Racial/Ethnic Enrollment in Public Schools - National Center for ...
Chapter: 2/Preprimary, Elementary, and Secondary Education
Section: Elementary and Secondary Enrollment
Racial/Ethnic Enrollment in Public Schools
Between fall 2009 and fall 2018, the percentage of public school students who were
Hispanic increased from 22 to 27 percent. The percentage of public school students who
were White decreased from 54 to 47 percent, and the percentage of students who were
Black decreased from 17 to 15 percent.
In addition, racial/ethnic distributions of public school
students across the country have shifted.
Total enrollment in public elementary and secondary
schools increased from 49.4 million students to
50.7 million students between fall 2009 and fall 2018.1
Figure 1. Percentage distribution of students enrolled in public elementary and secondary schools, by race/ethnicity: Fall 2009
and fall 2018
Percent
100
90
80
70
60
50
54
47
40
30
22
17
20
27
15
10
0
5
5
#
White
Black
Hispanic
Asian
Pacific Islander
Race/ethnicity
Fall 20091
#
1
1
American
Indian/
Alaska Native
1
4
Two or
more races
Fall 20182
# Rounds to zero.
1
For fall 2009, data on students who were Pacific Islander and of Two or more races were reported by only a small number of states. Therefore, the data are not
comparable to figures for 2018.
2
Includes imputations for prekindergarten enrollment in California and Oregon.
NOTE: Data are for the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding.
Although rounded numbers are displayed, the figures are based on unrounded data.
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common Core of Data (CCD), ¡°State Nonfiscal Survey of Public Elementary and
Secondary Education,¡± 2009¨C10 and 2018¨C19. See Digest of Education Statistics 2020, table 203.50.
In fall 2018, of the 50.7 million students enrolled in public
elementary and secondary schools, 23.8 million were
White, 13.8 million were Hispanic, 7.7 million were Black,
2.7 million were Asian, 2.1 million were of Two or more
races, 0.5 million were American Indian/Alaska Native,
and 186,000 were Pacific Islander. Between fall 2009
and fall 2018, public school enrollments among White
students decreased from 26.7 million to 23.8 million.
Similarly, the number of Black students decreased
from 8.2 million to 7.7 million. In contrast, the number
of Hispanic students increased from 11.0 million to
13.8 million. These enrollment trends produced changes
in the overall composition of U.S. public school students.
Specifically, the percentages of students who were White
and Black decreased (from 54 to 47 percent and 17 to
15 percent, respectively), while the percentage of students
who were Hispanic increased from 22 to 27 percent
over the period. In both fall 2009 and fall 2018, Asian
students accounted for 5 percent of public elementary and
secondary enrollment, and American Indian/Alaska Native
students accounted for 1 percent. In fall 2018, students
who were of Two or more races accounted for 4 percent
of public elementary and secondary enrollment, and
Pacific Islander students accounted for less than one half
of 1 percent.2
The Condition of Education 2021 | 1
Racial/Ethnic Enrollment in Public Schools
Chapter: 2/Preprimary, Elementary, and Secondary Education
Section: Elementary and Secondary Enrollment
Changes in the racial/ethnic composition of public school
enrollment between fall 2009 and fall 2018 differed by
state.3 In all 50 states, the percentage of public school
students who were White was lower in fall 2018 than in
fall 2009, with the difference ranging from 13 percentage
points in Washington to 2 percentage points in Mississippi.
However, in the District of Columbia, the percentage of
public school students who were White was 5 percentage
points higher in fall 2018 (12 percent) than in fall 2009
(7 percent). Across all 50 states and the District of
Columbia, the percentage of public school students who
were Hispanic was higher in fall 2018 than in fall 2009;
the difference was largest in Hawaii (11 percentage points)
and smallest in Vermont, Maine, West Virginia, and Alaska
(1 percentage point each). In 42 states and the District of
Columbia, the percentage of public school students who
were Black was lower in fall 2018 than in fall 2009; the
largest difference occurred in the District of Columbia
(13 percentage points), but the difference was 3 percentage
points or less in most states (38 of the 42 states). In the
remaining 8 states, however, the percentage of public
school students who were Black was higher in fall 2018
than in fall 2009; in all 8 states the differences were
3 percentage points or less.
Figure 2. Percentage distribution of public elementary and secondary school students, by student¡¯s race/ethnicity and percent of
minority enrollment in school: Fall 2018
Percent
100
6
90
80
31
39
59
70
60
21
16
19
60
24
47
20
0
21
26
Total
23
15
White
14
4
5
8
Black
Hispanic
Asian
25 to 49 percent
minority enrollment
32
21
23
75 percent or more
minority enrollment
50 to 74 percent
minority enrollment
22
29
30
10
27
32
50
40
40
54
Less than 25 percent
minority enrollment
26
16
9
12
Pacific
Islander
American
Indian/
Alaska Native
Race/ethnicity
20
Two or
more races
NOTE: Data are for the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Minority students include students who were Black, Hispanic, Asian, Pacific Islander, American Indian/
Alaska Native, and of Two or more races. Data reflect racial/ethnic data reported by schools. Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity. Detail may not sum to
totals because of rounding. Although rounded numbers are displayed, the figures are based on unrounded data.
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common Core of Data (CCD), ¡°Public Elementary/Secondary School Universe Survey,¡±
2018¨C19. See Digest of Education Statistics 2020, table 216.50.
In fall 2018, about 31 percent of all public school students
attended schools where minority students4 comprised
at least 75 percent of the student population; this
represents an increase from the 27 percent of all public
school students who attended such schools in fall 2009.
Considering students from different racial/ethnic groups
separately, more than half of Hispanic (60 percent),
Black (59 percent), and Pacific Islander (54 percent)
students attended public schools in which the combined
enrollment of minority students was at least 75 percent
of total enrollment in fall 2018. In contrast, less than half
of American Indian/Alaska Native students (40 percent),
Asian students (39 percent), students of Two or more races
(21 percent), and White students (6 percent) attended such
schools.
The Condition of Education 2021 | 2
Chapter: 2/Preprimary, Elementary, and Secondary Education
Section: Elementary and Secondary Enrollment
Racial/Ethnic Enrollment in Public Schools
Figure 3. Percentage distribution of public elementary and secondary school students, by student¡¯s race/ethnicity and
percentage of own racial/ethnic group enrolled in the school: Fall 2018
Percent
100
3
90
80
24
12
1
17
7
13
18
25
32
20
16
25 to 49 percent
of own race/ethnicity
80
23
30
75 percent or more
of own race/ethnicity
50 to 74 percent
of own race/ethnicity
24
50
0
6
22
60
10
32
47
70
40
11
63
63
Less than 25 percent
of own race/ethnicity
33
21
6
White
Black
Hispanic
Asian
Pacific
Islander
Race/ethnicity
American
Indian/
Alaska Native
NOTE: Data are for the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Data for Two or more races are omitted from this figure; 99 percent of students of Two or more races were
enrolled in schools where less than 25 percent of the students were of their own race. Data reflect racial/ethnic data reported by schools. Race categories exclude persons
of Hispanic ethnicity. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding. Although rounded numbers are displayed, the figures are based on unrounded data.
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common Core of Data (CCD), ¡°Public Elementary/Secondary School Universe Survey,¡±
2018¨C19. See Digest of Education Statistics 2020, table 216.55.
As discussed in the preceding paragraph, minority
students disproportionally attended schools in which
the combined enrollment of minority students was at
least 75 percent of total enrollment in fall 2018. This does
not necessarily mean, however, that minority students
attended schools with many students of their own racial/
ethnic background. Students from less populous racial/
ethnic groups, in particular, were less likely to attend
schools with many peers of the same racial/ethnic group,
compared with students from more populous groups. In
fall 2018, some 47 percent of White students were enrolled
in public schools that were predominantly composed
of students of their own race (i.e., 75 percent or more
of enrollment was White), while 6 percent of White
students were enrolled in schools in which less than a
quarter of the students were White. About 24 percent of
Black students were enrolled in public schools that were
predominantly Black, while 33 percent of Black students
were enrolled in schools in which less than a quarter of
the students were Black. Similarly, 32 percent of Hispanic
students were enrolled in public schools that were
predominantly Hispanic, while 21 percent were enrolled in
schools in which less than a quarter of the students were
Hispanic. In comparison, lower percentages of students
who were American Indian/Alaska Native (17 percent),
Asian (3 percent), and Pacific Islander (1 percent) were
enrolled in public schools that were predominantly
composed of students of their own racial/ethnic group.
Instead, more than half of students of these races were
enrolled in public schools in which less than a quarter of
the students were of their own race.
The Condition of Education 2021 | 3
Chapter: 2/Preprimary, Elementary, and Secondary Education
Section: Elementary and Secondary Enrollment
Racial/Ethnic Enrollment in Public Schools
Endnotes:
1 Data in this indicator represent the 50 states and the District of
Columbia.
2 In fall 2009, students who were of Two or more races accounted
for 1 percent of public elementary and secondary enrollment,
and Pacific Islander students accounted for less than one half of
1 percent. However, for this year, data on these students were
reported by only a small number of states; therefore, the data are
not comparable with figures for fall 2018.
3 In fall 2009, state-level data on the racial/ethnic distribution of
public school enrollment were based on students for whom race/
Reference tables: Digest of Education Statistics 2020, tables
203.50, 203.70, 216.50, and 216.55; Digest of Education Statistics
2016, table 216.50; Digest of Education Statistics 2014, table 216.50;
Digest of Education Statistics 2011, table 44
ethnicity was reported, which may be less than the total number
of students in the state. However, in fall 2018, enrollment data for
students not reported by race/ethnicity were prorated by state to
match the state totals. Due to the different approaches to treating
students for whom race/ethnicity was not reported, use caution
when interpreting the state-level comparisons between fall 2009
and fall 2018.
4 Minority students include students who were Black, Hispanic,
Asian, Pacific Islander, American Indian/Alaska Native, and of
Two or more races.
Glossary: Elementary school; Enrollment; Public school or
institution; Racial/ethnic group; Secondary school
Related indicators and resources: Characteristics of Elementary
and Secondary Schools; Public Charter School Enrollment; Public
School Enrollment; Status and Trends in the Education of Racial and
Ethnic Groups
The Condition of Education 2021 | 4
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