Abstract - University of Manchester
Title: Minimally invasive epicardial surgical ablation alone vs. hybrid ablation for atrial fibrillation: A systematic review and meta-analysisBrief Title: Efficacy of epicardial vs. hybrid ablation for AFAuthors: Charles M Pearman PhD, MRCP a,cShi S Poon MBChB aLaura J Bonnett PhD dShouvik Haldar MD (Res), MRCP eTom Wong MD, FRCP eNeeraj Mediratta FRCS(CTh) bDhiraj Gupta MD, FRCP aAffiliations:(a) Department of Cardiology, Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Thomas Drive, Liverpool, L14 3PE(b) Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Thomas Drive, Liverpool, L14 3PE(c) Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, 3.30 Core Technology Facility, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester, M13 9XX(d) Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Block F Waterhouse Building, 1-5 Brownlow Street, Liverpool, L69 3GL(e) Heart Rhythm Centre, NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, Institute of Cardiovascular Medicine and Science, Imperial College London, United KingdomCorresponding author: Charles PearmanAddress for correspondence:Postal:Department of Cardiology, Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Thomas Drive, Liverpool, L14 3PEEmail:charles.pearman@manchester.ac.ukTelephone: +44 151 228 1616Fax: +44 151 600 1699Sources of funding:CP was supported by a Clinical Lectureship from the National Institute for Health Research. LB was supported by a Post-Doctoral Research Fellowship (PDF-2015-08-044) from the National Institute for Health Research. SH, TW and DG were supported by the National Institute of Health Research grant EME 12/127/127Relationship with industry:The authors declare that they have no relationships with industry or other relevant entities – financial or otherwise – within the past two years that might pose a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted article.Word count: 3,626 words excluding title page, abstract, tables, figure legends, and referencesAbstractBackgroundMaintaining sinus rhythm in patients with non-paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) is an elusive goal. Some suggest that hybrid ablation, combining minimally-invasive epicardial surgical ablation with endocardial catheter ablation, may be more effective than either modality alone. However, randomised trials are lacking. ObjectivesWe investigated whether hybrid ablation is more effective than epicardial ablation alone at preventing recurrent AF by performing a systematic review and meta-analysis.MethodsThe review was prospectively registered with PROSPERO (CRD42016043389). MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched for studies of standalone minimally invasive epicardial ablation of AF and/or hybrid ablation, identifying 41 non-overlapping studies comprising 2737 patients. A random-effects meta-analysis, meta-regression, and sensitivity analysis were performed.ResultsSingle-procedure survival free from atrial arrhythmias without antiarrhythmic drugs (AADs) was similar between epicardial-alone and hybrid approaches at 12 (epicardial-alone 71.5%, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 66.1-76.9%; hybrid 63.2%, CI 51.5-75.0%) and 24 months (epicardial-alone 68.5%, CI 57.7-79.3%; hybrid 57.0%, CI 33.6-80.4%). Freedom from atrial arrhythmias with AADs and rates of unplanned additional catheter ablations were also similar between groups. Major complications occurred more often with hybrid ablation (epicardial-alone 2.9%, CI 1.9-3.9%; hybrid 7.3%, CI 4.2-10.5%). Meta-regression suggested that bipolar radiofrequency energy and thoracoscopic access were associated with greater efficacy, but adjusting for these factors did not unmask any difference between epicardial-alone and hybrid ablation.ConclusionsHybrid and epicardial ablation alone appear to be equally effective treatments for AF, although hybrid ablation may be associated with higher complication rates. This data derived from observational studies should be verified with randomised data.Key wordsAtrial FibrillationAblationMinimally invasiveSurgicalHybridConvergentComplicationsTransdiaphragmaticMonopolarClinical perspectiveMaintenance of sinus rhythm is difficult to achieve in patients with persistent or longstanding persistent atrial fibrillation.Minimally invasive surgical ablation offers a 70% chance of freedom from atrial arrhythmias at 12 months, at the cost of a complication rate of 2-10% depending on the technique used.Hybrid ablation is no more effective than epicardial ablation alone but is associated with a higher rate of major complications.While left atrial appendage exclusion is associated with higher success rates, lesion sets more extensive than pulmonary vein isolation do not improve outcomes.Transdiaphragmatic access and monopolar energy source are associated with inferior outcomes.AbbreviationsAF = atrial fibrillationRCT = randomized controlled trialRF = radiofrequencyAADs = anti-arrhythmic drugsCI = confidence intervalOR = odds ratioIntroductionThe goal of arrhythmia eradication in atrial fibrillation (AF) continues to be elusive for cardiac electrophysiologists. 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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 2. In an attempt to address this, attention has turned back to the surgical ablation that preceded catheter-based approaches. While the initial open-chest Cox-MAZE procedure generated high success rates, the complexity and invasiveness of this procedure limited its widespread adoption. As surgical techniques evolved and the traditional cut-and-sew method of surgical ablation was replaced with device-based lesion formation, the complication rate substantially improvedPEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5KZTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTU8L1llYXI+PFJlY051
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 3. Aiming to preserve efficacy while reducing complication rates and recovery time, several minimally invasive surgical techniques have been described varying in access site, ablation energy source, and lesion set. These aims may not have been fully met, as a recent review found that that using modern techniques, a full Cox-Maze performed on cardiopulmonary bypass had an equally low complication rate as minimally invasive proceduresPEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5KZTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTU8L1llYXI+PFJlY051
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 7, although transmural lesions occur less frequently using monopolar RFPEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5TY2h1ZXNzbGVyPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAwOTwvWWVh
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 8. Furthermore, the left atrial appendage can be both physically and electrically isolated during surgical ablation, reducing the risk of thromboembolism and possibly recurrent arrhythmiasPEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5EaSBCaWFzZTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTY8L1llYXI+
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ZT4A
ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 9. The disadvantages of surgical ablation relate to difficulties accessing some regions of the atria (the cavotricuspid and mitral isthmuses, and the superior aspect of the pulmonary veins with a transdiaphragmatic approach). These regions are however, easily accessible by endocardial catheter ablation. To exploit the benefits of epicardial and endocardial ablation, some groups therefore advocate a ‘hybrid’PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5CdWxhdmE8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDE1PC9ZZWFyPjxS
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 11 approach and routinely combine these techniques.Despite the theoretical advantages of a hybrid approach, it is uncertain whether hybrid ablation is more effective than epicardial ablation alone in practice as no randomised controlled trials (RCTs) have addressed this question. While a single cohort study suggested that hybrid ablation was more effective ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Kiser</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>785</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">12</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>785</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="z02tsxz03vap5hefzw6pawzgxfvfwfz592dv" timestamp="1477016203">785</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kiser, A. C.</author><author>Landers, M. D.</author><author>Boyce, K.</author><author>Sinkovec, M.</author><author>Pernat, A.</author><author>Gersak, B.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7065, USA. andy_kiser@med.unc.edu</auth-address><titles><title>Simultaneous catheter and epicardial ablations enable a comprehensive atrial fibrillation procedure</title><secondary-title>Innovations (Phila)</secondary-title><alt-title>Innovations (Philadelphia, Pa.)</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Innovations (Phila)</full-title><abbr-1>Innovations (Philadelphia, Pa.)</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Innovations (Phila)</full-title><abbr-1>Innovations (Philadelphia, Pa.)</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>243-7</pages><volume>6</volume><number>4</number><edition>2012/03/23</edition><dates><year>2011</year><pub-dates><date>Jul</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1556-9845</isbn><accession-num>22437982</accession-num><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1097/IMI.0b013e31822ca15c</electronic-resource-num><remote-database-provider>NLM</remote-database-provider><language>Eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>12, two others did not find a differencePEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5LcnVsPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxNDwvWWVhcj48UmVj
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 13,14, potentially stemming from differences in the surgical techniques and lesions sets used.We asked whether, in patients with AF, the outcomes from hybrid ablation differ from those from minimally invasive surgical epicardial ablation alone with respect to freedom from atrial arrhythmias at 12 and 24 months, major complication rate, and need for additional unplanned catheter ablations. Due to the absence of RCTs, we addressed these questions by performing a systematic review and meta-analysis of all studies reporting the outcomes of these procedures.MethodsA comprehensive description of the methods used can be found in the supplemental materials. The PRISMA ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Moher</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>831</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">15</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>831</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="z02tsxz03vap5hefzw6pawzgxfvfwfz592dv" timestamp="1481640954">831</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Moher, D.</author><author>Liberati, A.</author><author>Tetzlaff, J.</author><author>Altman, D. G.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Ottawa Methods Centre, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. dmoher@ohri.ca</auth-address><titles><title>Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement</title><secondary-title>PLoS Med</secondary-title><alt-title>PLoS medicine</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>PLoS Med</full-title><abbr-1>PLoS medicine</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>PLoS Med</full-title><abbr-1>PLoS medicine</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>e1000097</pages><volume>6</volume><number>7</number><edition>2009/07/22</edition><keywords><keyword>Evidence-Based Practice/standards</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>*Meta-Analysis as Topic</keyword><keyword>Periodicals as Topic/standards</keyword><keyword>Publication Bias</keyword><keyword>Publishing/*standards</keyword><keyword>Quality Control</keyword><keyword>*Review Literature as Topic</keyword><keyword>*Terminology as Topic</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2009</year><pub-dates><date>Jul 21</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1549-1277</isbn><accession-num>19621072</accession-num><urls></urls><custom2>PMC2707599</custom2><electronic-resource-num>10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097</electronic-resource-num><remote-database-provider>NLM</remote-database-provider><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>15 and MOOSE ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Stroup</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>842</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">16</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>842</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="z02tsxz03vap5hefzw6pawzgxfvfwfz592dv" timestamp="1483469670">842</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Stroup, D. F.</author><author>Berlin, J. A.</author><author>Morton, S. C.</author><author>Olkin, I.</author><author>Williamson, G. D.</author><author>Rennie, D.</author><author>Moher, D.</author><author>Becker, B. J.</author><author>Sipe, T. A.</author><author>Thacker, S. B.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA. dfs2@</auth-address><titles><title>Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: a proposal for reporting. Meta-analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) group</title><secondary-title>Jama</secondary-title><alt-title>Jama</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JAMA</full-title><abbr-1>JAMA : the journal of the American Medical Association</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>JAMA</full-title><abbr-1>JAMA : the journal of the American Medical Association</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>2008-12</pages><volume>283</volume><number>15</number><edition>2000/05/02</edition><keywords><keyword>Epidemiology</keyword><keyword>*Meta-Analysis as Topic</keyword><keyword>Observation</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2000</year><pub-dates><date>Apr 19</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0098-7484 (Print)
0098-7484</isbn><accession-num>10789670</accession-num><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>NLM</remote-database-provider><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>16 guidelines for reporting meta-analyses were followed. A protocol for the meta-analysis was prospectively recorded in the PROSPERO registry (CRD42016043389).Search strategyRelevant studies were identified by interrogating the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases including studies from the start of records to 1st November 2016. Additional studies were identified by scanning reference lists of included studies and existing reviews. The search strategy can be found in Figure 1. Shortlisted papers and reasons for exclusion can be found in the Supplemental Materials.Outcome measuresThe pre-specified primary outcome was survival free from any atrial arrhythmia (AF, typical or atypical atrial flutter, left or right atrial tachycardia) without antiarrhythmic drugs (AADs) at 12 and 24 months. Secondary outcomes included survival free from any atrial arrhythmias with or without AADs, survival free from AF with or without AADs, need for repeat catheter ablation, and rate of major complications. Eligibility and exclusion criteriaRCTs, cohort studies and case series published in peer-reviewed journals including at least one cohort of ≥10 patients undergoing minimally invasive epicardial ablation of AF using radiofrequency energy were eligible for inclusion. Studies were excluded if patients underwent concomitant cardiac surgery or routine sternotomy, used non-radiofrequency energy sources, were not published as full-text articles, or contained patients overlapping an already included study. Studies in which the planned treatment was a combination of minimally invasive surgical ablation with endocardial catheter ablation, and in which both aspects of the ablation were completed in >75% of patients, were included in the ‘hybrid’ group. The endocardial ablation could be performed either simultaneously with the epicardial ablation or as a staged procedure up to three months later, as no difference in outcome has been shown between simultaneous and staged hybrid ablation ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Richardson</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>734</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">17</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>734</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="z02tsxz03vap5hefzw6pawzgxfvfwfz592dv" timestamp="1476937700">734</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Richardson, T. D.</author><author>Shoemaker, M. B.</author><author>Whalen, S. P.</author><author>Hoff, S. J.</author><author>Ellis, C. R.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
Division of Cardiology, Wake Forest Baptist Health, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.
Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Orlando Health, Orlando, Florida, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Staged versus Simultaneous Thoracoscopic Hybrid Ablation for Persistent Atrial Fibrillation Does Not Affect Time to Recurrence of Atrial Arrhythmia</title><secondary-title>J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol</secondary-title><alt-title>Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol</full-title><abbr-1>Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol</full-title><abbr-1>Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>428-34</pages><volume>27</volume><number>4</number><edition>2016/01/05</edition><keywords><keyword>atrial arrhythmias</keyword><keyword>atrial fibrillation</keyword><keyword>catheter ablation</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2016</year><pub-dates><date>Apr</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1045-3873</isbn><accession-num>26725742</accession-num><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1111/jce.12906</electronic-resource-num><remote-database-provider>NLM</remote-database-provider><language>Eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>17. Studies in which catheter ablation was not performed routinely but was performed ad hoc in cases of recurrent arrhythmia were included in the ‘epicardial only’ group. Studies that fell into neither of these categories were excluded.Statistical methodsData analysis was performed by a statistician (LB). Based on the sampling frame which comprises diverse populations of patients, pooled estimates were obtained for each outcome for epicardial-alone and hybrid ablation via the DerSimonian and Laird method using a random-effects model. Differences between epicardial-alone and hybrid ablations were judged to be different if 95% confidence intervals for the respective pooled estimates did not overlap ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Higgins</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>833</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">18</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>833</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="z02tsxz03vap5hefzw6pawzgxfvfwfz592dv" timestamp="1481641518">833</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Higgins, J.P.T.</author><author>Green, S.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions</title></titles><dates><year>2008</year></dates><publisher>Wiley</publisher><isbn>9780470712177</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>. Baseline demographics were compared using two-tailed T-tests for normally distributed continuous data and Chi-squared tests for categorical data. Meta-regression was used to examine the impact of several clinical covariates on the effect size of both primary outcomes. Study quality and risk of bias within studies were assessed using a modified version of published criteriaPEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5DaGFtYmVyczwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMDk8L1llYXI+
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 1,19 for measuring the quality of case series (Supplemental Table 3). Risk of publication bias across studies was assessed using Funnel plots and Eggers’ test ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Higgins</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>833</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">18</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>833</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="z02tsxz03vap5hefzw6pawzgxfvfwfz592dv" timestamp="1481641518">833</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Higgins, J.P.T.</author><author>Green, S.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions</title></titles><dates><year>2008</year></dates><publisher>Wiley</publisher><isbn>9780470712177</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>. Analyses were performed using R version 3.2.3 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Team</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>840</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">20</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>840</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="z02tsxz03vap5hefzw6pawzgxfvfwfz592dv" timestamp="1483452785">840</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>R Core Team</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing</title></titles><dates><year>2016</year></dates><pub-location>Vienna, Austria</pub-location><publisher>R Foundation for Statistical Computing</publisher><urls><related-urls><url>. ResultsThe search strategy detailed above generated 1636 abstracts (Figure 1). 41 studies containing a total of 2737 patients met the inclusion criteria (median patients per study 52, range 12-240). The commonest reason for excluding studies was overlapping patient cohorts (Supplemental Table 4). Five RCTs and two cohort studies compared minimally invasive surgical ablation against another treatment (catheter ablationPEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Cb2Vyc21hPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxMjwvWWVhcj48
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 26 (n=1), immediate vs. delayed hybrid ablation ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Richardson</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>734</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">17</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>734</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="z02tsxz03vap5hefzw6pawzgxfvfwfz592dv" timestamp="1476937700">734</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Richardson, T. D.</author><author>Shoemaker, M. B.</author><author>Whalen, S. P.</author><author>Hoff, S. J.</author><author>Ellis, C. R.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
Division of Cardiology, Wake Forest Baptist Health, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.
Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Orlando Health, Orlando, Florida, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Staged versus Simultaneous Thoracoscopic Hybrid Ablation for Persistent Atrial Fibrillation Does Not Affect Time to Recurrence of Atrial Arrhythmia</title><secondary-title>J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol</secondary-title><alt-title>Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol</full-title><abbr-1>Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol</full-title><abbr-1>Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>428-34</pages><volume>27</volume><number>4</number><edition>2016/01/05</edition><keywords><keyword>atrial arrhythmias</keyword><keyword>atrial fibrillation</keyword><keyword>catheter ablation</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2016</year><pub-dates><date>Apr</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1045-3873</isbn><accession-num>26725742</accession-num><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1111/jce.12906</electronic-resource-num><remote-database-provider>NLM</remote-database-provider><language>Eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>17 (n=1); in these studies the two arms were combined to form a single case series for the primary analysis but treated as separate series for the meta-regression where appropriate. One cohort study compared hybrid with epicardial-alone ablationPEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5LcnVsPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxNDwvWWVhcj48UmVj
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 13 and in this study the two arms treated as separate case series. 30 studies were single-arm case series. 41 studies therefore yielded 42 case bined, the demographics of the patients included in the studies of epicardial ablation alone were broadly similar to those included in the studies of hybrid ablation (Table 1). However, studies of hybrid ablation included patients with greater left atrial diameters, a greater proportion of patients with longstanding persistent AF and correspondingly fewer patients with paroxysmal AF. These discrepancies were addressed and adjusted for in sensitivity analyses.Clinical outcomesStudies showed heterogeneity across all outcomes and therefore a random-effects model was used. The pooled estimates for the pre-specified primary outcome of survival free from any atrial arrhythmias without AADs showed marked heterogeneity, but were similar between epicardial-alone and hybrid approaches at 12 months (epicardial-alone 71.5%, CI 66.1-76.9%, I2 86%; hybrid 63.2%, CI 51.5%-75.0%, I2 89%; Figure 2A) and 24 months (epicardial-alone 68.5%, CI 57.7-79.3%, I2 87%; hybrid 57.0%, CI 33.6-80.4%, I2 92%; Figure 2B).Survival free from any atrial arrhythmias with or without AADs was also similar at 12 months (epicardial-alone 78.4%, CI 72.9-83.9%, I2 87%; hybrid 76.9% CI 66.6-87.3%, I2 90%, Supplemental Figure 1) and 24 months (epicardial-alone 77.1%, CI 67.5-86.6%, I2 82%; hybrid 65.2%, CI 39.0-91.4%, I2 95%, Supplemental Figure 2), as was AF-free survival with or without AADs at 12 months (epicardial-alone 77.4%, CI 64.3-90.6%, I2 87%; hybrid 90%, CI 83.0-97.1%, I2 90%, Supplemental Figure 3) and 24 months (epicardial-alone 87.2%, CI 81.2-93.3%, I2 0%; hybrid 93.1%, CI 87.2-99%, I2 0%, Supplemental Figure 4).The rate of major complications defined as a composite of death, stroke/TIA, major bleeding, pericardial effusion requiring drainage, atrio-oesophageal fistula, and sternotomy showed somewhat narrower heterogeneity than the primary outcome, and was significantly higher in the hybrid ablation group (epicardial-alone 2.8%, CI 1.8-3.9%, I2 52%; hybrid 7.3%, CI 4.2-10.5%, I2 54%, Supplemental Figure 5, Supplemental Table 7). Similar numbers of additional unplanned catheter ablations were performed in each group (epicardial-alone 7.2%, CI 4.9-9.6%, I2 51%; hybrid 7.1%, CI 2.8-11.4%, I2?81%, Supplemental Figure 6). Meta-regressionWe next explored possible causes for the marked heterogeneity in reported success rates by performing a univariable meta-regression on the primary outcome (Table 2).Studies using monopolar RF reported lower success rates than those using bipolar RF (odds ratio (OR) 0.79, CI 0.70-0.88 at 12 months). Lower success rates were also seen when transdiaphragmatic access was compared to thoracoscopic access (OR?0.72, CI 0.61-0.86 at 12 months).We investigated the surgical techniques used by grouping studies according to primary lesion set (PVI, PVI and box lesion, PVI and box lesion and RA ablation), ganglionic plexus ablation, left atrial appendage exclusion, and whether conduction block was verified. Studies in which >50% of participants underwent left atrial appendage exclusion reported higher success rates (OR 1.15, 1.04-1.27 at 12 months). Neither the proportion of participants with paroxysmal AF nor the duration of ambulatory monitoring in the first 12 months were associated with the primary outcome.We also performed a metaregression on the major complication rate (Table 1). Higher rates of major complications were associated with hybrid ablation (OR 1.03, 1.01-1.05), transdiaphragmatic access (OR 1.05, 1.00-1.11), more extensive lesion sets (OR 1.04, 1.02-1.06 for PVI alone vs. PVI and box lesion and RA ablation), and left atrial appendage exclusion (OR 1.03. 1.01-1.05). Sensitivity analysisAs our primary analysis suggested that hybrid ablation was no more effective than epicardial ablation alone, we next performed sensitivity analyses to assess the robustness of our conclusions (Supplemental Table 8).We first addressed the disparity in demographics by performing a sensitivity analysis including only studies in which no more than 20% of participants had paroxysmal AF, a value which in our experience is representative of the case mix of thoracoscopic ablation in the UK ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Pearman</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>852</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">27</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>852</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="z02tsxz03vap5hefzw6pawzgxfvfwfz592dv" timestamp="1509374925">852</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>C.M. Pearman </author><author>D. Todd </author><author>R. King </author><author>M. Hall </author><author>S. Modi </author><author>N. Mediratta </author><author>D. Gupta </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The Procedural Complication Rates and Short-term Success Rates of Thoracoscopic AF Ablation during the Institutional Learning Curve</title><secondary-title>EP Europace</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>EP Europace</full-title></periodical><pages>ii13-ii17</pages><volume>18</volume><number>suppl_2</number><dates><year>2016</year></dates><isbn>1099-5129</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>. This analysis removed all demographic differences including the proportion of participants with paroxysmal AF (epicardial-alone 1.8%, CI 0-6.8%, hybrid 3.3% CI 0-9.1%, p=0.55) and mean left atrial diameter (epicardial-alone 49.3mm, CI 44.5-54.1mm, hybrid 49.1mm, CI 46.7-51.7, p=0.88). This analysis did not unmask any differences between groups (epicardial-alone 73%, CI 62-85%; hybrid 63%, CI 51%-76%). We also used this sensitivity analysis to reassess the meta-regression. Lesion sets more extensive than pulmonary vein isolation were not associated with higher success rates (OR 0.99, 0.77-1.23) even in studies including predominantly persistent AF, and continued to be associated with higher complication rates (OR 1.05, 1.00-1.11). As access site and energy source were each associated with success, we assessed the effect of including only studies that used thoracoscopic access and bipolar RF. Despite this, no difference was seen in the primary outcome at 12 months (epicardial-alone 73%, CI 67-79%; hybrid 75%, CI 65%-85%). While many studies defined success according to ACC/AHA/ESC guidelines, some used weaker definitions such as point prevalence of AF. Furthermore, some studies performed prolonged periods of ambulatory monitoring or implantable loop recorders while others performed little or none. 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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 28 did not reveal any differences in the primary outcome (epicardial-alone 74%, CI 68-81%; hybrid 62%, CI 47%-78%), neither did including only studies in which participants underwent >7 days of ambulatory monitoring (epicardial-alone 75%, CI 67-84%; hybrid 61%, CI 45%-77%). Similar results were seen in outcomes at 24 months (Supplemental Table 9). Having found that a hybrid ablation strategy was associated with higher rates of major complications, we assessed the validity of our statistical methods by adjusting the fixed value added to series with zero events. Hybrid ablation was associated with increased complications rates without overlap of confidence intervals at a range of added fixed values from 0.05 to 1. When we assessed the complication rate including only studies employing the most effective technique of thoracoscopic access and bipolar RF the magnitude of difference in complication rate was similar but the lower statistical power rendered the difference non-significant (epicardial-alone 2.8%, CI 1.5-4.1%; hybrid 6.6%, CI 3.2%-10.0%).Study quality and risk of biasStudies were generally of variable quality (Figure 3A). While 6/41 studies met all 8 quality assessment criteria, 23 passed 5-7 criteria. 13 studies met 4 or fewer criteria. 13/41 studies reported detailed inclusion and exclusion criteria. 20/41 studies were unrepresentative of usual practice, including large proportions of participants with paroxysmal AF. 37/41 studies defined outcomes adequately. 28/41 studies reported and explained loss to follow up, and in 8/41 studies >10% of patients were lost to follow up. Only 17/41 studies recruited prospectively and 30/41 recruited consecutive patients. 39/41 studies reported relevant prognostic factors.Funnel plots and Egger’s test were used to assess the risk of publication bias. For studies of epicardial ablation alone, Egger’s test suggested a risk of publication bias, although visual assessment of the Funnel plot was not unduly concerning (Figure 3B). For studies of hybrid ablation, the risk of publication bias was low (Figure 3C).The numbers of studies meeting all quality inclusion criteria were too small to permit meaningful comparisons between groups. DiscussionThe main findings are that: (1) minimally invasive surgical epicardial ablation and hybrid ablation of AF are both effective. (2) Success rates are similar between these groups. (3) Hybrid ablation is associated with higher rates of major complications. (4) Monopolar RF and transdiaphragmatic access are associated with lower success rates. (5) With the exception of left atrial appendage exclusion, lesion sets that were more extensive than pulmonary vein isolation are not associated with higher success rates.Hybrid and epicardial-alone ablation are both effective preventing recurrent AF.Similar to previous reviews of minimally invasive surgical ablation of AF, we found that both hybrid and epicardial-alone approaches are effectivePEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5HZWxzb21pbm88L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDE0PC9ZZWFy
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 3,29, although our estimates of success of 72% and 63% at 12 months and 69% and 57% at 24 months for epicardial-alone and hybrid strategies respectively are more conservative than some previous reviews. Different estimates could arise for several reasons. Firstly, many studies report outcomes at last follow up. Although mean follow up in these groups may exceed 12 months, inclusion of patients with shorter follow up is likely to overestimate success rates. We have reported data at specific timepoints to minimise this bias. We took great care to only include non-overlapping studies, reducing the risk of bias arising from including duplicate patients from successful high-volume centres. We also included deceased patients in the follow up denominators for all studies even if these patients were excluded from the headline figure in the original manuscripts.Hybrid ablation offers little advantage over epicardial ablation alone and is associated with higher complication ratesHybrid ablation did not offer higher success rates at 12 or 24 months. No differences were seen when all studies were included or when the disparities in operative technique, patient demographics, definitions of success, or duration of ambulatory monitoring were controlled for in sensitivity analyses. Furthermore, even though all patients receiving hybrid ablation underwent at least one catheter ablation, the need for additional catheter ablations beyond the planned procedure did not decrease with a hybrid strategy. While no significant difference was seen between groups, the numerically lower success rates seen in the hybrid group appear to have been driven by those studies which employed transdiaphragmatic access and monopolar RF. Metaregression identified transdiaphragmatic access and monopolar RF as being predictive of lower success. In addition, the sensitivity analysis excluding studies which used these techniques showed near-identical success rates between hybrid and epicardial-alone ablation. Whilst failing to provide a clinical benefit, hybrid ablation was associated with more major complications. The difference in complications was largely driven by more patients suffering from major bleeding and pericardial effusions requiring drainage, as expected from the additional vascular access and trans-septal puncture obligated by hybrid ablation. This finding is in keeping with a previous systematic reviewPEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5KZTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTU8L1llYXI+PFJlY051
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 25 showing that that the addition of ganglionic plexus ablation to surgical pulmonary vein isolation did not improve outcomes. These findings were consistent across the primary analysis and within a sensitivity analysis minimising the inclusion of patients with paroxysmal AF.Isolation of the left atrial appendage was associated with greater success at 12 months. Although a similar effect size was found at 24 months, a significant difference was not seen at this timepoint. This uncertainty reflects the controversy in the existing literature. While the BELIEF trialPEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5EaSBCaWFzZTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTY8L1llYXI+
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 26 found no benefit to LAA ligation during surgical ablation.LimitationsThis meta-analysis is based on case series and therefore is at greater risk of bias than randomised data. Furthermore, the majority of studies were graded only moderate in quality. However, we believe that our approach is valid as randomised data are not currently available to answer this question. Moreover, prior meta-analyses of case series in the field of ablation for AF have given results consistent with RCTs ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Chambers</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>832</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">19</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>832</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="z02tsxz03vap5hefzw6pawzgxfvfwfz592dv" timestamp="1481641374">832</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Chambers, D.</author><author>Rodgers, M.</author><author>Woolacott, N.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, UK. dc510@york.ac.uk</auth-address><titles><title>Not only randomized controlled trials, but also case series should be considered in systematic reviews of rapidly developing technologies</title><secondary-title>J Clin Epidemiol</secondary-title><alt-title>Journal of clinical epidemiology</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Clin Epidemiol</full-title><abbr-1>Journal of clinical epidemiology</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>J Clin Epidemiol</full-title><abbr-1>Journal of clinical epidemiology</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>1253-1260.e4</pages><volume>62</volume><number>12</number><edition>2009/04/08</edition><keywords><keyword>Atrial Fibrillation/surgery</keyword><keyword>Catheter Ablation/adverse effects</keyword><keyword>Evidence-Based Medicine/methods</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Quality Assurance, Health Care/methods</keyword><keyword>*Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic</keyword><keyword>*Review Literature as Topic</keyword><keyword>Technology Assessment, Biomedical/*methods</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2009</year><pub-dates><date>Dec</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0895-4356</isbn><accession-num>19349144</accession-num><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.jclinepi.2008.12.010</electronic-resource-num><remote-database-provider>NLM</remote-database-provider><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>19. As the data were not sourced from RCTs there are inevitable differences in the demographics between study groups. Hybrid studies included more patients with longstanding persistent AF which may underestimate the relative efficacy of hybrid ablation. However, controlling for these differences using a sensitivity analysis including only studies in which <20% of patients had paroxysmal AF abolished all differences in baseline demographics without revealing any differences in success rates. Despite this, it is possible that residual unmeasured confounders remain, potentially leaving the the hybrid ablation group with a patient cohort with more advanced disease and hiding a true benefit from this procedure.While the mandate for surgical ablation of AF is greatest in patients with longstanding persistent AF, our pre-specified primary analysis also included studies with a high prevalence of paroxysmal AF, potentially overestimating the success rates of surgical ablation. However, the sensitivity analysis including only studies with <20% paroxysmal AF showed that success rates were similar to those when all studies were included. The definition of minimally invasive surgery used here included access via thoracoscopy, transdiaphragmatic pericardioscopy and mini-thoracotomy. While some argue that mini-thoracotomy is not minimally invasive, lengths of stay and rates of complications were similar between these three methods (Supplemental Table 9) suggesting that mini-thoractomy is no more invasive than other modes of plication reporting was highly variable, and underreporting of complications may have been present. To reduce the risk that underreporting might influence a comparison between groups, the definition of major complications used here was relatively narrow, including only the complications most likely to be reported. As a result, the true incidence of complications using a broader definition such as the Ottawa Thoracic Morbidity and Mortality classification systemPEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5TZWVseTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTA8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA 31 may be higher.ConclusionsMinimally invasive surgical ablation offers a chance of freedom from the potentially disabling symptoms of AF, at least in the medium term. Epicardial ablation alone appears to be as effective as hybrid ablation and may be associated with fewer complications, although complications may have been underreported in some case series. The highest success rates are associated with thoracoscopic ablation using bipolar radiofrequency energy including isolation of the left atrial appendage. These analyses, based upon data predominantly from case series of generally moderate quality, need to be verified with randomised trials.References ADDIN EN.REFLIST 1.Wynn GJ, Das M, Bonnett LJ, Panikker S, Wong T, Gupta D. Efficacy of catheter ablation for persistent atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of evidence from randomized and nonrandomized controlled trials. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2014;7(5):841-852.2.Brooks AG, Stiles MK, Laborderie J, et al. Outcomes of long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation ablation: a systematic review. Heart Rhythm. 2010;7(6):835-846.3.Je HG, Shuman DJ, Ad N. A systematic review of minimally invasive surgical treatment for atrial fibrillation: a comparison of the Cox-Maze procedure, beating-heart epicardial ablation, and the hybrid procedure on safety and efficacy. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2015;48(4):531-540; discussion 540-531.4.Boersma LV, Castella M, van Boven W, et al. Atrial fibrillation catheter ablation versus surgical ablation treatment (FAST): a 2-center randomized clinical trial. Circulation. 2012;125(1):23-30.5.Wang S, Liu L, Zou C. Comparative study of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery ablation and radiofrequency catheter ablation on treating paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: a randomized, controlled short-term trial. Chin Med J (Engl). 2014;127(14):2567-2570.6.Pokushalov E, Romanov A, Elesin D, et al. Catheter versus surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation after a failed initial pulmonary vein isolation procedure: a randomized controlled trial. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2013;24(12):1338-1343.7.Voeller RK, Zierer A, Lall SC, Sakamoto S, Schuessler RB, Damiano RJ, Jr. Efficacy of a novel bipolar radiofrequency ablation device on the beating heart for atrial fibrillation ablation: a long-term porcine study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2010;140(1):203-208.8.Schuessler RB, Lee AM, Melby SJ, et al. Animal studies of epicardial atrial ablation. Heart Rhythm. 2009;6(12 Suppl):S41-45.9.Di Biase L, Burkhardt JD, Mohanty P, et al. Left Atrial Appendage Isolation in Patients With Longstanding Persistent AF Undergoing Catheter Ablation: BELIEF Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;68(18):1929-1940.10.Bulava A, Mokracek A, Hanis J, Kurfirst V, Eisenberger M, Pesl L. Sequential hybrid procedure for persistent atrial fibrillation. J Am Heart Assoc. 2015;4(3):e001754.11.Gersak B, Zembala MO, Muller D, et al. European experience of the convergent atrial fibrillation procedure: multicenter outcomes in consecutive patients. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2014;147(4):1411-1416.12.Kiser AC, Landers MD, Boyce K, Sinkovec M, Pernat A, Gersak B. Simultaneous catheter and epicardial ablations enable a comprehensive atrial fibrillation procedure. Innovations (Phila). 2011;6(4):243-247.13.Krul SP, Pison L, La Meir M, et al. Epicardial and endocardial electrophysiological guided thoracoscopic surgery for atrial fibrillation: a multidisciplinary approach of atrial fibrillation ablation in challenging patients. Int J Cardiol. 2014;173(2):229-235.14.La Meir M, Gelsomino S, Luca F, et al. Minimally invasive surgical treatment of lone atrial fibrillation: early results of hybrid versus standard minimally invasive approach employing radiofrequency sources. Int J Cardiol. 2013;167(4):1469-1475.15.Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med. 2009;6(7):e1000097.16.Stroup DF, Berlin JA, Morton SC, et al. Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: a proposal for reporting. Meta-analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) group. Jama. 2000;283(15):2008-2012.17.Richardson TD, Shoemaker MB, Whalen SP, Hoff SJ, Ellis CR. Staged versus Simultaneous Thoracoscopic Hybrid Ablation for Persistent Atrial Fibrillation Does Not Affect Time to Recurrence of Atrial Arrhythmia. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2016;27(4):428-434.18.Higgins JPT, Green S. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Wiley; 2008.19.Chambers D, Rodgers M, Woolacott N. Not only randomized controlled trials, but also case series should be considered in systematic reviews of rapidly developing technologies. J Clin Epidemiol. 2009;62(12):1253-1260.e1254.20.Team RC. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. 2016; S, LaPar DJ, Kamath S, et al. Initial experience of sequential surgical epicardial-catheter endocardial ablation for persistent and long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation with long-term follow-up. Ann Thorac Surg. 2011;91(6):1890-1898.22.Beaver TM, Hedna VS, Khanna AY, et al. Thoracoscopic Ablation With Appendage Ligation Versus Medical Therapy for Stroke Prevention: A Proof-of-Concept Randomized Trial. Innovations (Phila). 2016;11(2):99-105.23.Fengsrud E, Wickbom A, Almroth H, Englund A, Ahlsson A. Total endoscopic ablation of patients with long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation: a randomized controlled study. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2016;23(2):292-298.24.Gersak B, Kiser AC, Bartus K, et al. Importance of evaluating conduction block in radiofrequency ablation for atrial fibrillation. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2012;41(1):113-118.25.Driessen AH, Berger WR, Krul SP, et al. Ganglion Plexus Ablation in Advanced Atrial Fibrillation: The AFACT Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;68(11):1155-1165.26.Romanov A, Pokushalov E, Elesin D, et al. Effect of left atrial appendage excision on procedure outcome in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation undergoing surgical ablation. Heart Rhythm. 2016;13(9):1803-1809.27.Pearman CM, Todd D, King R, et al. The Procedural Complication Rates and Short-term Success Rates of Thoracoscopic AF Ablation during the Institutional Learning Curve. EP Europace. 2016;18(suppl_2):ii13-ii17.28.Fuster V, Ryden LE, Cannom DS, et al. 2011 ACCF/AHA/HRS focused updates incorporated into the ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57(11):e101-198.29.Gelsomino S, Van Breugel HN, Pison L, et al. Hybrid thoracoscopic and transvenous catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2014;45(3):401-407.30.La Meir M, Gelsomino S, Luca F, et al. Minimally invasive thoracoscopic hybrid treatment of lone atrial fibrillation: early results of monopolar versus bipolar radiofrequency source. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2012;14(4):445-450.31.Seely AJ, Ivanovic J, Threader J, et al. Systematic classification of morbidity and mortality after thoracic surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2010;90(3):936-942; discussion 942.Figure LegendsFigure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 1 – Study selection diagram. See Supplemental Table 4 for details of all excluded full text articles.Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 2 – Forest plot showing the primary outcome of atrial arrhythmia-free survival without antiarrhythmic drugs at A 12 and B 24 months. Supplemental references 64-104 * additional data obtained following personal communication with authors ? Outcome adjusted to include deceased patients ? Reported as outcome at 13 months. AADs – antiarrhythmic drugs. Figure SEQ Figure \* ARABIC 3- Assessment of study quality and risk of bias. A Study quality assessment. Green boxes indicate that this study passed this criterion, red boxes indicate failure. B Funnel plot of studies of epicardial ablation alone. C Funnel plot of studies of hybrid ablation. P-values refer to Egger’s test of likelihood of publication bias.TablesTable 1DemographicMean (SD)Epicardial alone(30 series,2132 patients)Hybrid(12 series,605 patients)Difference(P-value)Age (years)59.1 (4.1)60.5 (2.9)0.22Gender (%)69.6 (11.6)76.5 (13.8)0.16LA diameter (mm)46.0 (4.2)48.7 (2.8)0.02LV ejection fraction (%)56.6 (4.4)54.4 (4.8)0.24BMI (kg/m2)28.6 (3.0)29.7 (2.1)0.35CHADS score1.2 (1.0)1.2 (0.2)0.80Prior catheter ablation (%)28.6 (25.9)28.7 (33.4)0.99Paroxysmal AF (%)43.6 (33.3)9.3 (16.1)<0.001Persistent AF (%)30.0 (28.6)35.7 (30.0)0.58Longstanding persistent AF (%)26.4 (37.3)55.2 (34.7)0.03Duration of AF (years)5.0 (2.1)5.0 (1.3)0.99Table SEQ Table \* ARABIC 1 – Demographics of patients included in studiesTable 212 month successMajor ComplicationsOdds ratio (95% CIs)P-valueOdds ratio (95% CIs)P-valueProcedure ?? Epicardial alone11 Hybrid0.92 (0.84,1.02)0.141.03 (1.01,1.05)0.01Access?? Thoracoscopic11 Mini-thoracotomy0.92 (0.82,1.04)0.190.99 (0.97,1.01)0.51 Transdiaphragmatic0.72 (0.61,0.86)<0.0011.05 (1.00,1.11)0.04 Mixed0.99 (0.80,1.23)0.91.04 (0.98,1.10)0.09Energy Source?? Bipolar11 Monopolar0.79 (0.70,0.88)<0.0011.02 (0.98,1.06)0.18 Mixed0.99 (0.74,1.33)0.951.38 (1.11,1.71)<0.001Lesion set category?? PVI only11 PVI + LA Box lesion 1.01 (0.90,1.14)0.81 (0.98,1.02)0.86 PVI + LA Box + RA ablation 0.97 (0.86,1.09)0.591.04 (1.02,1.06)<0.001Ganglionic plexus ablation?? False11 True1.06 (0.96,1.17)0.210.99 (0.97,1.01)0.4Left atrial appendage exclusion?? False11 True1.15 (1.04,1.27)0.011.03 (1.01,1.05)0.02Conduction block checked?? False11 True1.02 (0.87,1.19)0.781 (0.96,1.04)0.84Duration of ambulatory monitoring ?? < 48 hours1148??? hours – 7 days0.98 (0.84,1.15)0.811.01 (0.97,1.05)0.43 > 7 days0.99 (0.85,1.16)0.951.02 (0.98,1.06)0.33Prevalence of paroxysmal AF1.03 (0.92,1.16)0.630.98 (0.96,1.00)0.1Table SEQ Table \* ARABIC 2 - Meta-regression. CI – confidence intervals, PVI – pulmonary vein isolation, LA – left atrial, RA – right atrial.Figure 1Figure 2Figure 3 ................
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