1 - Glory AWAITS!



1. EthnicityGreek “ethnos” (“national”)Identity, but no single factor determines ethnicity (may be based on race, language, religion, etc.)Race vs. EthnicityRace: Biological ancestor, common ancestorEthnicity: cultural traditions, common originDesignations (“Hispanic” vs. Latino, etc.)Race and racism; prejudiceHate crimes (“bias motivated crimes”)Several thousand in US/year#1 Race; also religion; sexual orientation, etc.Several thousand US hate groups today (CA #1)US Ethnicities: DistributionsRegional Distributions (major concentrations)African-Americans: Southeast, major citiesLatinos: Southwest, Florida, major citiesAsians in West, Hawaii, Alaska, citiesNative Americans: Southwest, Plains, AlaskaUrban clustersMajor cities usually highly diverse - BUTEthnicities highly concentrated in some citiesAfrican-Americans:Major cities (Detroit, etc.); Older manufacturing areasLatinos: Major cities (New York, etc.); Southwest, FloridaAsians: Major cities (Honolulu, etc.); West, HawaiiNative Americans: Major cities (Oklahoma City, etc.); Alaska, Oklahoma, Plains, WestEthnic neighborhoodsMade by affinity, chain migration - ORMade by blockbusting & redlining (illegal!)African-American Experience1. Forced migration (17th-19th centuries)Triangle trade (Africa-America), slavery2. Southern rural to urban North (19th – mid-20th)Sharecropping; some seek jobs in N. cities“channeled” migration (chain migration)3. Inner City vs. Suburbs (late 20th century)4. N. cities to S. cities (late 20th – 21st centuries)End of segregation, expanding jobs in SouthCreation of ghettos: Blockbusting: Frighten white owners into selling;Sell property to people to escape ghetto Redlining: Non-whites can only buy/rent in some areas“separate but equal” (segregation laws)“white flight” (when segregation ends)South Africa & RaceHistory of South AfricaDutch colony; taken by British 17th century1948 “apartheid” (separation by race)Four “official” races:White 13%, Black 76%, Asian 3%, “Coloured” 9%“Homelands” for Blacks (by tribe)Apartheid ends 1991“Truth & Reconciliation Commission”Legacy: continuing problems of crime, etc.Ethnicity & Nationalism“National” from Latin “nasci,” “to be born”“Nationality”: group of people attached to a country.“Nationalism”: loyalty to a nationalityNations, Nation-States and NationalismNations: people who share identity, origin, homelandState: independent political territoryNation-States: States made of a single nationMulti-national States: States made of 2+ nations(ex. Russia; Canada; Belgium, etc.)Centripetal forces: flags, songs, symbolsCentrifugal forces: nationalism vs. patriotismSelf-determination & nationalismCreating nationalities18th and 19th centuries, European empires tried to destabilize each other by encouraging nationalism20th century, colonies become independentSouth Asia (Indonesia, Vietnam, etc.)Africa (Nigeria, Mozambique, etc.)Near East (until WWI, Turkish ruled)Competing nationalitiesLebanon – 17 nationalities! Government organized on ethnic lines – collapse in 1975 – slow recovery todayIsraelCreation of State of IsraelCreation of Palestinian nation“Palestinian” = 1) People living in West Bank, etc.; 2) Israelis who are Muslim; 3) People who left Israel after the 1948-1949 war; 4) People who left the West Bank/Gaza after the 1967 war; 5) descendants of 1948 & 1967 refugeesEthnic warfare in Sri LankaHindu Tamils vs. Buddhist Sinhalese26 year civil war – ended 2009Africa & imposed boundariesRevival of nationalism in Europe (Wales etc.)Forced migration and “ethnic cleansing”Ethnic cleansing: forced removal of ethnicity(e.g. Post WW II relocation of ethnic Germans)Yugoslavia examples (Serbs, Croats)Balkanization: states collapse in ethnic conflictsGenocide: extermination of an ethnic group(Nazi Germany, Cambodia, Rwanda)2. DevelopmentDevelopment = material well-being (health, wealth, etc.)Continuum of development (from high to low)Developed = MDC = “North” ≠ “Modern” Less Developed = LDC = “South” ≠ “Backward”Measuring developmentOlder method – Gross National Income (GNI)Today – UN’s Human Development Index (HDI) 1 economic+2 social+1 demographic variablesEcon: Gross Nation Income (per capita)Social 1: Mean years schoolingSocial 2: Expected years schoolingDem: Life expectancy at birthHigh HDI values: US, Europe, Japan, etc.Low HDI values: Sub-Saharan Africa, etc.Other development measures?Multidimensional poverty indexGender inequality indexCivic & Community well-being indexAlternative – Bhutan’s National Happiness Index?Overall, upward trend last 40 years (a few exceptions)Paths to development: 2 Development Schemes1. Self-sufficiency diversify, invest everywhere in countryfocus on fairness and poverty reduction limit imports (“import substitutions”) quotas, tariffs (to restrict imports) problems: inefficiency, bureaucracy2. International trade-7112012890500 concentrate on “unique” resources use profits to develop other sectors W.W. Rostow's model1. traditional (pre-development);2. pre-conditions; 3. takeoff ;4. drive to maturity ; 5. mass consumption;and maybe 6. “post-industrial?”Successes: 4 “Asian Dragons”; oil-rich Middle East Problems: uneven distribution, stagnant markets,dependency on MDCs for sales, tradeWorld Trade Organization (WTO) & “free trade”Financing developmentLoans (some countries now in extreme debt)“Highly Indebted Poor Countries” (HIPCs)“Jubilee 2000” (debt forgiveness) Many endorsements – some action since 2004“Structural adjustment” via World Bank, etc.Loans not forgivenPrivatization, austerityTransnational corporations (investment, factories, etc.)Some transnationals huge – and focused on profitProblems of creating infrastructure, keeping the corporations happy – “race to the bottom”Microcredit Banks (e.g. Grameen Bank, etc.)Fair Trade (labeling programs)Problem of foreign direct investment(most international investment goes between MDCs)3. AgricultureA “primary” economic activity“Deliberate modification of the Earth’s surface through cultivation of plants and rearing of animals”Cultivate means “care for”; cultivated plants are cropsDomesticate: Animals or plants bred/modified for human useSigns of domestication: big seeds, modified behavior, etc.Pre-agricultural world: hunter-gatherersSmall groups, gathering more important, getting foodtakes 10-25% of time, nomadic; only ~250,000 people worldwide today purely by hunting/gatheirngOrigins of agricultureCarl Sauer’s modelNot hunger, not nomadic peopleNot river valleys or grasslandsHigh environment & plant diversity areasEmphasis on vegetative agriculture (“roots”)Where? SE Asia (Thailand, etc.)Standard modelgrain (seed) based (also lentils, dates, etc.)Where? SW Asia (Turkey, Syria, etc.)Agricultural hearthsVegetative hearths (“roots” – yams, potatoes, etc.)Diffusion: Asia, EuropeIndependent: SE Asia, Africa, AmericaSeed based hearthsDiffusion: India, China, EthiopiaIndependent: SW Asia, Mexico, South AmericaOthers possible? (NI Vavilov & Jack Harlan?)DietMost people today get most calories from grainsMinimum requirement: ≈ 1,800 calories/dayMDCs: many average 3,000LDCs: some average much lessSome Sub-Saharan 1/3+ undernourishedPrimary protein source varies MDCs: 25% or more of protein from meatLDCs: varies, but 50% or more grains, otherSubsistence vs. Commercial Agricultural regionsDifferences:Different purpose (eat vs. sell)Farm size (small vs. large) [USUALLY]% farmers (high vs. low)Machinery (little/none vs. intense)Economic integration with industry (none vs. lots)Types of Subsistence AgricultureShifting cultivation“slash & burn” agricultureadaptation to bad tropical soilscut down trees, burn, plant in ashesshort use (poor soil); long fallow periodnot bad, but too many = deforestationless than 5% of world practice slash & burnPastoral nomadismanimal herding (adaptation to dry areas)large areas (usually)precise migration patterns (usually)transhumance (seasonal, shift elevation)Intensive subsistence, wet rice"paddy" rice – very small farmsintensive hand labor, extreme focus on riceno crop rotation: “double cropping”Intensive subsistence, not wet ricegrain primary, but other crops (animals, too)intensive hand laborcrop rotation (2 field, 3 field, 4 field)typical Middle Ages; Andes etc. todayTypes of commercial agricultureMixed crop & livestock“the old fashioned farm”integration of crops & animalsmost land used for graincrops often fed to animalsmost income from animal productscrop rotation (see above)Dairy farmingextremely valuable, very perishable product traditional “milkshed” location (near markets)fluid milk vs. butter, cheese cheese, butter less perishablefluid milk small “milkshed”cheese large “milkshed”changes in transportation = wider market areaGrain farming (wheat, corn, rice, etc.)Wheat (#1 world trade)spring vs. winter wheatsUS largest wheat producer todayMajor rice producers also major consumersOther grains (oats, rye, etc.)Major use of mechanized agricultureLivestock ranchingMostly done where too dry for other ag.Similar to pastoral nomadism (but commercial)US ranching changes, 17th – 21st centuryLong distance cattle drives endedToday “feed lots” (“livestock fattening”)Ranching elsewhere (Brazil, etc.)Truck farming (Commercial Gardening) “Market Gardening” – specialized crops, fruitsOften small farms, perishable cropsUsually near cities (but not always – CA, FL)Mediterranean agricultureMediterranean climate (wet winter-dry summer)Tree/vine crops (olives, citrus, grapes etc.)Some grain, a little livestock, tooPlantations (NOT a form of subsistence agriculture!)Tropics & subtropics (usually)Less developed countries (usually)Intense hand labor – often foreign ownershipSpecialize in 1-2 crops (coffee, sugar, etc)Produced in LDCs, but consumption in MDCFishing & AquacultureFish 6% of protein worldwide (25% in Asia)“Fishing” = wild caught, not “cultivated”“Fish farming” growing rapidly (~? wild total)Efficiency, env. problems (pollution, etc.)Agriculture & environmentAgriculture constrained by environment (usually)Agriculture can damage environmentslash & burn, overgrazing, desertification, salinization, waterloggingAgriculture and population growthExpanding land for ag.; increase productivity (“Green Revolution”); New crops; Increasing exports; diet modificationProblems: Little good ag. Land available, unusedGreen Revolution expensive, fertilizerNew crops difficult, often expensiveSurpluses not available for export in many areasHard to convince people to change diet Ex. Vegetarianism efficient, sustainableCommercial agriculture & market forcesProductivity challengesOverproduction (too efficient! Too much stuff!)Off-farm migration (in MDCs, loss of rural pop)Loss of crop diversityLoss of useful genetic materialDangers of monoculture (disease)Government subsidiesSeveral kinds (cash, loans, insurance, etc.)To prevent farm loss, boom-bust cyclesDistortion of markets? Hurt LDCs?SustainabilityLong-termIncludes integrated pest management, organic farming, no-till etc.Not easy – lots of planning (if profitable)Goal: enhance environmentVon Thünen modelLand use and crops chosen affected bymarket, land cost, transportation costs4. Industry“Secondary” economic activities (“add value”/transform)Origins cottage industry (small scale, ancient origins)industrial revolution: UK c. 1750 CE – why?new technology, new agriculture, new culture!diffusion through industries (steel, textiles, etc.)diffusion through Europe (UK > France, etc.)diffusion to the US, East Asia, and beyondModern distributionThree major areasNorth America; Europe; East Asia Emerging industrial areasMexico (maquiladoras)BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India, China)Central Europe (post-Communist)Changes in US industryShift from “core” to South, WestWhy? Pop. changes; transport changes;labor issues (and “right to work”)Industrial LocationSituation (focus on “inputs,” or on “markets”)If inputs heavy/bulky – locate near sources of inputs (“bulk-reducing”)If outputs heavy/bulky – locate near markets (“bulk-gaining”)Also locating near markets:Single-market manufacturing Perishables Transportation factorsTransport modes Ship (slow, cheap, long distance)Rail (slow to fast, cheap, long distance)Truck (fast, expensive, medium/long)Air (fast, expensive, medium/long)Pipeline (liquids only, but very cheap)“Break-of-bulk” pointsShift from mode (ship-truck, etc)Always costs money – try to reduce! Containerization (shipping containers)Transformed shipping last 60yrsReduce time/costs of mode changes“Just-in-Time” DeliveryDelivers parts/materials just when neededAdvantage: No inventory/storage costsDisadvantage: Disruptions stop everythingSite factors (focus on fixed/physical characteristics) Land, power, capital (investment) Labor (skilled or unskilled) (e.g. maquiladora)“Footloose” industries – can locate anywhere!Labor-intensive industriesAlways try to minimize labor costsSome industries need unskilledSome industries need skilledOutsourcing“New International Division of Labor”“Fordist”: mass production“Post-Fordist”: flexible productionModern industrial problemsStagnant demand, market saturation, “decline of shoddy,” increased global capacityFor MDCs: trading blocs? Transnationals?For LDCs: distance from markets, inadequate infrastructure, “race to the bottom,”peripheral economies, lack of foreign investment.SAMPLE TEST QUESTIONST F 1. As we discussed in class, it is believed that the primary reason people developed agriculture in the first place was hunger.T F 2. According to official statistics, there are several thousand “bias motivated” or “hate crimes” committed in the US every year.3. Some pastoral nomads move their herds up into the mountains in summer, and down out of the mountains in the winter. This kind of “nomadism” is called a. “exogamy.”b. “transhumance.”c. “swidden.”d. “verticality.”4. A special tax imposed on goods coming into a country to try to “protect” domestic industries is called a a. “bailiff.”b. “contravention.”c. “subvention.”d. “tariff.”5. Groups that set standards and label products as being produced under high labor and/or environmental standards (so workers receive adequate protection and wages) are called ................
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