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Carolina MoralesCarolina SanchezJason HarrisJuan SalcedoBiosphere reviewKQ1a: What are the major abiotic and biotic factors, which drive and influence the distribution of different ecosystems? The Biotic and abiotic factors which control the distribution of the worlds major biomes Desert- Scorpions, coyotes, snakes, spiders, lizard, and cacti are just a few of the biotic factors. One of abiotic factors is the sand. Taiga- Black bear, bald eagle, red fox, balsam Fir, eastern red cedar are all biotic factors. Abiotic factors are sunlight, water, soil, temperatureTundra-Abiotic Factors are precipitation, temperature, permafrost, wind. Biotic Factors are Low Shrubs (sedges, reindeer mosses, liverworts, and grasses), Crustose and Foliose Lichen, Herbivores (lemmings, voles, caribou), Carnivores (arctic foxes, wolves, polar bears), Migratory Birds (ravens, snow buntings, falcons, loons), Insects (mosquitoes, flies, moths, grasshoppers), Fish (cod, flatfish, salmon). Rainforest- Biotic factors are any living things in an environment. The tropical rainforest is full of life with approximately 15 million different species of animals. A few examples of the many biotic feature are the rubber and bamboo trees, sloths, anteaters, poison dart frogs, lemurs, bromeliads, etc. Abiotic factors of the rainforest include soil, water, rocks, light, and climate.A survey of the global system followed by a study of the distribution of the following biomes:Tropical Rain Forest- two seasons: wet and dry, lie near the equator, 12 hours of daylight, temperatures varies very little throughout the year, 20-25 degrees C, annual rainfall exceeds 2 meters, South America & North America, 5 layersMonsoon rain forest- Southeast Asia, India, South America, Southwest Australia, 60 degrees Farenheit, 350 cm rainfall, shorter trees than tropical rainforest, three layersTropical savannah- found in warm or hot climates, annual rainfall is from about 50.8 to 127 cm, is a grassland with scattered individual trees, fires maintain an area as a savanna, climate is the most important factor in creating savannaDesert- cover about 1/5 of the Earth’s surface, rainfall is less than 50 cm a year, most deserts have a considerable amount of specialized vegetation, as well as specialized vertebrate and invertebrate animalsTemperate deciduous- These forest are characterized by trees that experience four seasons. The trees lose their leaves each fall and then grow them back during the spring. Location- They are found in the Eastern United States, Canada, Europe, and parts of China and Japan. High latitude tundra- This biome is unique due to its permafrost. Permafrost is a thick layer of soil that remains frozen year round. The tundra can be found in Siberia, central Asia, Canada, Central Alaska, and the arctic.The two contrasting case studies should be chosen from these. Whilst a biome can be considered a global scale ecosystem, ecosystems occur on a variety of scales within broad vegetation zones.Photosynthesis:Its requirements and processPhotosynthesis and different wavelengthsThe influence of light intensity and rainfall on plant productivityKQ1b: What are the main components and characteristics of ecosystems and how are they structured?The characteristics of ecosystems in terms of their biotic and abiotic components:Tropical rainforestSoil- poor and acidic, decomposition is rapid, subject to heavy leachingTemperature- 20-25 degrees CelsiusRainfall- more than 2 meters/yearPhotosynthesis- sunlight mainly reaches higher lever of trees so all the lower trees must complete photosynthesis without much light. Net primary productivity- 2,200 grams of biomass/square meter/year- highest level of primary productivity out of the terrestrial biomesSuccession- if large area is removed, the roll of succession will be compromised- canopy trees will have to grow back then the layers under it will followBiomass- 2,200 grams of biomass/sq meterBiodiversity- has greatest diversity of species out of all biomesTrophic levels, food chains and webs- Habitats and niches- EMERGENTS: Trees that tower over average canopy height.Birds and insectsCANOPY: Upper treesInsects, birds, reptiles, mammals, and more. Monsoon rainforestSoil- low nutirient quality due to high litter and diversityTemperature- 27.5 degrees Celcius Rainfall- 3409.2 mmPhotosynthesis- similar to tropical rainforest, plants that are lower require less sunlightNet primary productivity- 1000-1700 annual pptn.Succession- layers will have to grow back from the top to the bottomBiomassBiodiversity- high biodiversityTrophic levels, food chains and websHabitats and niches- Canopy- high trees, 25-30m tall, birds & insectsUnderstory- shrubs, decomposing debrisTropical SavannaSoil- porous with rapid drainage of water, only a thin layer of humusTemperature- mean monthly temperatures are at 64 degrees Fahrenheit or aboveRainfall- annual rainfall is from 50.8 to 127 cm per yearPhotosynthesis- sunlight is a very important factor and a very essential component Net primary productivity- 180 NPP/10^9 kJSuccession- If primary succession were to occur in the tropical savanna the area would look very green but mainly because of tall grasses and a few trees scattered about. The grass would be high and very green.1847850266065Biomass- Biodiversity- few species and few trees scattered along with a variety of shrubs on the ground, not many herbivoresTrophic levels, food chains and webs- 15049503365500Habitats and niches- A giraffe's niche is feeding on the canopy on trees, and its habitat is the SavannahTemperate forestSoil- very nutrient richTemperature- 10 degrees celsiusRainfall- 30-60 inches of rainPhotosynthesis- the dropping of their leaves during one season, trees stop photosynthesis and enter a dormant periodNet primary productivity- 440 NPP/10^9 kJSuccession- succession progresses from pioneer grasses and shrubs to mature trees that return to pioneer grasses1581150316230Biomass- Biodiversity- diverse understory vegetation and stratification of animalsTrophic levels, food chains and webs- 1552575190246016478250Habitats and niches- many animals live in burrows during the winter or larger animals hibernateTemperate DeciduousSoil- The soil is very nutrient rich because of all the leaves that fall from the trees.Temperature- The average temperature is 10 degrees CelsiusRainfall- the average rainfall is 30 to 60 inches of rain per yearPhotosynthesis- this occurs during the spring and summer months, when the sun is up longer, it is clearer, and it is warmer. During the fall and winter, the leaves of the trees die and fall of. There is not a lot of sunlight during these months because it is cloudy and cold. The trees need to conserve energy and they do this by losing their leaves. Net Primary Productivity- The npp of a deciduous forest is 6000 kilocalories/square meter/ year. This is a very high npp. It is only lower than the estuary, swamps, and rainforests. Succession-Biomass-Biodiversity- There is a large amount of biodiversity. The deciduous forests are home to a variety of plant and animal species. The animals include owls, white tailed deer, black bear, bobcats, raccoon, squirrels, chipmunks, skunk, coyote, and hares. The plant species include white oak, red oak, sugar maple, white ash, American sycamore, and the hophorn bean.Trophic levels, food chains, and webs- Habitats and niches- The tree species lose their leaves during the winter to conserve energy through the dark cold winters. Many species have coats of fur or feathers that blend in to the surrounding trees or ground to camouflage themselves.High Latitude Tundra- Soil: The soil is very nutrient poor as a result of the cold climate. The permafrost prevents the litter from reaching the soil. Also the cold climate limits the amount of decomposition from bacteria. Temperature- Winter: Arctic: -34° C Siberia: -40° C to -69 C Central Asia, Canada, Central Alaska: -28° FSummer Temperatures: Average: 7° C Siberia, Alaska, Canada: 15° CRainfall: The tundra receives 15-25 cm of rainfall every year ( this includes melted snow).Photosynthesis- There aren’t a large amount of big trees in the arctic Tundra. There are months when there is little sunlight due to the high latitudesNet Primary Productivity- The net primary Productivity of the high altitude tundra is 600 Kilocalories/ square meter/ year). The Tundra has a very low npp and it is only higher than the extreme tundras, open ocean, and desert. Succession- Usually occurs after glaciers move past leaving barren rock. Biomass Biodiversity- There isn’t as much biodiversity as some biomes but the Tundra still has many unique species. The animals consist of Polar Bear, Caribou, Arctic Fox, Arctic Hare, Snowy Owl, Musk Ox, Rock Ptarmigan, Ermine, Penguin, White Wolf, Gray Falcon, Bald Eagle, Mosquito, Bumble Bee, Lemming, Shrew, Vole, Pocket Gopher, and the Pika. The vegetation of the biome includes Bearberry, Arctic Moss, Caribou Moss, Diamond Leaf Willow, Labrador Tea, Pasque Flower, Tufted Saxifrage, and Lichen.Trophic Levels, food chains, and food webs-Habitats and Niches- Most Animals are covered in thick fur, blubber, or thick feathers to keep warm in the frigid temperatures. Some have coats of fur that change color to match the snow behind them. The interaction of these components to be illustrated through relative size of the flows and stores of nutrients between vegetation, litter, and soil.Tropical rainforest:Monsoon rainforest:Tropical savannahDesertTemperate deciduousHigh latitude tundra ................
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