White Plains Public Schools / Overview



A Time to Review The Fifties and Sixties

US History/Napp Name: _________________

|The perceived threat of communist influence in the United States |…We dare not forget today that we are the heirs of that first |

|during the 1950s prompted Congress to |revolution. Let the word go forth from this time and place, to friend |

|(1) ban foreign students |and foe alike, that the torch has been passed to a new generation of |

|(2) repeal loyalty oaths |Americans—born in this century, tempered by war, disciplined by a hard|

|(3) deport citizens who were communists |and bitter peace, proud of our ancient heritage—and unwilling to |

|(4) investigate suspected communist sympathizers |witness or permit the slow undoing of those human rights to which this|

| |nation has always been committed, and to which we are committed today |

|The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (1964) provided congressional support |at home and around the world… |

|for |To those people in the huts and villages of half the globe struggling |

|(1) withdrawing from the United Nations |to break the bonds of mass misery, we pledge our best efforts to help |

|(2) expanding the Alliance for Progress |them help themselves, for whatever period is required—not because the |

|(3) escalating military action in Vietnam |communists may be doing it, not because we seek their votes, but |

|(4) reestablishing trade with Cuba |because it is right. If a free society cannot help the many who are |

| |poor, it cannot save the few who are rich.… |

|A major goal of President Lyndon B. Johnson’s Great Society program |— President John F. Kennedy, Inaugural Address, January 20, 1961 |

|was to | |

|(1) increase farm production |6. According to this quotation, President Kennedy wanted to |

|(2) provide aid to developing nations in Africa |(1) assert United States leadership in world |

|(3) enact social welfare programs to end poverty |affairs |

|(4) expand the size of the military |(2) follow a policy of neutrality |

| |(3) adopt appeasement as a foreign policy |

|The growing use of the automobile in the 1920s and the Interstate |(4) abandon the policy of containment |

|Highway Act of 1956 both contributed to | |

|(1) the expansion of inner cities |7. Which foreign policy action by President Kennedy was intended to |

|(2) an increase in immigration |relieve the human suffering described in this quotation? |

|(3) the growth of suburbs |(1) creating the Peace Corps |

|(4) a resurgence in rail travel |(2) authorizing a naval blockade of Cuba |

| |(3) meeting with Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev in Vienna |

|A major goal of President Lyndon B. Johnson’s Great Society program |(4) negotiating the Nuclear Test Ban Treat |

|was to |12. A valid generalization about presidential |

|(1) expand foreign aid |elections since 1960 is that |

|(2) eliminate poverty |(1) campaign finance laws have reduced |

|(3) win the Vietnam War |spending by candidates |

|(4) promote space exploration |(2) most of the winning candidates have come from New England |

| |(3) more than 90 percent of eligible voters have participated in each |

|8. |election |

|“Convention Meets at Seneca Falls” |(4) candidates have used new forms of mass |

|“19th Amendment Ratified” |media to reach voters |

|“Betty Friedan Organizes National Organization for Women” | |

|Which statement about women in the United States is best illustrated |13. The Berlin airlift was used during the Cold War to |

|by these headlines? |(1) rescue people fleeing West Germany |

|(1) The role of women in society has remained unchanged since colonial|(2) prevent a communist takeover of Greece and Turkey |

|times. |(3) overcome a blockade created by the Soviet Union |

|(2) The struggle for women’s rights has spanned many decades. |(4) support peacekeeping efforts by the North Atlantic Treaty |

|(3) The earnings of women today are equal to those of men. |Organization (NATO) |

|(4) The movement for women’s rights has lacked leadership. | |

| |14. McCarthyism in the 1950s is most closely associated with |

|9. Which factor directly contributed to the growth of suburban |(1) claims that communists had infiltrated the federal government |

|communities after World War II? |(2) efforts to prevent pro-communist governments in Latin America |

|(1) Mass transit systems closed. |(3) formation of the Warsaw Pact |

|(2) Property taxes were eliminated in many towns. |(4) passage of the Interstate Highway Act |

|(3) Returning veterans created a demand for housing. | |

|(4) Widespread mortgage foreclosures caused farmers to leave rural |15. Which action is the best example of the use of civil disobedience?|

|areas. |(1) passing the Voting Rights Act of 1965 |

| |(2) lobbying Congress to eliminate the poll tax |

|10. Which event marked the beginning of the space race with the Soviet|(3) attending a political rally in Iowa |

|Union? |(4) conducting sit-ins at restaurants in the South |

|(1) U-2 spy plane incident | |

|(2) launch of Sputnik | |

|(3) Berlin airlift | |

|(4) creation of the space shuttle program | |

| | |

|11. A major goal of the Great Society programs begun under President | |

|Lyndon B. Johnson was to | |

|(1) stimulate oil production in the United States |21. The Cuban missile crisis was effectively ended when the |

|(2) provide tax concessions to manufacturers |(1) Soviet Union agreed to withdraw weapons from Cuba |

|(3) reduce poverty in the nation |(2) Bay of Pigs invasion removed Fidel Castro from power |

|(4) increase the size of the armed forces |(3) Cuban authorities signed new trade agreements with the United |

| |States |

| |(4) United States announced the formation of the Alliance for Progress|

|16. One way in which the New Deal and the Great Society are similar is| |

|that both programs were based on the belief that |22. A result of the publication of Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring was |

|(1) volunteer organizations should take over |that the |

|federal relief efforts |(1) Americans with Disabilities Act was passed |

|(2) government should impose fewer regulations on business |(2) 1964 Civil Rights Act was passed |

|(3) states should pay a larger share of the cost of federal programs |(3) modern environmental movement gained |

|(4) the federal government should do more to help citizens in need |support |

| |(4) consumer protection movement began |

|17. Since the end of World War II (1945), what has been a major effect| |

|of population change in the United States? |23. • Ralph Nader – Unsafe at Any Speed |

|(1) The Social Security system went bankrupt. |• Betty Friedan – The Feminine Mystique |

|(2) Demand for medical facilities has declined. |• Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein – All the President’s Men |

|(3) A surplus of unskilled workers has led to decreased immigration. |Which conclusion can best be drawn from the influence of these books? |

|(4) Suburban areas have grown faster than cities. |(1) Authors often increase public awareness of significant issues. |

| |(2) Writers often promote big business. |

|18. The creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) |(3) Literary works often ignore controversial issues. |

|illustrates a commitment to the concept of |(4) Journalists often expose corrupt politicians. |

|(1) colonialism (3) mutual defense | |

|(2) isolationism (4) human rights |24. “… And so, my fellow Americans: ask not what your country can do |

| |for you—ask what you can do for your country.…” |

|19. In the years immediately following World War II, United States |— President John F. Kennedy, Inaugural Address, January 20, 1961 |

|foreign policy was primarily focused on |Which action by President John F. Kennedy was most consistent with the|

|(1) securing peace in the Middle East |challenge included in this statement? |

|(2) containing the spread of communism |(1) forming the Peace Corps |

|(3) sending volunteers to developing countries |(2) negotiating the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty |

|(4) maintaining neutrality in world conflicts |(3) supporting the Bay of Pigs invasion |

| |(4) visiting the Berlin Wall |

|20. President Dwight D. Eisenhower sent federal troops to Little Rock,|28. Which statement about the Marshall Plan is most accurate? |

|Arkansas, in 1957 to |(1) It was used to finance rearmament after |

|(1) supervise local elections |World War II. |

|(2) enforce school integration |(2) It was denied to all former World War II enemies. |

|(3) end a bus boycott |(3) It was used to rebuild European nations after World War II. |

|(4) break up a steel strike |(4) It was given to all African and Asian allies during the Cold War. |

|…You express a great deal of anxiety over our willingness to break | |

|laws. This is certainly a legitimate concern. Since we so diligently |29. The Hungarian uprising of 1956, the U-2 |

|urge people to obey the Supreme Court’s decision of 1954 outlawing |incident, and the Cuban missile crisis led to |

|segregation in the public schools, at first glance it may seem rather |(1) military actions by the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)|

|paradoxical for us consciously to break laws. One may want to ask: |(2) increased tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union |

|“How can you advocate breaking some laws and obeying others?” The |(3) international efforts to control communist China |

|answer lies in the fact that there are two types of laws: just and |(4) creation of the Warsaw Pact |

|unjust. I would be the first to advocate obeying just laws. One has | |

|not only a legal but a moral responsibility to obey just laws. |30. The United States Supreme Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren |

|Conversely, one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws. I |(1953–1969) made several landmark decisions that |

|would agree with St. Augustine that “an unjust law is no law at all.”…|(1) drew criticism for supporting States rights |

|~ Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., |(2) weakened the power of the federal |

|“Letter from Birmingham Jail,” April 16, 1963 |government |

| |(3) strengthened the authority of the police |

|25. Which type of action against unjust laws is Dr. Martin Luther King|(4) increased the rights of individuals |

|Jr. supporting in this passage? | |

|(1) militant resistance (3) judicial activism |31. The baby boom after World War II led directly to |

|(2) civil disobedience (4) affirmative action |(1) a decrease in spending for public education |

| |(2) a return to a rural lifestyle |

|26. Which statement most accurately summarizes the main idea of the |(3) an increased demand for housing |

|passage? |(4) a decrease in consumer spending |

|(1) People must obey Supreme Court decisions. | |

|(2) You can never break some laws while obeying others. | |

|(3) Violence brings faster results than peaceful protest. | |

|(4) Following moral principles is sometimes more important than | |

|following the law. | |

| | |

|27. Which of these events related to space exploration occurred first?| |

|(1) Neil Armstrong walking on the Moon | |

|(2) development of the space shuttle |36. Which event was a result of the other three? |

|(3) John Glenn orbiting Earth |(1) sit-ins at whites-only lunch counters in |

|(4) launching of Sputnik |Greensboro, North Carolina |

| |(2) Martin Luther King Jr.’s March on |

|32. The policy of assimilating Native American Indians under the Dawes|Washington, D. C. |

|Act (1887) was reversed by 20th-century legislation that |(3) signing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 |

|(1) gave Native American Indians greater control over their own |(4) bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama |

|reservations | |

|(2) helped relocate Native American Indians to large cities |37. …For the war against poverty will not be won here in Washington. |

|(3) broke up Native American Indian tribes by giving each family its |It must be won in the field, in every private home, in every public |

|own land |office, from the courthouse to the White House… |

|(4) forced Native American Indian children to be educated away from |~ President Lyndon B. Johnson, State of the Union Address, January 8, |

|their families |1964 |

| |This statement expresses President Lyndon B. Johnson’s view that the |

|33. A major way in which the Civil Rights Act (1964) and the Americans|(1) federal government is solely responsible for the war on poverty |

|with Disabilities Act (1990) are similar is that both laws |(2) court system must be held accountable for poverty |

|(1) were intended to lift Americans out of |(3) problem of poverty is easily solved |

|poverty |(4) entire country must help fight poverty |

|(2) failed to pass constitutional review by the | |

|Supreme Court |38. One way in which the Supreme Court decisions in Mapp v. Ohio |

|(3) gave a minority group the right to vote after years of protest |(1961), Gideon v. Wainwright (1963), and Miranda v. Arizona (1966) are|

|(4) provided equal protection to groups that had experienced |similar is that each decision |

|discrimination |(1) defined the rights of students in public |

| |schools |

|34. The major reason the United States became involved in the Korean |(2) strengthened the role of the police in the |

|War was the |arrest process |

|(1) threat of communism spreading throughout Asia |(3) demonstrated the Court’s disapproval of |

|(2) need to prevent war between China and the Soviet Union |increasing crime rates |

|(3) demand by the United States for Korean |(4) expanded the constitutional rights of persons accused of crimes |

|natural resources | |

|(4) desire to limit Japanese expansion | |

| | |

|35. During the 1950s, the main goal of the civil rights movement was | |

|to | |

|(1) create separate African American economic and social institutions | |

|(2) eliminate legal segregation from American life | |

|(3) establish affirmative action programs to | |

|compensate for past wrongs | |

|(4) form a new nation for African Americans |“…With America’s sons in the fields far away, with America’s future |

|Dear Mr. Barr, |under challenge right here at home, with our hopes and the world’s |

|…This letter does not express all that is in my heart, Mr. Barr. But |hopes for peace in the balance every day, I do not believe that I |

|if it says nothing else it says that we do not hate you or rejoice to |should devote an hour or a day of my time to any personal partisan |

|see your industry destroyed; we hate the agribusiness system |causes or to any duties other than the awesome duties of this |

|[agricultural corporations] that seeks to keep us enslaved and we |office—the Presidency of your country. |

|shall overcome and change it not by retaliation or bloodshed but by a |Accordingly, I shall not seek, and I will not accept, the nomination |

|determined nonviolent struggle carried on by those masses of farm |of my party for another term as your President…” |

|workers who intend to be free and human. |~ President Lyndon B. Johnson, March 31, 1968 |

|Sincerely yours, | |

|Cesar E. Chavez |42. The decision announced in this speech was based primarily on the |

|~ Cesar Chavez, letter to E.L. Barr Jr., |(1) Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. |

|Good Friday, 1969, in Andrew Carroll, ed., |(2) Growing violence in urban America |

|Letters of a Nation, Broadway Books |(3) Outbreak of terrorist attacks around the world |

| |(4) Involvement of the United States in the |

|39. Which action did Cesar Chavez take that is most consistent with |Vietnam War |

|the theme of this excerpt? | |

|(1) organizing a farmworkers union |43. “Security Council Approves Use of Force Against Communist |

|(2) calling for stricter enforcement of |Invaders” |

|immigration laws |“President Truman Fires General MacArthur” |

|(3) asking Congress to pass legislation for low-income housing |“Armistice Divides Nation at 38th Parallel” |

|(4) promoting the takeover of large corporations by farmworkers |These headlines refer to which international conflict? |

| |(1) World War I (3) Korean War |

|40. Which development resulted from the construction of the interstate|(2) World War II (4) Persian Gulf War |

|highway system? | |

|(1) increased suburbanization |44. In the 1960s, which issue was the focus of the Supreme Court |

|(2) reduced air pollution |decisions in Mapp v. Ohio, Gideon v. Wainwright, and Miranda v. |

|(3) decreased fuel consumption |Arizona? |

|(4) growth of long-distance passenger train service |(1) freedom of the press |

| |(2) racial segregation |

|41. The Supreme Court decisions in Mapp v. Ohio (1961) and Miranda v. |(3) rights of the accused |

|Arizona (1966) directly expanded the rights of which group? |(4) interstate commerce |

|(1) students with disabilities | |

|(2) women in the military | |

|(3) homeless Americans | |

|(4) persons accused of crimes | |

|45. • In the 1940s, President Franklin D. Roosevelt made winning World|“This Government, as promised, has maintained the closest surveillance|

|War II a priority over extending the New Deal. |of the Soviet Military buildup on the island of Cuba. Within the past |

|• In the 1950s, President Harry Truman’s focus shifted from the Fair |week, unmistakable evidence has established the fact that a series of |

|Deal to the Korean War. |offensive missile sites is now in preparation on that imprisoned |

|• In the 1960s, President Lyndon B. Johnson’s attention to the Great |island. The purpose of these bases can be none other than to provide a|

|Society gave way to preoccupation with the Vietnam War. |nuclear strike capability against the Western Hemisphere…” |

|These presidential actions best support the |~ President John F. Kennedy, October 22, 1962 |

|conclusion that | |

|(1) presidents prefer their role as commander in chief to that of |48. Which action did President Kennedy take following this statement? |

|chief legislator |(1) urging Allied forces to remove Soviet |

|(2) domestic programs are often undermined by the outbreak of war |weapons from Cuba |

|(3) Presidents Roosevelt, Truman, and Johnson were not committed to |(2) ordering a naval quarantine of Cuba |

|their domestic initiatives |(3) breaking off diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union |

|(4) large domestic reform programs tend to lead nations toward |(4) asking the United Nations to stop grain |

|involvement in foreign wars |shipments to the Soviet Union |

| | |

|46. Which action was taken by the United States government to help |49. The crisis described in this passage was resolved when |

|Europe’s economic recovery after World War II? |(1) Cuba became a capitalist nation |

|(1) forming the Alliance for Progress |(2) the United States seized control of Cuba |

|(2) sending troops to Turkey |(3) Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev met with President Kennedy |

|(3) creating the Marshall Plan |(4) the Soviet Union withdrew its missiles from Cuba |

|(4) joining the North Atlantic Treaty Organization | |

| |50. The Supreme Court cases of Gideon v. |

|47. Issuing the Truman Doctrine, defending South Korea, and sending |Wainwright (1963) and Miranda v. Arizona |

|military advisors to Vietnam were actions taken by the United States |(1966) dealt with the constitutional principle of |

|to |(1) freedom of religion |

|(1) encourage membership in the United Nations |(2) freedom from unreasonable search |

|(2) promote American business in Asia |(3) separation of powers |

|(3) limit the spread of communism |(4) rights of the accused |

|(4) gain additional overseas colonies | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

|51. One way in which President John F. Kennedy’s Peace Corps and | |

|President Lyndon Johnson’s Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA) |55. In the Truman Doctrine, President Harry Truman pledged to |

|are similar is that both programs attempted to |(1) support Greece in its fight against communist aggression |

|(1) increase domestic security |(2) fight hunger in Africa and Asia |

|(2) support United States troops fighting |(3) strengthen the United States nuclear arsenal |

|overseas |(4) reject a policy of containment |

|(3) improve the quality of people’s lives | |

|(4) provide aid to immigrants coming to the |56. Which factor is most closely associated with McCarthyism? |

|United States |(1) buildup of Soviet missiles in Cuba |

| |(2) fear of communist influence in the United States |

|52. Lunch counter sit-ins and the actions of freedom riders are |(3) rise of the Communist Party in China |

|examples of |(4) creation of the Warsaw Pact by the Soviet Union |

|(1) steps taken in support of the Americans with Disabilities Act | |

|(2) programs dealing with affirmative action |57. Which development is most closely associated with the belief in |

|(3) violent acts by the Black Panthers |the domino theory? |

|(4) nonviolent attempts to oppose segregation |(1) military involvement in Vietnam |

| |(2) construction of the Berlin Wall |

|53. The president acted as commander in chief in response to which |(3) signing of the nuclear test ban treaty |

|event of the civil rights movement? |(4) end of the Korean War |

|(1) refusal of the governor of Arkansas to obey a federal court order | |

|to integrate public schools in Little Rock |58. Which development led to the other three? |

|(2) desegregation of the city bus system in |(1) The United States government increased funding for science and |

|Montgomery, Alabama |math education. |

|(3) arrest of Martin Luther King Jr. during |(2) The Soviet Union launched the Sputnik satellite. |

|protests in Birmingham, Alabama |(3) A joint Soviet-American space mission was announced. |

|(4) assassination of Medgar Evers in Mississippi |(4) President John F. Kennedy set the goal of landing a man on the |

| |Moon. |

|54. One way in which the New Deal, the Fair Deal, and the Great | |

|Society are similar is that these programs |59. The development of the Marshall Plan and the formation of the |

|(1) promoted the idea of “rugged individualism” |North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) were part of President Harry|

|(2) increased government commitment to the well-being of the people |Truman’s effort to |

|(3) reduced the amount of money spent on |(1) end the Korean War |

|domestic programs |(2) limit the spread of communism |

|(4) encouraged the states to take a more active role in national |(3) provide aid to Asian nations |

|defense |(4) promote an isolationist foreign policy |

| | |

|60. “Eisenhower Sends U.S. Troops to Protect Lebanon” |63. • Establishment of the Peace Corps |

|“Kennedy Places Quarantine on Shipment of Soviet Missiles to Cuba” |• Bay of Pigs invasion |

|“Johnson Increases U.S. Troop Strength in Vietnam by 125,000” |• Cuban missile crisis |

|Which statement about the Cold War is illustrated by these headlines? |These events occurred during the presidency of |

|(1) Rivalries between the superpowers often involved conflicts in |(1) John F. Kennedy |

|other nations. |(2) Lyndon B. Johnson |

|(2) United States military support was most often deployed in Europe. |(3) Richard Nixon |

|(3) Communist forces were frequently victorious in Asia. |(4) Jimmy Carter |

|(4) Summit talks frequently succeeded in limiting international | |

|tensions. |64. The Marshall Plan (1948–1952) was a United States effort to assist|

| |the nations of Europe by |

|61. “Jackie Robinson Breaks Color Barrier in Major League Baseball” |(1) forming a strong military alliance |

|“President Truman Issues Executive Order |(2) providing economic aid |

|Desegregating Armed Forces” |(3) sending United States troops to trouble spots |

|“NAACP Challenges School Segregation” |(4) continuing Lend-Lease aid to the Soviet |

|These headlines are most closely associated with |Union |

|(1) a decline in African American participation in political | |

|activities |65. “Martin Luther King Jr. Delivers ‘I Have a Dream’ Speech to Civil |

|(2) the beginning of the modern civil rights |Rights Demonstrators in D.C.” |

|movement |“Rachel Carson Awakens Conservationists with Her Book, Silent Spring” |

|(3) Southern resistance to the Civil Rights Act of 1964 |“Cesar Chavez Organizes Migrant Farm Workers” |

|(4) the effects of affirmative action programs |A valid conclusion based on these headlines is that |

| |(1) individuals have a great impact on |

|62. The Anthracite Coal Strike (1902), the Wagner Act (1935), and the |movements for change |

|founding of the United Farm Workers (1962) were important steps in |(2) social reforms progress faster with support |

|(1) limiting the growth of labor unions |from big business |

|(2) creating greater equality for women |(3) the press discouraged efforts at reform in the 1960s |

|(3) ending discrimination directed at African Americans in the South |(4) mass movements often continue without |

|(4) promoting fair labor practices and collective bargaining for |strong leaders |

|workers | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

|…But this secret, swift, and extraordinary buildup of Communist | |

|missiles—in an area well known to have a special and historical | |

|relationship to the United States and the nations of the Western | |

|Hemisphere, in violation of Soviet assurances, and in defiance of | |

|American and hemispheric policy—this sudden, clandestine [secret] |…In 1961, James Farmer orchestrated and led the famous Freedom Rides |

|decision to station strategic weapons for the first time outside of |through the South, which are renowned for forcing Americans to |

|Soviet soil—is a deliberately provocative and unjustified change in |confront segregation in bus terminals and on interstate buses. In the |

|the status quo which cannot be accepted by this country, if our |spring of that year, James Farmer trained a small group of freedom |

|courage and our commitments are ever to be trusted again by either |riders, teaching them to deal with the hostility they were likely to |

|friend or foe… |encounter using nonviolent resistance. This training would serve them|

|~ President John F. Kennedy, October 22, 1962 |well… |

| |~ Senator Charles Robb, “A Tribute to an American Freedom Fighter,” |

|66. This statement is most closely associated with the |U.S. Senate |

|(1) Bay of Pigs invasion | |

|(2) Cuban missile crisis |69. The principal goal of the activity described in this statement was|

|(3) United States-Soviet space race |to |

|(4) nuclear test ban controversy |(1) achieve racial integration of public facilities |

| |(2) encourage change through violent means |

|67. What is a valid conclusion based on this statement? |(3) expand voting rights for African Americans |

|(1) Strategic weapons of the United States should be stationed on |(4) force the president to send military troops into the South |

|foreign soil. | |

|(2) An isolationist foreign policy is the most effective way to |70. The activities described in this statement helped lead to |

|preserve peace. |(1) President Harry Truman’s order to |

|(3) Presidential attempts were made to end military alliances. |desegregate the military |

|(4) Geographic location plays an important role in determining foreign|(2) passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 |

|policy. |(3) ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment |

| |(4) a decision by the Supreme Court to integrate public schools |

|68. United States foreign policy changed following World War II as the| |

|United States |71. President Harry Truman’s order requiring loyalty checks and the |

|(1) became more involved in world affairs |Senate hearings led by Joseph McCarthy were both responses to |

|(2) returned to a policy of isolationism |(1) excessive spending by the armed forces after World War II |

|(3) rejected membership in the United Nations |(2) racial discrimination against African Americans |

|(4) pursued a policy of appeasement toward the Soviet Union |(3) fear of communist influence in government |

| |(4) control of labor unions by known criminals |

| |76. A goal of the Marshall Plan (1948) was |

|72. Which pair of Supreme Court cases demonstrates that the Supreme |(1) rebuild Japan after World War II |

|Court can change an earlier decision? |(2) provide military aid to the Warsaw Pact |

|(1) Schenck v. United States and United States v. Nixon |(3) establish a Pan-American military alliance system |

|(2) Korematsu v. United States and Miranda v. Arizona |(4) provide economic aid to European nations threatened by communism |

|(3) Gideon v. Wainwright and Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States | |

|(4) Plessy v. Ferguson and Brown v. Board of |77. Which heading is most appropriate for the partial outline below? |

|Education of Topeka |I.____________________________________ |

| |A. The House Un-American Activities |

|73. As a result of the Interstate Highway Act of 1956, the United |Committee |

|States experienced |B. Loyalty review boards |

|(1) increased suburban growth |C. Bomb shelters |

|(2) the elimination of urban renewal programs |D. Watkins v. United States (1957) |

|(3) less air pollution from motor vehicles |(1) Results of World War I |

|(4) a reduction in United States dependence on foreign oil |(2) The Cold War at Home |

| |(3) Problems of Urbanization |

|74. The Supreme Court decisions in Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) and |(4) Reactions to Immigration |

|Miranda v. Arizona (1966) resulted in | |

|(1) an increase in the power of the police to |…Whenever normal agencies prove inadequate to the task and it becomes |

|obtain evidence |necessary for the Executive Branch of the Federal Government to use |

|(2) a clarification of rules pertaining to cruel and unusual |its powers and authority to uphold Federal Courts, the President’s |

|punishment |responsibility is inescapable. |

|(3) a limitation of a citizen’s right to an attorney |In accordance with that responsibility, I have today issued an |

|(4) an expansion of rights for persons accused of crimes |Executive Order directing the use of troops under Federal authority to|

| |aid in the execution of Federal law at Little Rock, Arkansas. This |

|75. The Marshall Plan (1948) and the Cuban missile crisis (1962) are |became necessary when my Proclamation of yesterday was not observed, |

|most closely associated with |and the obstruction of justice still continues… |

|(1) the establishment of the Peace Corps |~ President Dwight D. Eisenhower, |

|(2) the creation of the Alliance for Progress |September 24, 1957 |

|(3) United States–Soviet relations during the |78. The situation described in this statement grew out of efforts to |

|Cold War |(1) uphold the Voting Rights Act |

|(4) an increase in trade between the United |(2) pass a constitutional amendment ending poll taxes |

|States and Cuba |(3) enforce the decision in Brown v. Board of |

| |Education of Topeka |

| |(4) extend the Montgomery bus boycott to Little Rock |

| |84. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was intended to end |

| |(1) loyalty oaths for federal employees |

|79. Books such as Uncle Tom’s Cabin, How the Other Half Lives, and The|(2) affirmative action programs in education |

|Feminine Mystique all show that literature can sometimes |(3) unfair treatment of the elderly |

|(1) expose government corruption |(4) discrimination based on race or sex |

|(2) cause violent revolution | |

|(3) begin military conflict |You have the right to remain silent. Anything you say can and will be |

|(4) encourage social reform |used against you in a court of law. You have the right to speak to an |

| |attorney, and to have an attorney present during any questioning. If |

|80. What was a central issue in the Supreme Court cases of Gideon v. |you cannot afford a lawyer, one will be provided for you at government|

|Wainwright (1963) and Miranda v. Arizona (1966)? |expense. |

|(1) freedom of religion |~ |

|(2) voting rights | |

|(3) rights of the accused |85. The requirements included in this passage are part of the Supreme |

|(4) property rights |Court’s effort to protect the rights of |

| |(1) individuals accused of crimes |

|81. In 1948, President Harry Truman showed his support for civil |(2) students from unreasonable searches |

|rights by issuing an executive order to |(3) defendants from double jeopardy |

|(1) end the immigration quota system |(4) criminals from cruel and unusual punishment |

|(2) assure equal status for women in military service | |

|(3) ban racial segregation in the military |86. This passage resulted from which Supreme Court decision? |

|(4) guarantee jobs for Native American Indians |(1) Mapp v. Ohio (1961) |

| |(2) Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) |

|82. The United States began a trade embargo against Cuba in the 1960s |(3) Miranda v. Arizona (1966) |

|to |(4) Tinker v. Des Moines (1969) |

|(1) encourage political change in Cuba | |

|(2) promote domestic industries in Cuba |87. A major goal of the women’s movement over the past twenty years |

|(3) motivate Cubans to immigrate to the United States |has been to gain |

|(4) end the domination of the banana industry by Cuba |(1) full property rights |

| |(2) the right to vote |

|83. One goal of President Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society was to |(3) equal economic opportunity |

|(1) improve the quality of life for the poor |(4) better access to Social Security |

|(2) privatize many government programs | |

|(3) send additional troops to Vietnam | |

|(4) reduce the number of nuclear weapons | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| | |

|88. In 1957, President Dwight D. Eisenhower sent federal troops to | |

|Little Rock, Arkansas, to |93. One similarity in the presidential administrations of Abraham |

|(1) protect civil rights marchers |Lincoln, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Lyndon Johnson is that each |

|(2) help African Americans register to vote |(1) maintained a foreign policy of neutrality |

|(3) enforce a Supreme Court decision to |(2) expanded the power of the presidency |

|desegregate public schools |(3) removed Supreme Court Justices from office |

|(4) end race riots resulting from a bus boycott |(4) decreased the size of the military |

| | |

|89. “Batista Driven from Power” |94. During the early 1950s, the tactics of Senator Joseph McCarthy |

|“Bay of Pigs Invasion Fails” |were criticized because he |

|“U-2 Planes Reveal Soviet Missiles” |(1) violated important constitutional liberties |

|These headlines refer to the relationship between the United States |(2) displayed racial prejudice in his questions |

|and |(3) opposed the use of loyalty oaths |

|(1) Canada (3) Mexico |(4) ignored evidence of Soviet spying |

|(2) Cuba (4) Panama | |

| |95. Which strategy did African-American students use when they refused|

|90. One reason for the creation of the Peace Corps by President John |to leave a “whites only” lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina, |

|F. Kennedy was to |in 1960? |

|(1) stop the spread of AIDS in Africa and Asia |(1) economic boycott |

|(2) gain control of territory in Latin America |(2) hunger strike |

|(3) provide workers for industrial nations |(3) petition drive |

|(4) give support to developing nations |(4) civil disobedience |

| | |

|91. A major goal of President Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society program |96. United States involvement in the Vietnam War was based in part on |

|was to |a desire to |

|(1) control economic inflation |(1) prevent renewed Japanese expansionism in the Pacific |

|(2) end poverty in the United States |(2) assure access to an adequate supply of oil |

|(3) repeal several New Deal social programs |from the Middle East |

|(4) return responsibility for welfare programs to the states |(3) contain communism in Southeast Asia |

| |(4) protect American business interests in China |

|92. In Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) and Miranda v. Arizona (1966), the | |

|Supreme Court ruled that | |

|persons convicted of crimes had been | |

|(1) denied due process of law | |

|(2) denied a speedy and public trial | |

|(3) victimized by illegal search and seizure | |

|(4) sentenced to cruel and unusual punishment | |

| | |

[pic]

97. Information provided by the graph indicates that the Marshall Plan tried to prevent the spread of communism in Europe by

(1) Providing military aid to France and Great Britain

(2) Restoring economic stability throughout Western Europe

(3) Encouraging domestic revolutions in Europe

(4) Making European nations dependent on the United Nations

98. The requirement that all persons placed under arrest must be informed of their legal rights resulted from a

(1) Custom adopted from English common law

(2) Law enacted by Congress

(3) Decision of the United States Supreme Court

(4) Specific statement in the original Constitution of the United States

99. “…We choose to go to the moon. We choose to go to the moon in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard, because that goal will serve to organize and measure the best of our energies and skills, because that challenge is one that we are willing to accept, one we are unwilling to postpone, and one which we intend to win, and the others, too. . . .” ~President John F. Kennedy, speech at Rice University, September 12, 1962

The main purpose of this speech was to win public support for

(1) Establishing a missile defense system on the Moon

(2) Cooperating with communist countries in exploring space

(3) Surpassing the Soviet Union in the space race

(4) Controlling the spread of nuclear weapons

[pic]

100. Which conclusion is supported by the information provided on this map?

(1) The United Nations could have won the war by sending its troops across the Yalu River.

(2) South Korea was never in danger of being defeated by North Korea.

(3) The war did little to alter the territorial division of Korea.

(4) China refused to aid North Korea.

101. It is important that the reasons for my action be understood by all our citizens. As you know, the Supreme Court of the United States has decided that separate public educational facilities for the races are inherently unequal and therefore compulsory school segregation laws are unconstitutional… ~ President Dwight D. Eisenhower, September 24, 1957

Which Supreme Court case is referred to in this quotation?

(1) Dred Scott v. Sanford

(2) Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

(3) Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States

(4) Tinker v. Des Moines School District

[pic]

102. The events shown on the time line occurred as a result of

(1) The bombing of Pearl Harbor (3) a need for collective security

(2) The launching of Sputnik (4) a fear of communism

103. Which civil liberty was most seriously threatened during the period shown on the time line?

(1) Freedom of speech (3) the right to bear arms

(2) Freedom of religion (4) the right to petition the government

[pic]

104. Which leader is most closely associated with the approach to reform illustrated in this photograph?

(1) Malcolm X of the Black Muslims

(2) Huey Newton of the Black Panthers

(3) Booker T. Washington of the Tuskegee Institute

(4) Martin Luther King Jr. of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference

105. The activity shown in the photograph can best be described as an example of

(1) Labor unrest (3) nonviolent protest

(2) Judicial activism (4) affirmative action

[pic]

106. What is a valid generalization that can be drawn from this photograph?

(1) Activists often advocate taking over the government.

(2) Demonstrators use nonviolent means to demand equal rights.

(3) Civil rights leaders supported “separate but equal” education.

(4) Protesters encouraged a nationwide strike by teachers.

107. The delay in implementing which Supreme Court decision helped lead to the protest shown in this photograph?

(1) Plessy v. Ferguson

(2) Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

(3) Tinker v. Des Moines

(4) New Jersey v. T. L. O.

[pic]

108. President Kennedy responded to warnings like this by

(1) Promising to explore Mars and other nearby planets

(2) Asking Congress to fund the Hubble telescope

(3) Pledging to put a man on the Moon within a decade

(4) Joining the Soviet Union in building a space Station

…I do not believe that the American people and the Congress wish to turn a deaf ear to the appeal of the Greek Government…As a result of these tragic conditions, a militant minority, exploiting human want and misery, was able to create political chaos which, until now, has made economic recovery impossible…Meanwhile, the Greek Government is unable to cope with the situation. The Greek Army is small and poorly equipped. It needs supplies and equipment if it is to restore the authority of the Government throughout Greek territory. Greece must have assistance if it is to become a self-supporting and self-respecting democracy… ~ President Harry Truman, Address to Congress, March 12, 1947

109. Congress responded to the situation described in this passage by

(1) Sending combat troops to the Mediterranean region

(2) Calling for creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization

(3) Sending military and economic aid to Greece and Turkey

(4) Supplying troops to a peacekeeping operation

[pic]

110. Which event best completes this graphic organizer?

(1) Vietnam War (3) Persian Gulf War

(2) Holocaust (4) D-Day invasion

[pic]

111. What is the principal message of this cartoon?

(1) The United States is afraid of a united Vietnam.

(2) Other nations in Southeast Asia might fall to communism.

(3) President Lyndon B. Johnson is finding it difficult to exit Vietnam.

(4) President Lyndon B. Johnson is worried about a communist attack on the United States.

[pic]

112. What is the main idea of this 1945 cartoon?

(1) The world community needs to stop the spread of nuclear weapons.

(2) Korea’s development of atomic bombs has threatened world peace.

(3) The Treaty of Versailles was successful in preventing World War II.

(4) Germany should be criticized for using atomic bombs.

113. The Cuban missile crisis (1962) influenced President John F. Kennedy’s decision to

(1) Negotiate the limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty with the Soviet Union

(2) Reduce the nation’s commitment to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

(3) Forbid Americans to trade with and travel to Latin America

(4) Send Peace Corps volunteers to aid developing countries

[pic]

114. Information provided by the map most clearly supports the conclusion that by 1964 racial desegregation of Southern schools was

(1) Failing in Oklahoma, Missouri, Kentucky, and West Virginia

(2) Supported by most voters in the South

(3) Occurring at different rates in Southern states

(4) Completed by the mid-1960s

115. The school desegregation that is shown on the map was most affected by the

(1) Decline of the Ku Klux Klan

(2) Passage of the equal rights amendment

(3) Expansion of voting rights for African Americans

(4) Decision of the Supreme Court in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

116. Which heading best completes the partial outline below?

I.____________________________________

A. Berlin

B. Germany

C. Korea

D. Vietnam

(1) Areas Divided as the Result of Wars

(2) Major Allies of the United States

(3) Original Signers of the League of Nations Charter

(4) Neutral Nations during World War II

117. The Jungle by Upton Sinclair and Unsafe at Any Speed by Ralph Nader were both intended to

(1) Publicize the growing violence in American society

(2) Suggest that a poor person could get rich with hard work

(3) Encourage immigration reform

(4) Make the public aware of the poor quality of certain products

[pic]

118. The protestors in the photograph are expressing their hatred for

(1) Fascists (3) immigrants

(2) Communists (4) police officers

119. During the civil rights movement of the 1960s, activities of the Congress of Racial Equality, the National Urban League, and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) illustrated that

(1) All civil rights groups use the same tactics

(2) Different approaches can be used to achieve a common goal

(3) Organizational differences usually lead to failure

(4) Violence is the best tool for achieving social change

Lyric A: . . . Father, father

We don’t need to escalate

You see, war is not the answer

For only love can conquer hate

You know we’ve got to find a way

To bring some lovin’ here today. . .

~ “What’s Going On,” Al Cleveland, Marvin Gaye, Renaldo Benson, 1971

Lyric B: . . . Yeah, my blood’s so mad

Feels like coagulatin’

I’m sittin’ here, just contemplatin’

I can’t twist the truth

It knows no regulation

Hand full of senators don’t pass legislation

And marches alone can’t bring integration

When human respect is disintegratin’

This whole crazy world

Is just too frustratin’. . .

~ “Eve of Destruction,” P.F. Sloan, 1965

120. Which conclusion is most clearly supported by an examination of these song lyrics?

(1) In the 1960s and early 1970s, Americans shared common views on foreign policy.

(2) Social conflict existed over war and civil rights in the 1960s and early 1970s.

(3) The music of the 1960s and early 1970s supported government policies.

(4) Most songwriters of the 1960s and early 1970s used their music to advocate violent revolution.

121. In 1954, the Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka advanced the civil rights movement by

(1) Guaranteeing equal voting rights to African Americans

(2) Banning racial segregation in hotels and restaurants

(3) Declaring that racial segregation in public schools violated the 14th amendment

(4) Upholding the principle of separate but equal public facilities

122. One similarity in the Supreme Court decisions in Gideon v. Wainwright and Miranda v. Arizona is that both decisions

(1) Expanded the rights of the accused

(2) Improved the ability of the police to gather evidence

(3) Lengthened sentences for violent felony offenses

(4) Set limits on the use of the death penalty

123. McCarthyism in the early 1950s resulted from

(1) New commitments to civil rights for African Americans

(2) Opposition to the Marshall Plan

(3) Charges that Communists had infiltrated the United States government

(4) Increased public support for labor unions

[pic]

124. This poster was used during the

(1) Abolitionist movement

(2) Woman’s suffrage movement

(3) Civil rights movement

(4) Environmental movement

125. The goal of President Harry Truman’s Fair Deal was to

(1) Continue reforms begun during Franklin D. Roosevelt’s presidency

(2) Decrease government spending on social welfare programs

(3) Reduce taxes on large corporations and wealthy individuals

(4) Restore domestic policies that existed in the 1920s

126. A controversial issue that resulted from World War II was the

(1) Future role of the League of Nations

(2) Morality of nuclear warfare

(3) Commitment of troops without congressional approval

(4) Civilian control of the military

…Unjust laws exist; shall we be content to obey them, or shall we endeavor to amend them, and obey them until we have succeeded, or shall we transgress them at once?

~ Henry David Thoreau, 1849

…But the great glory of American democracy is the right to protest for right. My friends, don’t let anybody make us feel that we [are] to be compared in our actions with the Ku Klux Klan or with the White Citizens Council. There will be no crosses burned at any bus stops in Montgomery. There will be no white persons pulled out of their homes and taken out on some distant road and lynched for not cooperating. There will be nobody amid, among us who will stand up and defy the Constitution of this nation. We only assemble here because of our desire to see right exist…

~ Martin Luther King, Jr., December 1955

127. Which statement most accurately summarizes the main idea of these quotations?

(1) Revolution is inevitable in a democratic society.

(2) Government consistently protects the freedom and dignity of all its citizens.

(3) Violence is the most effective form of protest.

(4) Civil disobedience is sometimes necessary to bring about change.

[pic]

128. The cartoonist is commenting on public reaction to the Supreme Court decision that

(1) Restricted attendance in churches

(2) Mandated home-based prayer

(3) Declared school-sponsored prayer unconstitutional

(4) Banned public observance of religious holidays

[pic]

129. The legislation identified in this chart was an effort to solve problems related to

(1) Illegal immigration and terrorism

(2) Poverty and discrimination

(3) Illiteracy and domestic abuse

(4) Budget deficits and famine

[pic]

130. This photograph shows the post–World War II growth that was typical of

(1) Tourist resorts

(2) Suburban communities

(3) Inner cities

(4) Public housing projects

[pic]

131. Which action by the federal government would Jackie Robinson most likely have supported to achieve his stated goals?

(1) Federal assistance to expand segregated facilities

(2) Creation of additional job training programs

(3) Appointment of a commission to study the causes of urban race riots

(4) Faster implementation of the decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

(1954)

132. When Jackie Robinson mentions President Dwight D. Eisenhower’s experience with

Governor Faubus, he is referring to the action the president took in

(1) Hiring minority workers to build the interstate highway system

(2) Sending federal troops to Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas

(3) Supporting the Montgomery bus boycott

(4) Ordering that all military bases located in southern states be integrated

133. What was a major outcome of the Korean War (1950–1953)?

(1) Korea continued to be a divided nation.

(2) North Korea became an ally of the United States.

(3) South Korea became a communist nation.

(4) Control of Korea was turned over to the United Nations.

… Come mothers and fathers

Throughout the land

And don’t criticize

What you can’t understand

Your sons and your daughters

Are beyond your command

Your old road is

Rapidly agin’.

Please get out of the new one

If you can’t lend your hand

For the times they are a-changin’…

~ Bob Dylan, “The Times They Are A-Changin’,” 1963

134. Which concern of the 1960s is being commented on by the author of these lyrics?

(1) Rural poverty

(2) Adult illiteracy

(3) Environmental protection

(4) The generation gap

135. “…Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty…”

— President John F. Kennedy, Inaugural Address, 1961

This statement by President Kennedy suggests a continued commitment to the foreign policy of

(1) Isolationism (3) containment

(2) Appeasement (4) imperialism

“…The American people are sick and tired of being afraid to speak their minds lest they be politically smeared as ‘Communists’ or ‘Fascists’ by their opponents. Freedom of speech is not what it used to be in America. It has been so abused by some that it is not exercised by others. The American people are sick and tired of seeing innocent people smeared and guilty people whitewashed. But there have been enough proved cases to cause nationwide distrust and strong suspicion that there may be something to the unproved, sensational accusations…”

~ Senator Margaret Chase Smith, United States Senate, June 1, 1950

136. When Senator Smith spoke these words, she was reacting to

(1) The Yellow Peril

(2) McCarthyism

(3) The Eisenhower Doctrine

(4) Progressivism

137. Which foreign policy decision by President Harry Truman is an example of the policy of containment?

(1) Relieving General MacArthur of his Korean command

(2) Recognizing the new nation of Israel

(3) Supporting the trials of war criminals in Germany and Japan

(4) Providing military aid to Greece and Turkey

138. Before ratification of the 22nd amendment in 1951, most presidents served no more than two terms because of

(1) A federal law

(2) A Supreme Court decision

(3) The elastic clause

(4) Custom and tradition

139. Which constitutional principle was tested in the cases of Plessy v. Ferguson and Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka?

(1) Separation of powers

(2) Popular sovereignty

(3) Equal protection of the law

(4) Separation of church and state

“…My fellow citizens of the world: ask not what America will do for you, but what together we can do for the freedom of man…”

~ John F. Kennedy, Inaugural Address, 1961

140. To implement the idea expressed in this statement, President Kennedy supported the

(1) Creation of the Marshall Plan

(2) Formation of the Peace Corps

(3) Removal of United States troops from Korea

(4) Establishment of the South East Asia Treaty Organization

140. The police enter an individual’s home without invitation or a warrant and seize evidence to be used against the individual.

Which Supreme Court decision may be used to rule this evidence inadmissible in court?

(1) Baker v. Carr

(2) Gideon v. Wainwright

(3) Mapp v. Ohio

(4) Roe v. Wade

141. The ratification of the 26th amendment, which lowered the voting age to 18, was a result of the

(1) Participation of the United States in the Vietnam War

(2) Fear of McCarthyism

(3) Reaction to the launching of Sputnik by the Soviet Union

(4) Reporting of the Watergate scandal

142. During the Korean War, President Harry Truman removed General Douglas MacArthur from command because MacArthur

(1) Called for an immediate end to the war

(2) Refused to serve under the United Nations

(3) Lacked the experience to provide wartime leadership

(4) Threatened the constitutional principle of civilian control of the military

143. The main foreign policy objective of the Marshall Plan (1948–1952) was to

(1) Stop communist aggression in Korea

(2) Fight poverty in Latin America

(3) Rebuild the economies of European nations

(4) Provide jobs for unemployed Americans

[pic]

144. The United States carried out the idea expressed in this late 1940s cartoon by

(1) Forming a military alliance with Russia

(2) Airlifting supplies to West Berlin

(3) Accepting Russian authority over West Berlin

(4) Agreeing to turn over control of Berlin to the United Nations

145. What was a result of the takeover of Cuba by Fidel Castro?

(1) Relations between the Soviet Union and Cuba worsened.

(2) Many Cuban Americans returned to their homeland.

(3) Trade between the United States and Cuba increased.

(4) Many people fled from Cuba to the United States.

“…I was disappointed not to see what is inside Central High School. I don’t understand why the governor [of Arkansas] sent grown-up soldiers to keep us out. I don’t know if I should go back. But Grandma is right, if I don’t go back, they will think they have won. They will think they can use soldiers to frighten us, and we’ll always have to obey them. They’ll always be in charge if I don’t go back to Central and make the integration happen…”

~ Melba Beals, Warriors Don’t Cry, an African American student, 1957

146. President Dwight D. Eisenhower reacted to the situation described in this passage by

(1) Forcing the governor of Arkansas to resign

(2) Allowing the people of Arkansas to resolve the problem

(3) Asking the Supreme Court to speed up racial integration

(4) Sending federal troops to enforce integration

147. In 1965, Congress established Medicare to

(1) Provide health care to the elderly

(2) Assist foreign nations with their health problems

(3) Grant scholarships to medical students

(4) Establish universal health care

148.

“Soviets Create Iron Curtain in Eastern Europe”

“Mao Zedong Leads Successful Revolution in China”

“North Korean Invasion of South Korea Leads to War”

Which development is reflected in these headlines?

(1) The post–World War II expansion of communism

(2) The beginning of détente between the Soviet Union and the United States

(3) The return to an isolationist foreign policy

(4) The beginning of pro-democracy movements during the Cold War

149. Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Lyndon B. Johnson supported domestic policies that

(1) Favored only one region of the nation

(2) Attempted to increase the wealth of the rich

(3) Led to tax cuts for all Americans

(4) Provided direct help to those in need

150. Which topic has been the focus of four different amendments to the United States Constitution?

(1) Voting rights

(2) Term limits on federal officeholders

(3) The Electoral College

(4) Prohibition of alcoholic beverages

[pic]

151. Which generalization about the Korean War is supported by information on the maps?

(1) The war began when South Korea attacked North Korea.

(2) General MacArthur launched an invasion from China early in the war.

(3) Neither side experienced a major military victory during the war.

(4) At the end of the war, Korea remained a divided nation.

152. The primary goal of the United States foreign policy of containment was to

(1) Return to noninvolvement in world affairs

(2) Stop communist influence from spreading

(3) Gain territories in Africa and Latin America

(4) Overthrow existing dictatorships

153. One similarity between the actions of Samuel Gompers and Cesar Chavez is that both leaders

(1) Organized workers to strive for better conditions

(2) Relied on the use of force to gain minority rights

(3) Advocated federal regulation of railroad rates

(4) Worked to improve consumer product safety

150. The domino theory was used to justify United States involvement in the

(1) War on Poverty (3) Bosnian crisis

(2) Berlin airlift (4) Vietnam War

151. The rapid growth in personal income in the decade after World War II contributed to

(1) A decrease in the birthrate

(2) A major economic depression

(3) Expansion of the middle class

(4) Shortages in the supply of luxury goods

[pic]

152. What does this photograph indicate about the United States in the 1950s?

(1) Extraordinary steps were taken to hide atomic weapons.

(2) The nation had become the only nuclear superpower.

(3) Much fear was created by the Cold War.

(4) Only government officials would be safe in a nuclear attack.

153. What was one outcome of the Cuban missile crisis in 1962?

(1) Cuba became a communist nation.

(2) The United States seized military control of Cuba.

(3) The Soviet Union withdrew its nuclear missiles from Cuba.

(4) Fidel Castro met with President John F. Kennedy.

The immediate impact of the 1957 launch of Sputnik I was that it

(1) Forced the United States to find new sources of fuel

(2) Focused attention on the need to regulate the uses of outer space

(3) Heightened the space race as a form of Cold War competition

(4) Ended the period of peaceful coexistence between the United States and the U.S.S.R.

[pic]

154. Which event of the 1950s most likely led to the publication of this cartoon?

(1) Russia put cosmonauts on the Moon.

(2) The Soviet Union launched the Sputnik satellite.

(3) The United States was defeated in the Vietnam War.

(4) American students scored low on tests in math and science.

155. Rachel Carson and Ralph Nader are similar to the muckrakers of the Progressive Era because they have

(1) Advocated a total change in the structure of government

(2) Attempted to expose societal problems

(3) Failed to influence public opinion

(4) Supported anti-American activities

156. The Feminine Mystique by Betty Friedan was an influential book in the 1960s because it

(1) Helped strengthen family values

(2) Led directly to the defeat of the Equal Rights Amendment

(3) Energized a new women’s rights movement

(4) Reinforced the importance of women’s traditional roles

Word Bank: Great Society, Bay of Pigs, Peace Corps, March on Washington, Gulf of Tonkin, The Feminine Mystique, Miranda v. Arizona, Cuban Missile Crisis, Malcolm X

1- The Women’s Liberation or Feminist Movement of the 1960s also transformed American society. Unlike the earlier Suffrage Movement, which focused on securing the vote, the Women’s Liberation Movement of the 1960s was directed at achieving economic and social equality. Many women were dissatisfied with their roles as housewives and sought to express themselves in careers and work. Feminists such as Betty Friedan provided leadership. Ms. Friedan’s book, ___________, revealed the frustration many women felt at being restricted to homemaking and motherhood.

2- Under Chief Justice Earl Warren, the Supreme Court became a major instrument of social change – protecting individual rights, minority groups and those accused of crimes. In Mapp v. Ohio (1961), the Supreme Court ruled that evidence obtained by the police through an illegal search could not be used in court. In Baker v. Carr (1962), the Court ruled that legislative districts must be reapportioned on the basis of “one man, one vote” since rural areas tended to be over-represented and cities under-represented due to shifting population patterns with the passing of time (i.e. more people migrated to cities). In Gideon v. Wainwright (1963), the Court ruled that states must provide a free lawyer to any criminal defendant facing imprisonment who could not afford one. In ___________ (1966), a man confessed to a rape without being informed that he could have a lawyer present. The Court overturned his conviction, ruling that the police must inform suspects of their “Miranda” rights: to remain silent, to have a lawyer present during questioning, and that what they say can be used against them.

3- In 1964, President Johnson announced that the North Vietnamese had attacked U.S. ships in the __________. Congress gave the President power to stop this aggression. Johnson used the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution to escalate the war, ordering massive bombing raids of North Vietnam. He also sent more combat troops to South Vietnam. Despite the large American force, the Vietcong launched the Tet Offensive in South Vietnam in 1968, seizing many cities. This convinced Americans that victory was far off. The war grew increasingly unpopular, and opponents held demonstrations and rallies.

4- In the meantime, new leaders were emerging in the ghettos of the North, where almost three-quarters of African-Americans lived. The most prominent was ___________, a leader of the Black Muslims. He and other Black Muslim leaders were preaching a new approach to gaining equality. They called on African-Americans to be sober and thrifty and to seize freedom. They inspired and encouraged self-awareness and a sense of self-respect and power for people in the ghettos. They also spoke of using violence as a legitimate response to oppression rather than using civil disobedience.

5- In 1963, Dr. King and other Civil Rights leaders called for a ____________ in support of a new civil Rights bill pending in Congress. A quarter of a million people attended the march. King gave his famous “I Have A Dream” speech, in which he looked forward to the day when Americans of all colors would live together peacefully.

6- In 1960, John F. Kennedy was elected President. As part of his New Frontier, Kennedy proposed a tax cut to stimulate the economy, the creation of Medicare, civil rights legislation, and increased aid to education. Only the tax cut was passed by Congress. One of the greatest challenges Kennedy faced was the establishment of a Communist government by Fidel Castro in Cuba, only 90 miles from the coast of Florida. John F. Kennedy brought to the White House an aura of youthful idealism. He surrounded himself with bright young advisors. In spite of the new spirit in the White House, Kennedy had little success in getting Congress to pass major domestic legislation that he suggested as part of his New Frontier. Kennedy’s idealism and goals for America are illustrated in his inaugural address and in his establishment of the _________, in which young Americans worked as volunteers on projects in undeveloped countries to aid the people, not the government, of those countries.

7- In 1961, Cuban exiles, trained in the United States, invaded Cuba at the __________. Kennedy, fearing Soviet involvement, refused to give them air support and they were defeated by Castro’s army. This was a major foreign policy failure for the Kennedy Administration.

8- In 1962, the United States discovered that Cuba was secretly trying to build bases for Soviet nuclear missiles. Kennedy imposed a naval blockade on Cuba and threatened to invade if the missiles were not withdrawn. For several days the world stood on the brink of nuclear war. Soviet leader Khrushchev agreed to withdraw the missiles for a pledge that the United States would not invade Cuba. The _________ was a major foreign policy success for the Kennedy Administration.

9- The nation was shocked when Kennedy was assassinated on November 22, 1963 while visiting Dallas, Texas. Vice President Lyndon Johnson was immediately sworn in as the next President. As President, Johnson proposed to Congress the most far-ranging legislation since the New Deal. Johnson’s aim was to turn the United States into a “__________” by opening up opportunities for all citizens and improving the quality of American life. Johnson passed a broad program of civil rights legislation including the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Social Security was expanded to provide medical care, hospital insurance, and post-hospital nursing for people over age 65 with the Medicare Act of 1965. Johnson called for a “war on poverty.”

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