS. Helps her dynastically! Elizabeth largely keeps out of the French Wars of Religion (gives some secretive aid to the Huguenots), which drag on until 1580. 1589 Henry IV becomes King of France (Huguenot), becomes a Catholic in 1594, but is still anti radical Catholicism, and sympathetic towards England. 1589-94 Sends 20,000 troops to help the French defend the Channel ports from the Spanish. Notice the long term change here, the English are now helping the French!Elizabeth’s decision to send troops to help France defend the Channel ports from 1589-94 is the first time that England helped France militarily in the period (although Henry VIII did help fund a French army in 1527)Elizabeth’s attempts to aid the Huguenots in 1562 is perhaps the first time an English monarch has tried involving themselves in French politics (almost like the French had done with Scotland); notice how this was slightly different to an invasion.It is only Edward who is not involved in any sort of aggression against the French (Henry VII 1489-92, Henry VIII invades 3 times, Mary declares war in 1557, Eliz involves herself in the Wars of Religion). It could however be argued that the motives of Henry VII and Eliz were however defensive, and motivated by dynastic concerns. Henry IV is perhaps the only French King in this period to have been Pro English. Unlike previous treaties with the French (e.g. the truce established at the start of Henry VII’s reign, the Treaty of Perpetual Peace under Henry VIII, the Treaty of Blois led to a prolonged period of good relations. Although relations were not always positive, at no point after this did England ever contemplate aggression towards France, with French involvement in Scotland reducing (although not completely disappearing, as shown by Esme Stuart).France appear to pose the major threat to monarch’s near the start of their regime; this is clear with Elizabeth (Cateau Cambresis), Edward (Somerset), Henry VII (due to the support of Warbeck) and Mary (although Mary turned them into an enemy by her aggressive action towards them). The only possible exception is Henry VIII, as France did not pose any direct threat to him in the early years (although this could by countered by the fact that they ordered the invasion from Scotland in 1513)Those monarchs who are initially unstable (particularly dynastically) try to pursue peace with France early on. Look at Henry VII and his truce in 1486, Elizabeth with the Treaty of Cateau Cambresis, and Somerset’s attempts to gain a truce with the French (as Edward could potentially be challenged by Mary QS)Both Henry VIII and Mary quickly declare war on the French working in conjunction with the Spanish.Treaties- Some lead to periods of good relations (Etaples led to positive relations from 1492-1509)and the Treaty of Blois led to amicable relations from 1572-1603. Other agreements such as the Treaty of perpetual Peace and the Treaty of the More under Henry VIII do not bring the same long term improvements in terms of relations. Attitude of English monarch- Whereas Henry VII and Elizabeth (post Dutch Revolt) are keen for an understanding with the French (as is Somerset, however he is unsuccessful), Henry VIII and Mary I are not, and both launch attacks on France. Attitude of SpainIt is noticeable that when England are aggressive towards Spain (with the exception of Henry VII in 1492) that they work in conjunction with Spain, as seem by Henry VIII’s three invasions, and Mary’s attack in 1557. Yet the two times England side with the French (1527, and the period 1572+) is because of issues to do with Spain. In 1527 Henry VIII wants to break the Spanish strangehold over the papacy to get a divorce, and in the 1570s, Elizabeth is fearful of England’s national security due to the Spanish involvement in the Netherlands. Influence from Scotland – if relations with the Scottish were good then England was more likely to act aggressively towards France because there was less threat of them using Scotland to invade. In 1489 Henry VII makes a truce in Scotland before becoming involved in the Breton Crisis ensuring that the backdoor into England was closed. Link to Elizabeth –offered support to the Hugeunots in 1562 only after signed the Treaty of EdinburghScotlandSomerset wants to marry Edward to Mary Queen of Scots to safeguard Edward’s dynasty by marrying Edward to his major dynastic rival.1547 – In both retaliation to French involvement in Scotland, and to pressurise the Scots into agreeing to the marriage/protect the Pro protestant Scottish nobles Somerset sets up garrisons in Scotland.1548- French troops occupy Edinburgh. Mary sends Shrewsbury to safeguard the North when she invades France.1559- Protestant Scottish nobles rebel against Mary Queen of Scots and French involvement in Scottish politics. Elizabeth sends them money, but does not want to get too involved for financial reasons. In the long term continued English involvement could lead to poor relations with the Scottish.1560 – Treaty of Edinburgh, English and French troops will leave Scotland, helps end Auld Alliance. Key turning point- although the French become involved again, in the late 60s/early 70s this is a major turning point. With France less of a threat, Elizabeth can start to repair relations with them.Protestantism is growing in Scotland which brings them closer to England. Relations do however suffer a blow when the Protestant Regent Morray is murdered in 1570. Elizabeth tries not to involve herself in the religious war which breaks out in Scotland, but launches raids after England faces border raids. Although in 1572 she sends troops to Scotland to help the Protestant Regent Morton, these are quickly recalled after capturing Edinburgh Castle (she does not want to antagonise the French). The arrival of Esme Stuart in 1579 (he helps engineer the fall and execution of Morton) potentially damages relations, however by 1581 he has been expelled from France.1586- James VI accepts in principle an alliance with England. He agrees a year later when promised a pension. This is extremely significant as from this point onwards it is pointless for Scotland to pursue an anti English policy (they remain loyal to England during the Armada crisis), as James VI realises he will inherit the throne of England on the death of Elizabeth; it therefore makes sense for him to support her!1. Elizabeth is reluctant to occupy Scotland to aid the rebels due to financial reasons but Somerset spent ?580,000 in 2 years to garrison Scotland. 2. Elizabeth (like Henry VII) is not interested in uniting England and Scotland unlike Somerset and Henry VIII who wants to bring them together with marriage, perhaps she knows they will be united when she dies.3. Elizabeth recalls troops after they have captured Edinburgh castle whereas Somerset garrisons for 2 years.4. Whereas Henry VII, VIII and Somerset use marriage in an attempt to subdue the Scots, neither Mary, Elizabeth (nor Northumberland) do this. 4. In terms of aggression, both Henry VIII (at least towards the end of his reign) and Somerset get more involved in Scotland. Mary gives it little attention, whereas Henry VII and Elizabeth are more keen to cultivate positive relations (notice how Elizabeth quickly removes troops in 1572). On the other hand, both could be ruthless when necessary- Henry VII threatened invasion in 1496, and Elizabeth launched numerous border raids between 1569 and 1572. 1. Both Somerset and Elizabeth both make efforts to keep the French out of Scotland, Elizabeth with Treaty of Edinburgh and Somerset with invasion/garrisoning policy.2. Both Henry VII and Elizabeth try not to get too involved in Scottish politics as they need to keep their dynasty secure, they only tend to when they are either threatened (1496), or when a particular development e.g. the Protestant rebellion opens up the potential for involvement.3. It would appear that Scotland pose a greater threat to the English monarch when the dynastic security of the monarch is weak. This is seen with Warbeck under Henry VII, and Mary QS under Elizabeth. Although by the end of Elizabeth’s reign, relations with Scotland are at their highest point during the period, it can not be denied that in the 1560s in particular, Mary QS was a major threat. 4. Both Somerset and Elizabeth pushed for Protestantism and aided the Protestant nobles in Scotland. Somerset more so than Elizabeth (notice the long term success of this!)Involvement of French in Scotland/ Auld Alliance.When the French are heavily involved in Scotland, Scotland becomes more of a threat. This is particularly noticeable in the late 1530s when James V marries Mary of Guise NEEDS ADDING TO. Yet this can be contrasted with both Henry VII’s reign (when the French pressurised the Scots to stop supporting Warbeck), and Elizabeth’s reign post Treaty of Edinburgh (although the threat of French involvement was there, it was much less than it had been ion the past). Religion-As Protestantism becomes more popular in Scotland in the late 1550s/early 1660s Elizabeth can become less involved, as the Protestant nobles are generally keener to side with England rather than Catholic France. BRING IN ARREST OF MARY QS!!!National/dynastic SecurityScotland become more of a threat when monarchs are not dynastically secure – for example Henry VII was a usurper so in a dangerous position, with Scotland supporting Warbeck. Similarly Elizabeth was threatened by Mary QS, yet Scotland (with the possible exception of Edward) did not threaten the dynastic security of any other English monarchsAttitude of English monarchsElizabeth and Henry VII want to pursue a conciliatory line with Scotland (e.g. Treaty of Ayton) wherever possible. This can be contrasted with Henry VIII who either ignores Scotland, or attacks them (1542, then Rough Wooing), and Somerset who continues this aggressive policy.Spain In Edward’s reign under Somerset, relations with Spain were relatively positive as Somerset did not want the French to be able to make use of Dutch ports to launch an invasion of England from. As Anglo Spanish relations were relatively good (although Somerset was a Protestant, he tried not to be too radical in order to help cultivate this alliance).Just before Northumberland took over, Charles V however declared he would not help England militarily, Under Mary, relations were again good as she was married to Philip of Spain. This led to her disastrous involvement in the Italian Wars on the side of the Spanish in 1557 which led to the loss of Calais.At Cateau Cambresis (under Elizabeth I) in 1559 Philip was relatively Pro English, siding with them in negotiations so as to try and reduce the threat posed by France.Although Elizabeth’s growing Protestantism angered Philip, he preferred a Protestant on the throne to Mary Queen of Scots.1566+ relations begin to deteriorate, this is caused by the outbreak of the Dutch Revolt in 1566, and the expulsion of John Man from Spain (English ambassador in 1568). The seizure of Spanish bullion in 1568 further damages relations leading to a 5 year trade boycott. Elizabeth’s response to Spain’s growing involvement in the Netherlands (using privateers to attack shipping) further angers the Spanish. 1570; Elizabeth ex-communicted1571; lets Dutch Sea Beggars use English ports. But they were banned once more in 1572, and in 1574 the Convention of Bristol was signed, opening up trade and attempting to improve relations with the Spanish.Improved relations are shattered in 1575 when the Spanish launch a new military offensive against the Dutch. Elizabeth continues to give aid to the rebels, and in 1578 sends 11,000 mercenaries led by John Casimir. The 1585 treaty of Nonsuch which provides English so,ldiers to help protect the ENtherlands takes relations to a new low.1588 Spanish send the Armada which is defeated. Leads to a new period of aggression from Elizabeth as shown by the 1596 Cadiz raid. 1594 Spanish defeat at Groningen leads to Eliz withdrawing troops from Netherlands, at it appears the Spanish are no longer a major threat. 1598 Philip II dies and is replaced by Philip III. Generally, England have got on well with Spain during the Tudor Period, with the exception of the last few years of Henry VII’s reign and the year 1527 and the period 1533-40. This is at a definite contrast to relations from 1568+. Mary and Henry VIII both fight alongside the Spanish, and Henry VII signs the Treaty of Medina Del Campo. Whereas Henry VII and Henry VIII (at least in the early part of his reign) had been able to set up good relations with Spain through marriage agreements, Elizabeth tended to prefer negotiating with the Duke of Anjou (a French man)Whereas Spain had in the past being willing to overlook the growth of Protestantism in England (e.g. in 1544 they were once more willing to fight alongside England- although Henry VIII had restored numerous Catholic practises by this point) as shown by their agreement with Somerset, it would appear that Philip was perhaps more radical in terms of religion than his predecessor Charles V. With the exception of the period 1533-40 when England was diplomatically isolated, they have only dared go against Spain (as seen in 1527) when they had the tacit support of the French. Although Elizabeth does not fully trust the French, after the Treaty of Blois in 1572 she begins to trust them more (they promise not to support Mary QS), allowing her to become more aggressive towards Spain. This is somewhat similar to 1527 when Henry VIII paid the costs of a French army marching on Italy to free it from Spanish control. National security Traditionally, a powerful Spain was seen as important in curtailing the power of France, with Henry VII (to an extent in the Breton Crisis), Henry VIII and Mary I fighting alongside them against the French. By the time of Elizabeth, Spain’s power, coupled with the French divisions (Wars of Religion) meant that they were now the most powerful country in Europe, and hence a greater threat to England’s national security than France. This was intensified by their involvement in the NetherlandsDynastic SecurityThe fact that Henry VII married Arthur to C of A, and then Henry VIII married her meant that from 1489-1502, and 1509-1533, as well as 1553-8 (Mary Tudor) Spain were a key ally in helping to maintain the dynastic security of the English monarch. Elizabeth’s refusal to get involved in serious marriage negotiations meant that the Spanish had less of an interest in maintaining the dynastic security of Elizabeth. Although they were reluctant to replace her with Mary QS given her French connections, the 1584 Treaty of Joinville did cause them to forget their traditional opposition to this. TradeThe Treaty of Medina Del Campo did have some trade provisos, yet England remain excluded from the New World trade (this did not seem to bother Henry VII). England’s dependence on Antwerp meant that she was dependent on good relations with the Spanish (post 1515 when the Spanish through inheritance took possession of the Netherlands). It is noticeable that English merchants/labourers led the opposition to Henry VIII’s plans to invade the Netherlands in 1527 as they were worried about the impact on trade. The collapse of the Antwerp cloth market in 1551 did reduce the need for positive relations with the Spanish, although Antwerp did remain an important destination for English cloth.The trade boycott between England and Spain from 1568-73 damaged relations, as did Elizabeth’s attempts to break into the New World trading market (although it is likely that her motives her were not economic, but to reduce the power and wealth of Spain, and thus improve national security). Interestingly, the decision of the Spanish to seize English merchant shipping in 1585 put many merchants in favour of war with Spain- contrast this with herlandsIn Edward’s reign under Somerset, relations were positive as Somerset did not want the French to be able to make use of Dutch ports to launch an invasion of England from. As Anglo Spanish relations were relatively good (although Somerset was a Protestant, he tried not to be too radical in order to help cultivate this alliance) and Henry II of France did not feel able to invade. In 1551 the Antwerp cloth market collapses. This reduces the need for good relations with the Netherlands. Perhaps this is a long term reason for the Spanish trying to increase their autonomy over the Netherlands in the 1560’s- maybe they think that as the Netherlands is not as important economically, then England may not stand in their way. Under Mary Philip used his Dutch army to aid the English in the French war (however this is more relations with pain than the Netherlands). Under Elizabeth, anti-Spanish rebels in the Netherlands had relatively positive relations with England ie the Dutch Sea Beggars, however her support fluctuated, as shown in 1572 when she stops them using English ports. Elizabeth’s conservative nature possibly annoyed some within the Netherlands (e.g. she turned down the sovereignty of Holland and Zeeland when offered it in 1575)1585 Treaty of Nonsuch commits English troops to defend the rebels, surely improving relations with the Estates General. By the end of her reign, she has better relations with the Northern Provinces, as they are now independent, although she also has amicable relations with the Southern Netherlands (which goes back to Spain on a semi autonomous basis)Elizabeth was willing to send troops and money to support the Netherlands, contrast with the start of the period, when Margaret of Burgundy had supported both Simnel’s and Warbeck’s Rebellions. At a trading level, the Netherlands becomes much less important after 1551, however its importance at a national security level increases dramatically (Elizabeth in particular is extremely fearful of the Spanish or French becoming a major presence within the Netherlands). Dutch military support for Mary from Philip and Dutch military support for Elizabeth. Relations are generally always good with the Netherlands (with the exception of the start of Henry VII’s reign and 1527). However between 1515 through to the outbreak of the Dutch revolt, relations with Spain, and relations with the Netherlands are virtually the same thing. National security was always highly important in determining relations with the Netherlands. Somerset’s talks with Charles in 1554 were aimed at negating the French threat, and Mary’s marriage to Philip brought military support against the French as well, sending arquebusiers to protect Calais and the Pale when the Duke of Guise came to take the fortress. Continuing this, Elizabeth became involved in the Dutch Revolt in 1566 due to her concerns that Spain was becoming overly powerful. Looking back at the start of the period, Henry VII was willing to damage trade (1493-95 embargo) in order to persuade the Burgundians to stop supporting Warbeck and threatening his dynasty in this way. Economic concerns varied in importance, with the collapse of the Antwerp cloth market in 1551 meaning that the Netherlands lost importance as a trading partner and ally. In 1527 however, Henry VIII had to abandon his plans to attack the Netherlands (was supposed to punish Spain for their opposition to Henry trying to get a divorce, as Henry was not strong enough to attack Spain) when it was opposed by English merchants/cloth producers who feared the economic consequences. It could be argued that personal concerns of the monarch were only important under Mary – her marriage to Philip was partly caused by her admiration and affection for his father Charles, so relations became more positive with the Netherlands as a result of this admiration. Conversely, Somerset and Elizabeth acted in the interests of the country in their relations with the Netherlands. The relative power of Spain was the final important factor, only really important under Elizabeth. Elizabeth’s positive relations with Dutch rebels and negative relations with the Spanish rulers were the result of her attempts to check the power of the Spanish. No other monarch really had to do this, as it was only in the 1560s that the Spanish became seen as a real threat to England’s national security. ................
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