Overcoming the barriers to access for older people

Overcoming the barriers to access for older people

Roger Mackett Centre for Transport Studies

University College London

This paper has been written as a contribution to the work of the Transport Working Group of the Age Action Alliance (AAA).

November 2014

Contents

Executive summary

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1 Introduction

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2 The older population in Britain

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3 Travel by older people

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4 The travel that older people would like to do

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5 The benefits of greater mobility for older people

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6 The barriers to mobility for older people

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7 Accessibility in rural areas

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8 The influence of ageing on the ability to travel

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9 Overcoming the barriers to access for older people

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9.1 Overcoming the barriers to walking

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9.1.1 Progressing along the pavement

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9.1.2 Resting while walking

36

9.1.3 Crossing the road

37

9.1.4 Barriers to walking after dark

39

9.2 Overcoming the barriers to wheelchair use

39

9.3 Overcoming the barriers to changing level

41

9.4 Overcoming the barriers to travelling by bus

44

9.5 Overcoming the barriers to travelling by taxi

48

9.6 Overcoming the barriers to travel by rail

49

9.7 Overcoming the barriers to travelling by car

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9.8 Overcoming the barriers to travelling by mobility scooters

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9.9 Improving the journey experience of older people

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9.9.1 Providing information prior to travelling

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9.9.2 Providing information while travelling

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9.9.3 Providing toilet facilities

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9.9.4 Providing refreshment facilities

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9.9.5 Improving the attitudes of transport staff and the public

towards older travellers

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9.10 Travel training

56

9.11 Overcoming the barriers to access to buildings

56

9.12 Age friendly cities

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9.13 Further developments

57

10 Good practice in overcoming the barriers to access for older people

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10.1 Walking

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10.2 Cycling

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10.3 Public transport

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11 Conclusions

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References

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The population of Great Britain is ageing as more people survive into old age. If the present trends continue, the proportion of people of working age will decrease and the proportion of older people will increase. It is likely that more of the older population will be employed, possibly part-time, possibly on a voluntary basis. This is one reason why it is important that older people can travel easily. Having worked for many years, older people who want to spend their time remaining active, enjoying life and contributing to society need to be able to travel without significant barriers to their movement. However, some older people have impairments that may reduce their ability to travel.

Older people make similar trips to those of younger people, but fewer commuting and business trips. As they become older, the average length of their trips decreases. Because some of them cease to hold a driving licence on health grounds, they tend to make fewer car driving trips, but more car passenger trips. They make many shopping and leisure trips, but would like to make even more. They are prevented from doing so by various barriers to travel. Making it easier for older people to travel would produce various benefits including improved quality of life and health, and would enable them to make an even larger contribution to society than they do at present. The barriers tend to be difficulties travelling to and from the stop or station for public transport and getting in and out of the vehicle for cars and trains. Older people living in rural areas without access to a car face serious difficulties reaching essential services.

As people age, their abilities to travel deteriorate, including their ability to walk, stand, see and hear. Some of them may have difficulty handling small objects or reaching out. They may need to access a toilet more frequently than younger people. Fewer of them than young people can access the internet and some may have lost the ability to drive. This does not mean that they should not travel, just that it is more difficult.

There is a lot of information about ways of overcoming the barriers to access for older people, but it is spread amongst many sources. The evidence is brought together in the report, including information about ways to overcome the barriers to walking, using wheelchairs, changing level, and using public transport, cars and mobility scooters. Ways of improving the journey experience for older people, including better information and improving the attitudes of others whilst travelling, are also considered.

The report is concluded by identifying examples of good practice and discussion about some of the outstanding accessibility issues that need to be addressed to make travelling by older people easier so that they can enjoy life and make a greater contribution to society.

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Overcoming the barriers to access for older people

Roger Mackett Centre for Transport Studies, UCL

1 INTRODUCTION

An increasing proportion of the population in Great Britain is elderly. Older people make significant contributions to the economy and wellbeing of the country (WRVS, 2011). These could be increased by reducing the barriers that hinder travel for some of them which would enable them to make an even larger contribution (Mackett, 2014a). This paper is a review of the patterns of travel by older people, the journeys that they would like to make, but are unable to, the evidence on the barriers that prevent them from travelling more and discussion about ways of overcoming those barriers.

2 THE OLDER POPULATION IN BRITAIN

Table 1 shows the percentage of the population in various age groups in England and Wales from 1911 to 2011. It can be seen that the proportion of the population aged 65 and over was three times as large in 2011 as it was in 1911. Over the same period, the proportion of people aged 15 to 64 has stayed almost constant but many more were aged 40 or over in 2011 than in 1911, while the proportion aged 14 or under has almost halved. In summary, the population is ageing as more people survive into old age. This has important implications because, if these trends continue, the proportion of people of working age will decrease and the proportion of older people will increase. This is why the state pension age is being increased in this country. It also means that more of the older population will be working, possibly part-time, possibly on a voluntary basis. This is one reason why it is important that older people can travel easily. Having worked for many years, older people who want to spend their time remaining active, enjoying life and contributing to society in various ways, which also requires them to be able to travel without significant barriers to their movement.

Table 1 Population by broad age groups, 1911 - 2011, England and Wales (%) 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011

0-14 30.6 27.7 23.8 23.0 22.1 23.0 23.7 20.5 19.0 18.8 17.6 15-39 41.8 40.0 40.4 37.7 35.0 32.9 32.6 36.3 36.2 34.5 33.2 40-64 22.3 26.2 28.3 30.1 31.8 32.3 30.3 28.2 28.9 30.8 32.7 65-89 5.2 6.0 7.4 9.2 10.9 11.8 13.1 14.7 15.5 15.3 15.7 90+ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.8 Source: Office for National Statistics (2012).

Some older people have disabilities that can make travel more difficult. Table 2 shows that there are similar numbers of people under and over the state pension age who have a disability, but a much higher proportion of older people have one. It

2

should be noted that, despite this, the majority of older people do not have a disability.

Table 2 Number of people in the United Kingdom by age and disability 2013 (in millions)

Age

Without a

Disability disability With a disability

Under state pension age 45.1 (72%)

5.4 (9%)

Over state pension age

7.0 (11%)

5.3 (8%)

All 52.1 (83%) 10.7 (17%)

Total

50.5 (80%)

12.3 (20%) 62.8 (100%)

Source: Office for National Statistics (2013a, b) and Department for Work and

Pensions (2012).

The proportion of disabled people who are over the state pension age has increased slightly over time, probably due to increased longevity, as shown in Table 3. However, as shown in Table 4, up to the age of 75 fewer than half of the adults in each age cohort have a disability, but the proportion increases rapidly after that with 73% of the population aged 85 and over being classified as disabled according to the Equality Act (EA) 2010 definition. This defines a disabled person as someone who has a mental or physical impairment that has a substantial and long-term adverse effect on the person's ability to carry out normal day-to-day activities.

Table 3 Disabled people in Great Britain (figures are in millions)

Adults of

Adults of All Adults Children

Working State Pension

Age

Age

2002/3

5.0

4.7

9.7

0.7

2003/4

4.9

4.6

9.5

0.7

2004/5

4.8

4.6

9.5

0.7

2005/6

5.2

4.9

10.1

0.7

2006/7

4.9

4.9

9.8

0.7

2007/8

4.8

5.0

9.8

0.8

2008/9

5.0

5.1

10.1

0.7

2009/10

5.1

5.1

10.2

0.8

2010/11

5.2

5.2

10.4

0.8

Source: Department of Work and Pensions (undated).

All Ages

10.4 10.1 10.1 10.8 10.4 10.6 10.9 11.0 11.2

Another way of considering personal factors that may inhibit movement is to consider `impairment'. In the Life Opportunities Survey (LOS) (Office for Disability Issues, 2011), a respondent is defined as having an impairment if they indicate the following:

They experience either moderate, severe or complete difficulty within at least one area or physical or mental functioning, and

Certain activities are limited in any way as a result. `Activities' refer to different areas of physical or mental functioning, such as walking, climbing stairs or reading the newspaper.

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