Amsco Chapter 1: Exploration, Discovery, and Settlement ...
Amsco Chapter 1: Exploration, Discovery, and Settlement, 1492-1700
Cultures of Central and South America
Population in 1490s: unknown; however greater than N America, some estimate 25 million
* 3 major civilizations:
. • Mayas: 1st of three; Yucatan Peninsula
* Aztecs: in central Mexico; Tenochtitlan
* Incas: Peru
Europe Moves Toward Exploration
Improvements in Technology
* Chinese: gunpowder
* Arab/Chinese: sailing compass
* Advancements in shipbuilding/mapmaking
* 1450s: printing press -> knowledge across Europe
Expanding Trade
* 1453: Ottoman Turks seize Constantinople -> land route to Asia now .blocked; new route to Asia
needed
* Prince Henry of Portugal (Henry the Navigator) opens up sea route to Cape of Good Hope
* 1498: Vasco da Gama reaches India
Developing Nation States
• Nation state = country in which the majority of people share both a common culture and common
political loyalties toward a central government
•. Mercantilism = Spain, Portugal, France, England, Netherlands est. nation states
Religious Conflict
Catholic victory in Spain
• 1492: Columbus sails- Isabella and Ferdinand of Spain defeat the Moors of Granada
(Muslims) and Catholicism is instituted as national religion
Protestant revolt in northern Europe
• early 1500s: Christians in Germany, England France. Holland and other N European
countries question pope (aka: Protestant Reformation) -> Catholic Spain and
Portugal/Protestant England and Holland want converts in Africa, Asia and Americas
Early Explorations
• 1492: Columbus finds Canary Islands Bahamas, America
• most important: Columbus = permanent interaction w/ Native Americans
Spanish Exploration and Conquest
• Conquistadors: Spanish explorers and conquerors; brought disease and cruelty in search of
converts and gold
Vasco Nunez de Balboa: Pacific Ocean; Isthmus of Panama
Juan Ponce de Leon: Florida
Ferdinand Magellan: 1st to circumnavigate the globe
Heman Cortes: conquers Aztec empire in Mexico (1521)
Francisco Pizarro: conquers Inca Empire in Peru (1532)
Hemando de Soto: explored Florida to Mississippi River
Francisco Vasquez de Cornado: explored from New Mexico to Kansas
Dividing the New World
* 1493: Pope draws line down map of world; Spain gets West lands, Portugal gets East lands
* 1494: Treaty of Todesillas: moves lines a few degrees to left
* Portugal claims Brazil (discovered by Pedro Alvares Cabral) all other territories claimed by Spain
* English Claims
* John Cabot: 1497. explored Newfoundland
* Mostly occupied w/ split between Henry VIE and Roman Church
* Sir Walter Raleigh: 1587, attempted est. settlement @ Roanoke Island, but foiled
French Claims .
* Jacques Carrier: 1534-1542. explores St. Lawrence River
* 1500s: occupied w/ conflict between Catholic Church and Huguenots
* Samuel de Champlain: 1608, Quebec est. (fortified village on St. Lawrence River)
* Robert de La Salle: 1682, Louisiana (named for French king Louis XIV)
Dutch Claims
* Henry Hudson: 1609, sails up Hudson River. New Amsterdam (aka New York)
* Dutch West India Company: given control of the region for economic gain
Early English Settlements
• Jamestown: 1607, chartered by Virginia Company (a joint stock company)
* Saved by tobacco and John Smith
* Indentured servants 1st sent to help w/ tobacco -> 1619: slaves sent to Jamestown
* Mostly men, not family units
* 1624: becomes royal colony
• Plymouth Colony: 1620, Mayflower charted by Virginia Company leaves for America
* Motivated by religious differences w/ Church of England
* Founded by the Separatists (aka Pilgrims)
* Leader = William Bradford
* Family units
* Fish, furs, and lumber become sources of prosperity
• Massachusetts Bay Colony: 1630, Puritans (these not Separatists) sail for Massachusetts
* Founded by John Winthrop
* Est. Boston
* 1630s: Civil war in England drives 15,000 settlers to MBC (aka Great Migration)
Early Political Institutions
Mayflower Compact = early form of self-government est. by Pilgrims
Virginia Bay Company guarantees settlers right to vote in Jamestown
1619: House of Burgesses est. in Jamestown
All male members of Puritan Church allowed to vote in Massachusetts Bay Colony
Spanish Settlements in North America
Florida: 1565, St. Augustine
New Mexico: 1606. Santa Fe est. -> Pueblo revolt in 1680 drive out missionaries/conquistadors
Texas: few small settlements; grew in 1700s
California: 1769, San Diego; 1776, San Francisco
European Treatment of Native Americans
Spanish Policy: horrible; disease, death, etc.; rigid class system emerged
English Policy: initially coexisted -> eventually, warfare; Indians = savages
French Policy: good relations; traded French goods for fur, intermarried
Amsco Chap 2 Review
"The Thirteen Colonies and the British Empire, 1607-1750"
* Between founding of Jamestown (1607)-founding of Georgia (1733) 13 different English
colonies develops along Atlantic Coast
* Each colony right to operate by "means of a charter"-document granting special privileges from
English Monarch. Charter described relationship that's supposed to exist between colony and
crown.
* Three types of colonies developed:
Corporate- operated by joint-stock companies (ex: JAMESTOWN)
Royal- under direct rule and authority of king's government (ex: VA after 1624)
Proprietary- under authority of individuals granted charters of ownership by the
king(MD&PA)
How English colonists differed from French and Spanish->Brought tradition of independence and representative government
The Chesapeake Colonies
• 1632: King Charles I divides land that had been VA colony, charters new colony on both sides of Chesapeake Bay, grants control to George Calvert (or Lord Baltimore). New Colony of MD becomes 1st of several proprietary colonies.
MARYLAND
o Proprietorship decided rather man making it corporate colony because king wanted total control. Lord Baltimore trustworthy but dies before achieving great wealth. 1632: proprietorship passed to -^Calvert's son, Cecil Calvert (2nd Lord Baltimore)
o Act of Toleration. English Catholics immigrate to MD to avoid persecution and intolerance of Puritan enemies. Once they arrive, they are outnumbered by Protestant farmers, who make up majority of MD's representative assembly. 1649: Calvert persuade them to adopt "Act of Toleration" to grant religious freedom to all Christians. Good, but. . ..Act also called for death to anyone who denied divinity of Jesus (
o Protestant Revolt Late 1600s, protestant resentment against Catholics-> civil war. Protestants triumph and Act of Toleration repealed. Catholics lose right to vote. In 18th century, MD similar to VA but mere is more religious tolerance among diff. Protestant sects hi MD
VIRGINIA
• Economic problem: 1660s: low tobacco prices make life difficult to MD & VA. VA House of Burgesses attempts to raise price but plan fails as London merchants raise their own prices.
• Political Problems and Bacon's Rebellion: royal gov. of VA Sir William Berkeley hated among farmers because failed to protest their land from Indian attacks, used dictatorial powers to govern. . . .Nathanial Bacon led rebellion against Berkeley's government Bacon and other farmers sick of political & economic control exercised by large planters in Chesapeake area. SO ...1676, raids Indian village in VA. Berkeley accuses Bacon of rebelling against royal authority. Bacon successful in rebellion and even bums Jamestown. Soon Bacon dies and rebel army collapse. BACON'S REBELLION highlights: class differences and colonial resistance to royal rate.
• To solve labor shortage: indentured servitude, headright system (VA offers SO acres of land to attract immigrants), and slavery.
NEWENGLAND
Rhode Island (offered religious freedom & refuge): Roger Williams (founder), Anne Hutchinson. Both questioned the Puritan belief and sent her; 1644- Roger Williams granted charter to join Providence and Portsmouth into Rhode Island
Connecticut: Thomas Hooker (founder), settlers unhappy w/ Mass. Authorities went here. Colony of Hartford(1636), representative gov. established. 2nd settlement by Davenport -> "New Haven" New Hampshire:last colony founded. King Charles II makes it into royal colony to increase control Halfway Covenant: effort to maintain church influence and membership
New England Confederation: military alliance between Plymouth, Mass. Bay, CT, and New Haven) King Philip's War: .1675-1676 war between Wampanoags and English Settlers. Colonial forces win and virtually end Native American resistance in New England.
South Carolina (Royal), founded in 1670 / People: Planters from Barbados and English settlers / Economy: Fur trading and providing food for West Indies, rice
North Carolina (Royal) / People: VA and New Eng. / Economy: Tobacco / Bad natural resources, fewer plantations,
fewer slaves
New York (Royal) / Charles II grants land to Duke of York (James II) / Allowed freedom of religion, ordered new taxes, duties, and rents without assembly consent Yielded to settler's complaints in 1683 by allowing NY's governor to grant civil and political rights, and a representative assembly.
New Jersey (Royal) / James gives colony b/w Hudson River and Delaware bay to Lord John Berkeley and Sir
George Carter / Generous land offers, religious freedom, and an assembly / sold land to Quakers / Originally East
and West Jersey, combined in 1702. .
Pennsylvania and Delaware (Proprietary) I Quakers- members of the religious Society of Friends, believed in equality of all men and women, nonviolence, and resistant to military service. Believed religious authority based on private soul and not bible or church. Widely persecuted and jailed
William Penn — Quaker, left with much money after father's death (and debt from King), founded PA and the "The Holy Experiment" Wanted to new colony to...
1) Provide religious freedom to Quakers 2) Enact liberal ideas in government 3) Generate income and profits
for himself
Many Dutch and Swedish settle / Treated Native Americans fairly / Founded Philadelphia's street plans,
later imitated in other cities.
Delaware- granted own assembly, separates from PA in 1702
Georgia - The last colony- chartered in 1732 (Royal) I Last British colony and only one to receive direct financial support from London / Two reasons for new colony: 1) A defense buffer to protect SC from Spanish Florida 2) Thousands of people imprisoned for debt, decided to ship there
Special Regulations- Oglethorpe, first governor, got charter for proprietary colony. Strict regulations, no
rum, no slaves, threat of Spanish attack = did not prosper.
Royal Colony in 1752 - Taken over by British government, royal colony. Grew slowly by adapting plantation system of SC; still the smallest and poorest of 13 colonies.
Mercantilism and the Empire
Navigation Acts 1) trade only by British ships and crews 2) All goods going to other countries could only pass through British ports 3) "enumerated" goods could be exported to England only, including tobacco
Positive effects- New Eng shipbuilding prospered, Chesapeake tobacco had a monopoly in England, English
military protected colonies from Spanish and French attacks.
Negative effects- colonial manufacturing limited, Chesapeake fanners received low $ for crops, colonists had
to pay high $ for manufactured goods in England.
Enforcement- Usually lax, however Britain revoked Charter of Massachusetts Bay in 1684 for smuggling.
Dominion of New England- James II takes throne, attempt to increase royal control, combined NY, NJ, and others into Dominion of New England in 1686.
Sir Edmund Andres sent from England to be governor. Unpopular (levying taxes, revoked land titles, limited town meetings)
James II overthrown by William and Mary after Glorious Revolution in 1688. Dominion fails/ends.
Increased demand for slaves- 1) Reduced migration 2) Dependable work force 3) Cheap labor
Slave Laws
MA in 1641- becomes first colony to recognize slavery of "lawful" captives.
VA in 1661- enacted legislation that children inherited mother's slave status for life
MD in 1664- Said baptism did not affect slave's status, white women could not marry African American men.
Racism and slavery become integral part of American colonial society, blacks viewed as social inferiors
Triangular Trade- 1) Ships, loaded with Rum from New England to West Africa, traded for slaves 2) Ship set out on
horrendous Middle Passage traded as slaves in West Indies for sugarcane. 3) Ship returns to New Eng port where
sugar would be used to make rum.
Ch. 3 Amsco: Colonial Society In The Eighteenth Century
I. Population Growth-1701, English Colonies on the Atlantic coast population of 250,000. 1775: 2,500,000. Among African Americans,
From 28,000 to 500,000. Immigration result of two things: immigration of almost a million people and, a high birthrate among colonial
families. Dependable food supply of fertile land attracted people, and encouraged the raising of large families.
A; European Immigrants- Some came to escape religious persecution and wars, others for economic opportunity by farming or setting up a shop.
1. English- came continuously but in fewer numbers than others, especially the Germans and Scotch-Irish, (less
. problems @ home)
2. Germans- settled in rich farmlands west of Philadelphia (Pennsylvania Dutch Town). Maintained language, customs,
Lutheran religion, little interest in English politics. 1775- 6% of Pop.
3. Scotch-Irish- English speaking, from Northern Ireland. Little respect of British government, therefore forced to leave
Ireland. Settled in western parts of Penn., VA, the Carolinas, and GA. 1775- 7% of population
4. Other Europeans-French Protestants (Huguenots), Dutch, and Swedes. 1775-7% of population
B. Africans- Largest group of non-English immigrants not there on free will. Taken captive and sold as slaves to southern plantation owners. 90% lived in southern colonies for life-long bondage. No matter what jobs the African Americans had, in every state there were laws that discriminated against them and placed limits on their rights and opportunities.
II. The Structure of Colonial Society
A. General Characteristics
1. Dominance of English Culture- Most were English in Origin, lang., and, tradition, but the Africans and European
immigrants created a diversity of culture that would gradually modify the culture of the majority.
2. Self-government- Government of each colony had a rep. Assembly that was elected by white male property owners. Only in Rhode Island and Connecticut was the governor also elected by the people. The other colonies' governor was appointed by the crown or proprietor.
3. Religious toleration-All colonies allowed different religions, but at different degrees. Massachusetts - least tolerant, w/no Catholics or non-Christians. Rhode Island & Connecticut were most tolerant.
4. No hereditary Aristocracy- no social extremes- nobility that inherited special privileges and masses of hungry poor, but more narrow social system based on economics. Wealthy landowners at top, craftspeople and small farmers made up the majority of common people. Everyone but African Americans had the opportunity to improve social status by hard work.
B. The Family- Most people were married and lived on a farm, higher standard of living than Europe.
1. Men- Most men did work, landowning mostly reserved to men who dominated pol. Almost unlimited power in
the home.
2. Women- Wide range of tasks—cooking, cleaning, clothes making, educating children, and med-care. Usually
worked next to her husband in the shop, plantation, or on the farm. Divorce was legal but rare, and women
had limited legal and political rights. The shared labors and mutual dependence with their husbands gave
most women protection from abuse and an active role in decision-making.
III. The Economy- Almost half of England's world trade was with its American colonies. The richness of the American land and British
mercantile policy produced a society almost entirely engages in agriculture. As people prospered and communities grew, more became
ministers, lawyers, doctors, and teachers. The quickest route to wealth was through the land.
A. New England- Because of the rocky soil and long winters, farming was limited to subsistence levels that provided just
enough for the farm family. The farms were small (under 100 acres). The industrious descendants of the Pilgrims profited
from logging, shipbuilding, fishing, trading, and rum-distilling.
B. Mid Colonies- Rich soil attracted farmers from Europe and the farms were usually over 200 acres. There were indentured
servants and hired laborers worked with farm families. Small manufacturing efforts were present as in iron-making.
Trading led to growth of cities such as Philadelphia & NYC.
C Southern Colonies- BC of the south's varied geographical features, the farms ranged from small to large farms. Cash crops were mainly tobacco in the Chesapeake and North Carolina colonies, and rice and indigo in South Carolina and Georgia. The shortage of indentured servants .caused an increase in Slaves. Most farms and plantations were self-sufficient
D. Monetary system- The English strategy in controlling the colonial economy was to limit the use of money. The colonists
were forced to use the scarce amount pf gold and silver to pay for the imports from England that increasingly exceeded
colonial exports. To provide currency for domestic trade, paper money was created, but inflation occurred
E. Transportation- Because transporting goods by water was much easier than attempting to carry them overland on rough
and narrow roads or trails, trading centers like Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and Charleston were located on the sites
of goad-harbors and navigable rivers. Overland travel by horse and stage Became more common in the 18th century.
Taverns not only provided food and lodging for travelers but also served as social centers where news was exchanged
and politics discussed. A postal system using horses on overland routes and small ships on water routes was operating
both within and between the colonies by the mid-18th century.
Religion
Protestant Dominance
o Two established churches in colonies: Church of England (aka. Anglican Church) in VA; Congressional Church of MA Bay and CT
* Anglicans: tended to be prosperous farmers and merchants in NY and
plantation owners in VA and the Carolinas; since headed by King of
England the church rep. English .rule w/in the colonies
* Congregationalism: succors to the Puritans; members mainly in New
England; ministers and doctrine thought to be extremely strict by critics
Great Awakening
o Jonathan Edwards: initiated the Great Awakening; "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" -> God rightfully mad at sinful humans; express penitence and one could be forgiven
o George Whitefield: strongly influential in New England; toured country stressed that God was all-powerful an only those who openly professed belief in Jesus
o Religious Impact:
* Emotionalism becomes part of Protestant services
* Ministers lose some authority as many study Bible at home
* Division between those who supported new teachings (New Lights) and those who condemned them (Old Lights)
* Baptists and Methodists gain popularity
o Political Influence: for 1st time colonists shared common experience as Americans; people could challenge ministers -> 1730740s: people could challenge king
Cultural Life
Achievements in the Arts and Sciences
Architecture: Eastern seaboard-Georgian style of London
Western frontier- one-room log cabin
Painting: Benjamin West and John Copley Literature: most authors wrote about religion and politics; Common Sense, Poor Richard's Almanac
Science: Benjamin Franklin- electricity, bifocals, Franklin stove Education
New England: 1st tax-supported school in MA; need for knowledge of religion = need for schools Middle Colonies: schools either church-sponsored or private; most teachers lived w/ families Southern Colonies: little to none; only real education were tutors on plantations
Higher Education:
Existing to produce ministers: Harvard (1636), William and Mary (1694) Yale (1701) Created after the Great Awakening:
* College of New Jersey (Princeton) 1746, Presbyterian
* King's College (Columbia), 1754, Anglican
* Rhode Island College (Brown), 1764, Baptist
* Queens College (Rutgers), 1766, Dutch Reformed
* Dartmouth College, 1769, Congregationalist
* University of PA = no religious affiliation
The Press
The Zenger Case: 1735 John Peter Zenger brought to court for .criticizing NY's royal governor.
Andrew Hamilton = lawyer, established the foundation for freedom of the press Politics
Structure of Government:
Royal Colonies: NH, MA, NY, NJ, VA, NC, SC, and GA Proprietary Colonies: MA, DE, CT, RI
• Every colony the legislature consisted of two houses: lower house =
elected by eligible voters; upper house = appointed by king or
proprietor
Local Government: think early democracy -> town meetings, public vote on issues
Voting: barred from voting: white women, poor white men, slaves of both sexes most free blacks; white males
only!!
House of Burgesses= wealthy land owners, Massachusetts = open to small farmers, but usually elite
dominated politics
AMSCO CHAPTER 4: IMPERIAL WARS AND COLONIAL PROTEST (1754-1775)
1) Empires War
a) First Three Wars
i) King William’s War (1689-1697).
(1) English tried to capture Quebec - failed) Queen Anne's War (1702-1713)
(1) English gained Nova Scotia and trading rights iii) King George's War (1744-1748)
(1) Britain gave Louisburg to French for pol. and eco. Gain in Indies
2) The French and Indian War
a) Beginning of the War
i) British POV: French provoked war by building forts in the Ohio River Valley
(1) Bad for British b/c halted the westward growth of the British colonies ii) First war went badly for the British - disastrous defeat
b) Albany Plan
i) Recognized the need for coordinating colonial defense
ii) 7 colonies met in 1754 - Benjamin Franklin developed the plan
iii) Provided 4:
1) Intercolonial government
2) System for recruiting troops
3) Collecting taxes from the various colonies for common defense
iv) Colonies to jealous of its own taxation power - NEVER TOOK EFFECT
v) Set precedent for later congresses in the 1770's
c) British Victory
i) Louisbourg in 1758 & Quebec in 1759 & Montreal in 1760 (1) Peace Treaty (Peace of Paris)
a) Great Britain acquired French Canada and Spanish Florida
b) France ceded Louisiana and west of Mississippi River
ii) Dominant naval power in the world
d) Point of Views
i) America
(1) Fundamental change in relationship ii) British
(1) Low opinion of the colonial military effort
iii) Colonial
(1) Proud - greater confidence - provide they can defend themselves
3) Reorganization of the British Empire
a) Immediate Change
i) Change of colonial polices from Salutary neglect 2 more forceful policy
ii) King George III wanted a policy aimed at solving the financial problems
b) Pontiac's Rebellion
i) First test of British imperial policy
ii) 1763- Chief Pontiac led a attack against colonial settlements (western frontier)
iii) Pontiac's alliance of Native Americas destroyed settlements from NY to VA
iv) British sent regular troops to deal with the "rebellion"
c) Proclamation of 1763
i) Prohibited from settling west of Appalachian Mts.
ii) Prevent hostilities between colonists and Native Americans
iii) Many defied the proclamation and settled westward
iv) First of a series of acts
1) British POV - acts were justified
2) Colonists' POV - acts alarming threat to liberties
4) New Revenues and Regulations
a) Sugar Act of 1764 (Revenue Act)
i) Duties on foreign sugar and certain luxuries
ii) Raise money for the crown
iii) Stricter enforcement of the Navigation Act to stop smuggling
b) Quartering Act of 1765
i) Colonies to provide food and living quarters for British soldiers
c) Stamp Act of 1765
i) Raise fun to support British military forces
ii) Required that revenue stamps be placed on most printer paper
iii) FIRST DIRECT TAX
d) Protesting the Stamp Act
i) Stamp Act Congress
(1) Reps. From 9 colonies - "no taxation without representation"
ii) Sons and Daughters of Liberty
(1) Intimidated tax agents iii) Boycotts- most effective
e) Declaratory Act 1766
i) Right to tax & make laws for the colonies "in all cases whatsoever"
ii) Enacted after repeal of Stamp Act
5) Second Phase of the Crisis - 1767-1773
a) TownshendAct
i) New duties to be collected on colonial imports of tea, glass. & paper
ii) Pay crown officials
iii) Search Private Homes for Smuggled Goods
iv) Not strongly against at first (not a direct tax) - later very angry - boycotts
v) REPEALED - damaged trade and gave disappointing revenues
b) Boston Massacre
i) Colonists harassed guards near the customs house ii) Guards killed 5 - including Crispus Attucks
ii) Guards later acquitted
c) The Gaspee
i) British ship that caught smugglers
ii) 1772- colonist set fire to the ship
d) Boston Tea Party
i) Tea Act of 1773- price of company's tea - cheaper than smuggled
ii) Bostonians dumped 342 chests of tea into the harbor (Dec. 1773)
iii) Some thought a defense of liberty others thought it was too radical
e) Intolerable Acts
i) Response to Boston Tea Party- enacted by British - (Coercive Acts)
ii) Coercive Acts of 1774
1) Port Bill - closed the port of Boston - prohibiting trade in and out
2) Mass. G'vt Act - reduced power of Mass. leg. & increased royal governor
3) Admin. Of Jus. Act - royal official accused of crime - tried in England
4) Quartering Act - enable British troops quartered in private homes
iii) Quebec Act 1774
1) Organized Canadian lands gained from France
2) Established Roman Catholicism as religion of Quebec
3) Established a g'vt w/out a rep. assembly
4) Extended Quebec's boundary to the Ohio-River
5) Americans Angry - a direct attack
6) Enlightenment
a) Movement in literature and philosophy
b) "Darkness" of past ages could be corrected by use of human reason in solving most of humanity's problems
c) John Locke-17th Century
i) State is supreme - bound to follow "natural laws" ii) Sovereignty resides w/ people not state iii) People right and obligation to revolt
d) Peaked in 18th Century
i) Rationalism & trusted human reason to solve daily problems
ii) Emphasized reason, science and respect for humanity
iii) . Influence on educated Americans in 1760 -1770s
AMSCO Chapter 5
The American Revolution and Confederation, 1774-1787
I. The First Continental Congress
A. The Delegates
1 . Diverse group; radical faction (demanding greatest concessions from Britain) led by Patrick Henry, Samuel Adams, John Adams; moderates led by John Dickinson, George Washington; conservatives led by John Jay, Joseph Galloway
B. Actions of the Congress
1 . Suffolk Resolves: rejected the Intolerable Acts and called for their immediate repeal; urged various colonies to resist the Intolerable Acts by making military preparations and applying economic sanctions (boycott) against Great Britain
2. Declaration of Rights and Grievances: petition to the king urging him to redress
colonial grievances and restore colonial rights; recognized Parliament's authority to regulate commerce
3. The Association urged the creation of committees in every town to enforce the
economic sanctions of the Suffolk Resolves
II. Fighting Begins
A. Lexington and Concord
1 . April 18, 177S: General Thomas Gage (commander of British troops in Boston) sent large force to college colonial military supplies in Concord; Paul Revere and William Dawes warned the militia (Minutemen) of Lexington, who assembled on the village green; on return march to Boston the British soldiers were harassed and attacked by Bunker Hill
1 . June 1 7, 1775: colonial militia fortified Breed's Hill (next to Bunker Hill); British force attacked the colonists and managed to take me hill (1 ,000 casualties) but technically an American victory
HI. The Second Continental Congress
A. Military Actions
1 . Declaration of the Causes and Necessities for Taking up Arms; called for the colonies to provide troops; George Washington appointed commander of new colonial army
B. Peace Efforts
1 . July 1 775 "Olive Branch Petition" sent to King George El; pledged loyalty and asked king to intercede with Parliament to secure peace and protection of colonial rights 2. Prohibitory Act (August 1775) declared the colonies in rebellion
C. Thomas Paine's Argument for Independence
1 . January 1 776 publication of Common Sense; argued that the colonies should become independent states and break all political ties with Britain; argued that it was against common sense for a large continent to be ruled by a small, distant island
D. The Declaration of Independence
1 . Richard Henry Lee ( VA) introduced a resolution declaring the colonies to be independent on June 7, 1 776; Thomas Jefferson and four others formed a committee to write a statement in support of Lee's resolution IV. The War
A. Patriots
1 . Largest number from New England and Virginia; most of soldiers reluctant to travel outside their own area and served in local militia units for short times; George Washington never had more than 20,000 men under his command at one time
B. African Americans
1 . Initially not wanted in Continental army, but when British offered freedom to slaves who joined their side, Washington and Congress cleared the way, about 5,000 fought as Patriots, most of them from the Norm
C. Loyalists,
1 . Tories numbered about 60,000 in the British army, about 520,000 to 780,000 of citizens; at end of war, 80,000 emigrated to Britain or Canada; tended to be wealthier and more conservative, usually clergy and government officials stayed loyal 2. Native Americans tried to stay out of war at the beginning, but attacks by Americans moved many Indians to side with the British, who promised to limit colonial settlement
D. Initial American Losses and Hardships
1 . British occupation of Philadelphia and New York by 1777; winter at Valley Forge; 95 percent decline in trade between 1775 and 1 777
E . Alliance with France
1. Turning point of war at Battle of Saratoga in October 1777; British army forced to
surrender after trying to cut off New England from rest of colonies
2. Louis XVI believed helping Americans would weaken the British; joined American
resistance in 1778 (Spain and Holland joined a year later)
F. Victory
1. George Rogers Clark's campaign (1778-1779) captured series of British forts in
. Illinois to gain control of parts of Ohio territory
2. Yorktown: surrender of General Charles Cornwallis in 1781
3. Treaty of Paris provisions: Britain recognizes U.S. as independent nation; Mississippi
River as western boundary, Americans have fishing rights off coast of Canada;
Americans would pay debts owed to British merchants and honor Loyalist claims for
property confiscated during the war
V. Organization of New Governments
A. State Governments
1. By 1777, ten of the colonies had written new constitutions
2. All began with a "bill" or "declaration" listing the basic rights and freedoms that
belonged to all citizens by right and the state officials could not infringe
. 3. Most had separation of powers; legislative powers to an elected two-house legislature, executive powers to an elected governor, and judicial powers to a court system
4. Voting rights extended to all white males who owned some property
5. Office-holders were usually help to a higher property qualification than voters
VI. The Articles of Confederation
A. Ratification
1. Delayed by dispute over land west of the Alleghenies
B. Structure of Government
1. Just one body, a congress (unicameral each state gets one vote; nine out of 13 votes needed to pass laws; Committee of States could make minor decisions
C. Powers
1. Congress given .the power to wage war, make treaties, send diplomatic representatives, borrow money, could not collect taxes or regulate commerce
D. Accomplishments
1. Won the war
2. Land Ordinance of 1785 established policy for surveying and selling western land
3. Northwest Ordinance of 1787 dictated process for making states; granted limited self-
government to territory, prohibited slavery '
E. Problems with the Articles .
1. Financial: war debts unpaid, most states issued worthless paper money
2. Foreign: little respect for such a weak government
3. Domestic: 1786 Shay's Rebellion against high state taxes, imprisonment for debt, lack of paper
money
VH. Social Change
A. Abolition of Aristocratic Titles
1. No legislature could grant titles for nobility; couldn't recognize the feudal practice of primogeniture
B. Separation of Church and State
1. Only in three New England states (NH, CT, MA) did the Congregational Church
receive support in the form of a religious tax
2. Anglican Church disestablished in the South
C. Women
1. Most important contribution was maintaining the colonial economy
2. Some went with husbands to war, or pretended to be men to enlist
D. Slavery
1. Contradicted spirit of Revolution and "all men are created equal"
2. Continental Congress abolished the importation of slaves
3. Slavery loses steam in North, but gains in South
4. AMSCO Chapter 6 : The Constitution & The New Republic, 1787-1800
I. The United States under the Articles, 1781-1787- the original US government comprised a one-house congress, no separate
executive, no separate judiciary (court)
A. Foreign Problems
1. Relationship poor between U:S. and Europe
2. States abstain from Treaty of Paris (Loyalist's land & foreigner's debt were not repaid)
3. Article of C., not allow U.S. to stop Britain's control of trade, and military outposts in West
B. Economic Weakness & Interstate Quarrels
1. International trade is down & limited currency cause economic depression
a. inability to levy taxes (national) and paper money add "fuel to the fire"
2.. 13 states suspicious of each other = interstate rivalry & increased state tariffs
C. The Annapolis Convention
1. A conference was held at Mt. Vernon (1978) to discuss the country's problems
a. representatives sent; 4 agreed for further discussions from DE, VA, MD, PA
2. Annapolis Convention held (5 delegates) - A. Hamilton & J. Madison inspire for revision, of Articles at later time
II. Drafting the Constitution at Philadelphia- Philadelphia convention (1787) discuss Article revamping - call on representatives
from all 13 states. Only RI didn't send delegates (suspicious)
A. The Delegates
1. Most delegates.= well-educated (college), young (40's), wealthy, politically astute, many wrote state
constitutions
2. George Washington = presiding officer & delegates decide to keep dealings secret until end
3. Influential delegates = Ben Franklin, James Madison (father of Constitution), Alexander Hamilton, Governuer
Morris, and John Dickinson
a. T. Jefferson, John Jay, John Adams, Thomas Paine - abroad, John Hancock, Samuel
Adams & Patrick Henry don't participate
HI. The Issues- Delegates disagreed on revising v. totally changing the Articles. Nationalists (Madison, Hamilton) took control of the delegation - they were committed on a new draft. Delegates (JM) made sure to include system of checks and balances (one part of gov. having power to check another) to appease the suspicious American public
A. Representation
1. Big issue was whether bigger states = bigger representation, smaller states = smaller representation
2. Virginia Plan (JM) favor big states
3. New Jersey Plan (TJ) favor small states
4. Both are combined to make the Great Compromise- 2-house Congress, each state has equal rep. in Senate, but in
House of Rep. each state represented in accordance to population
B. Slavery
1. Disagreed over how slavery accounted for representation & taxes
2. 3/5's Compromise: a slave is 3/5's of a person; guaranteed to bar slavery importation until 1808
C. Trade
1. Northern states wanted central gov. to regulate interstate commerce; South afraid of export tax on agric. products .2. Commercial Compromise- Congress regulate interstate/foreign trade & tariff on exports, but not imports
D. Powers & election o the president
1. Disagreement over the president's term (life or less?), and ways of election
2. President given the power to veto Congress; President's term = 4 yrs (unlimited # of terms)
3. Delegates establish Electoral College to determine pres. (representation = to # of state's rep's & senator's)- fear of
mob rule
E. Ratification
1. Needed to be ratified by 9/13- each state hold elected conventions to discuss & vote on Constitution
IV. Federalists & Anti-Federalists- Federalist = support strong fed. Gov. & constitution (usually Atlantic Coast). Anti-Fed's =
oppose Constitution (usually small farmers/settlers on west frontier).
A. Federalist = GW, BF, JM, AH; strong central gov; emphasize weakness of Articles; strong leaders; hurt by "newness"
B. Anti-Federalist = GM, PHenry, JHancock; strong-central gov. w/o state rights, constitution gave no protection of
individual rights, more power to c. gov; appeal to distrust of gov.; hurt by disorganization, slowness
V. The Federalist Papers- Begun by Madison, Hamilton, Jay to support/educate about the Constitution (85 essays)
A. Outcome
1. Fed. won in NJ, PN, DE- promised bill of rights therefore disclaiming Anti-Fed's main argument; 9/13 (1788)
2. Virginia (filled with Anti-Fed's) gave in, after promise of Bill or Rights
3. NY (bend after VA gives), NC (1789) & RI (1790) last to ratify the Constitution
VI. Adding the Bill of Rights- And Fed's for Bill or Rights; Fed's against it
A. Arguments for Bill or Rights
1. Warn against tyrannical nature of a strong central gov. that preceded (Great Britain)
B. Argument against a Bill of Rights
1. Constrain a set of laws- limited rights; Fed's finally give in to get votes for the Constitution
VII. The First Ten Amendments- adopted in 1791 by the first congress, known as the Bill of Rights; 1 = freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition; 2 = right to state militia; 3 = no requirement to quarter soldiers; 4 = protection of privacy; 5 = everyone given due process of law; 6 = accused has right for trial & witness; 7 = right to trial by jury; 8 = criminals protected against excessive bails/fines/punishments; 9 = all rights not in Constitution guaranteed; 10 = all powers not given to fed. given to the states
IX. Washington's Presidency- Predictable victory; Washington's Oath of Office (April 30, 1789); president & congress determine
effectiveness of "Constitution"
X. Organizing the Federal Government
A. Executive departments
1. Constitution allows for appointments of chief of departments of Pres. As long as approved by the Senate (cabinet)
2. TJ = Secretary of State, AH = secretary of treasury, HKnox = secretary of War, ERandolf = attorney general
B. Federal Court System-
1. Only fed. court in the Constitution = Supreme Court .
2. Congress created smaller courts with smaller powers; Judiciary Act (1789) = Supreme Court with one chief
justice & 5 associate judges. The high court rule on constitutionality of state courts (allowed 13 district courts)
XL Hamilton's Financial Program- (1) Pay off national debt at face value, fed. Gov assume state's debts (2) protect the infant industries & collect revenue through high tariffs on imported goods (3) Create a national bank for depositing Gov. funds & printing bank notes. NEW ANTI-Federalist = against plan: TJ state only benefited the rich, hurt the farmers
A. Debt- TJ support paying off national debt; in return Hamilton agrees to moving capitol to Washington D.C.
B. Tariffs & Excise Taxes = to raise revenue Hamilton states it is necessary to raise taxes
C. National Bank = TJ argue Constitution doesn't allow creation of a bank; Hamilton argued to a "broader view of
Constitution" - supported by Washington and voted into law (gov now allowed to loan fed. deposits to stimulate business)
XII. Foreign Affairs- Washington's Term (1789-1793) same time as French Revolution: fight of rebels against French monarchies.
A. The French Revolution
1. Americans support French (horrified of mass executions & mobs); U.S. kept alliance w/French monarchy
2. Many wish for French support against British (impressments)
B. Proclamation of Neutrality (1793) - Washington issues proclamation; need to stay out of foreign affairs
C. Citizen Genet- Washington remove Genet, a man who came to U.S. to preach French support, became a U.S. citizen later
D. Jay Treaty (1794) - Britain evacuate posts on U.S. western front- disregarded impressments- unpopular w/public
E. Pinckney Treaty (1795)- Spain agrees to open Mississippi R & New Orleans to trade; border moved to 31st parallel
XII. Domestic Concerns- U.S. troubled problems at home
A. Native Americans- settlers encroach on native land. 1794 General Anthony Wayne win Battle of Fallen'Timbers = Treaty
of Greenville - surrendered claims to Ohio territory, open to settlement
B. The Whiskey Rebellion (1974)- farmers rebel against high whiskey tax; Washington call out army to destroy w/o blood
C. Western Lands- Public Land Act (1796) - orderly procedures for selling fed. land at reasonable prices; new states = VT
(1971) KY (1792) and TN (1796)
XIV. Political Parties- Constitution didn't mention political parties; begin with Anti-Fed & Fed in 1787 & 1788
A. Origins- in colonial times common for group of legislators to form "temp." factions to vote on a specific policy.
1. Federalist Era- 1790s dominated by 2 fed. presidents
2. Fed - Hamilton (support financial program); democratic-republicans = TJ (support France, against National bank)
B. Differences Between the Parties
1. Fed= JA, AH; loose interpretation of Constitution (strong c. gov); pro-British, large peacetime army/navy; pro-business & national bank; mostly north business men/big landowners
2. Democratic-Repub = TJ, JM; strict interpretation of Const, (strong c. gov); pro-French, small peacetime army/navy; agr. supporters/no national bank/no tariffs; mostly skilled workers, small farmers, plantation owners
C. Washington's Farewell Address- tired and old, Washington decided to retire in late 1796
1. U.S. not to get involved in foreign affairs; 2. No permanent alliances w/foreigners; 3. Avoid sectionalism 4. Don't form political parties
XVI. John Adam's Presidency- Fed. candidate that beat TJ (Dem.-Repub), TJ becomes vice-pres. For JA
A. XYZ Affair- French officials (X,Y,and Z) bribe U.S. for entering into negotiations- President Adams avoids war
B. The Alien & Sedition Act- Naturalization Act- 5 to 14 yrs for citizenship, Alien Acts- deport harmful "aliens," Sedition
Acts- illegal to print something against President
C. The Kentucky & VA resolutions- Written by TJ and JM respectively, allowed the states to nullify fed. laws
1. Alien & Sedition fail because Fed. loose support in Congress, Supreme Court = last resort
XVII. The Election of 1800- Fed's loose popularity, Republicans rise
A. Election Results
1. TJ ties with Aaron Burr- both are republicans- resolved in the House of Rep.
2. Hamilton support TJ (more trustful) and TJ wins by majority
B. A Peaceful Revolution
1. The transition from Fed. to Republicans is without bloodshed or conflict; thus, peaceful
Amsco Chapter 6: The Constitution and The New Republic 1787-1800
I. Problems w/ Articles of Confederation
>one-house congress, no separate executive, no separate judiciary
>gov. under articles had no power to stop Britain from placing restriction on trade and keeping military outpost on the western frontier inability to levy national taxes and paper money worthless >tension between states
>Annapolis Convention: tailed called to review nation’s critical problems > only 5 states sent delegates and decides convention- should be held in Philadelphia to revise Articles
II. Philadelphia convention
>all states except Rhode Island sent delegate to revise articles
>George Washington elected chairperson, others who attended: Benjamin Franklin, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, John Dickinson.
>Goals: to make a new constitution based on system of checks and balances
Conflicting issues:
Representation = Madison's Virginia Plan - favored larger states vs. New Jersey plan - favored smaller states == Connecticut plan or Great Compromise - two- house congress which provided for a senate that gave each state equal representation and a House of Representatives where each state was represented by the size of its population.
Slavery == Three - Fifths Compromise - counted each slave as three-fifths of a person of the purposes of determining a state's level of taxation and representation "Also, they set that in 20 years congress would vote to abolish slavery
Trade == North wanted gov. control of interstate commerce and foreign trade, but the South was afraid of exports taxes on crops like tobacco and rice. == Commercial compromise- congress can regulate interstate and foreign commerce and is allowed to place taxes on foreign imports, but not on exports.
>Electoral college system set up to elect president, made four year terms, and gave pres. Power to veto congress. >9 out of 13 states were needed to ratify the new constitution
III. Federalist vs. Anti-Federalist
'Federalist* supported constitution and strong federal gov. Washington, Franklin, Madison, & Hamilton, thought articles very weak! Had strong leaders and was well organized, support came from mostly big cities.
'Anti-Federalist = Thought strong central gov. would limit democracy and restrict state's rights, Mason, Patrick Henry, Winthrop, & George Clinton, thought article's alright and that constitution would be tyrannical b/c didn't protect individual rights (pushed for bill of rights), poorly organized, and appealed to farmers and western settlers.
* The Federalist papers were written by Madison, Hamilton and Jay and they presented reasons for each major provision of the constitution.
RESULTS: DE, N J, and PA first to ratify. VA which was strongly anti-federalist joined only after the promise of a bill of rights. VA influenced NY
and NC to join and Rhode Island was the last state to ratify. .
'
IV. Bill of Rights
>protected against possibility of tyranny in central gov. -used to help convince states to ratify
> Ten Amendments
1 - freedom of speech, press & religion 6- speedy & public trial
2.-bear arms 7-right to trial by jury
3 -no quarting soldiers 8- no excessive bails/ cruel & unusual punishment
4- no searches and seizures . 9 rights not mentioned are guaranteed
5 - due process .10- powers not given to fed. gov. are give to ppl/state
V. Washington as President
>Washington was the agreed choice for president
>checks and balances put into practice = pres.-Executive, supreme court-judicial, congress -legislative >Washington set up a cabinet of advisors including Hamilton, Jefferson, Knox, and Randolph
>Supreme court given power to make lesser courts (state courts) Judiciary act of 1789 set up a chief justice and five associate justices for the
Supreme Court . .
VI. Hamilton's Financial Program
* Anti-federalist (like Jefferson) opposed Hamilton's plan b/c thought it benefited the rich at the expense of indebted farmers.
* Goals to help the nation's financial problems:
1. pay off national dept at face value & fed. gov. pays war debts of states
- TJ agreed to b/c Hamilton agreed to make the capital on Potomac R. (Wash. DC.)
2. protect the new industries and collect revenue with high tariffs on imported goods
-persuaded congress to pass excise taxes, ex. Whisky
3. create national bank
* "Necessary and proper" clause - constitution didn't give congress the power to create the bank, but Hamilton said congress
could do whatever was -necessary to carry out its enumerated powers.
* printed paper currency and used fed. deposits to stimulate business
* C. Foreign Affairs- Washington's and Adams' presidencies were taken up with the question of who the US should support in the wars
that erupted between the new French Republic and the European monarchies after the French revolution.
1. The French Revolution- Most Americans sympathized with the French people's desires, but were horrified by
reports of chaos. The US-French Alliance and the seizing of American merchant ships by Britain supported the
argument to support France against Britain.
2. Proclamation of Neutrality- Washington believed the US was too weak for a European war and proclaimed
neutrality in 1793, leading Jefferson to resign from the cabinet in protest.
3. "Citizen" Genet- Edmond Genet, French minister to the US, acted outrageously in appealing directly to the
American public to help France. He was recalled by his gov't but stayed in the US and became a citizen.
4. The Jay Treaty- Chief Justice John Jay was sent to Britain to stop search and seizure of American ships and
seaman impression; he brought back a treaty in 1794 that said nothing about the seizures but required Britain to
evacuate the US western frontier. It maintained neutrality and was narrowly passed by the Senate.
5. The Pinckney Treaty- Taking the Jay Treaty as a sign of closer relations between France and the US, Spain
began to consolidate its N. American holdings. Thomas Pinckney, US minister to Spain, got Spain to open the
lower Mississippi and New Orleans to American trade without duties to the Spanish gov't and accept Florida's
north boundary at 31S| parallel.
D. Domestic Concerns
1. Native Americans- Settlers continued to encroach on native lands; British supplied Natives with arms and encouraged them to attack the intruders. After the 1794 defeat of the Shawnee and Wyandot at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in NW Ohio by Gen. Anthony Wayne, chiefs sign the Treaty of Greenville, surrendering the OH Territory.
2..The Whiskey Rebellion- Farmers in W PA Refuse to pay federal excise tax on whisky that they couldn't afford; instead they attack the revenue collectors. Washington mobilized 15,000 state militia under Hamilton .and stopped the rebellion, but many westerners and Thomas Jefferson criticized that action.
3. Western.Lands- The Public Land Act of 1796 established procedures for dividing and selling federal lands at v reasonable prices; VT becomes first new state in 1791, KT in 1792, and TN in 1796.
VII. Political Parties- It was assumed that there would be no political parties in the US, but the Federalist v. Anti-Federalist debates of
1787-88 proved this wrong.
A. Origins- The Federalists were new and unusual because they were organized across states and sustained, unlike
temporary factions of the past. Political parties began to form around Hamilton and his financial program (the Federalists)
and Jefferson (the Democratic-Republicans). The conflict over support of the French Revolution helped form the political
parties.
B. Differences Between the Parties- The Federalists were strong in the NE, and favored growth of federal power. Adams,
Hamilton led them, and they were pro-Brit. The Dem-Reps were strong in the S and W and favored states' rights. Jefferson,
Madison led them and they were pro-French.
C.Washington's Farewell Address- In Wash's farewell address, published in papers in 1796, he warned against involvement in Euro, affairs and permanent alliances, political parties, and sectionalism. Washington's choice to retire after 2 terms set a precedent for the future.
D. VII. John Adams' Presidency- Adams, a Federalist, ran against Jefferson, and Dem-Rep, and won by 3 electoral votes. Jefferson became VP because the Constitution made the candidate with the 2nd highest vote count VP (changed by the 12th Amend in 1804)
E.The XYZ Affair- French seizures of US merchant ships led Adams to send delegates to Paris. 3 French ministers (whose names were never revealed) requested bribes to enter jnto negotiation and are only known as X, Y, and Z. Though angered citizens clamored for war against France, Adams resisted war because the military was still too weak.
F. The Alien and Sedition Acts- Federalists won the Congressional majority in 1798 and enacted the several laws to restrict the Dem-Reps: the Naturalization Act increased the number of years for immigrants to become citizens (most immig. voted Dem-Rep), the Alien Acts authorized the president to deport and detain any "dangerous" aliens, and the Sedition Act made criticism of the president or Congress in a newspaper illegal.
G.The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions- Republicans argue that the Alien and Sedition acts violate the 1st Amendment. Kentucky and Virginia adopt resolutions that allowed the state to nullify .a federal law that "broke the compact" between the state and the national gov't. The Alien and Sedition crisis faded because of a Dem-Rep majority in 1800, which repealed the Acts, and the Supreme Court under John Marshall, which asserted its power of judicial review.
VIII. The Election of 1800- The Federalists lost popularity during Adams' presidency due to the Alien and Sedition Acts and new taxes.
A. Election Results- Both Aaron Burr and Thomas Jefferson, both Dem-Reps, got the same number of electoral votes, so a
special House election was held. The House was still controlled by Federalists, but they eventually gave the majority to
Jefferson.
B. A Peaceful Revolution- Sometimes called the Revolution of 1800, the change of control from the Federalists to the Dem-
Reps was peaceful. This was significant for the times.
Chapter 7 Outline: The Age of Jefferson 1800-1816
I. Jefferson's Presidency
* Democratic-Republican attempted to win allegiance and trust of Federalists by maintaining the national bank
and Hamilton Plan 4
* Carried neutrality policies of Washington and Adams
* Limited central government, reduced size of military, eliminated some federal jobs, repealed excise taxes,
lowered national debt
II. Louisiana Purchase
• Louisiana territory included land in between the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers, and Port of New Orleans
(Napoleon owned, and wanted to restore French Empire in Americas)
A. US Interest in the Mississippi River
• In 1 802, Spanish closed the Port of New Orleans to Americans (Revoked the Right of Deposit)
B. Negotiations
• Napoleon offered to sell, and the Louisiana Territory for 1 5 million, US accepted
C. Constitutional Predicament
• No clause said that the President could purchase land, but in the best interest of the country, he allowed
himself to do it. The senate agreed and ratified the purchase
D. Consequences
* Doubled the size of the US, and guaranteed expansion
* Strengthened TJ's hopes to make the US an agrarian based society or independent farmers
* Increased TJ's popularity, and showed the Federalists to be weak and sectionalist
E. Lewis and Clark Expeditions
* Set out from St. Louis in 1804, crossed the Rockies, reached Oregon and turned back and were home in 1806.
* The gained scientific knowledge, improved relations with Indians, and developed maps and routes
III. John Marshall and the Supreme Court
• Federalist judges stayed hi office
A. John Marshall
* Appointed during final months on Adams' presidency, served for 34 years
* Stood up for strong central government at states expense
B. Case of Marbury vs. Madison
* TJ wanted to block the last minute appointments made by Adams
* Sec of State was not to deliver commissions, and was sued by Marbury, a midnight appointee
* Ruled that Marbury had right to his commission, but then that the Judiciary Act of 1 789 was unconstitutional,
so he was not given his commission
* Established judicial review
C. Judicial Impeachments
• Suspended the Alien and Sedition Acts, supported campaign for impeachment
IV. TJ's Reelection
• 1804 was reelected
V. Aaron Burr
• Republicans didn't want to nominate Burr again as VP, resulted in death of Hamilton by Burr
A. Federalist Conspiracy
• Burr planned to win governorship of NY and lead New England states to secede, but he was defeated
B. Duel with Hamilton
• Burr challenged Hamilton, and show Hamilton to death
C. Trial for Treason
• Wanted to take Mexico from Spain, TJ ordered for his arrest, but was acquitted by Marshall
VL Difficulties Abroad
A. Barbary Pirates
• North African coast, so TJ sent small fleet of ships to Mediterranean where fighting with Tripoli lasted for 4
years, and US gained respect
B. Challenges to US Neutrality
* Napoleonic Wars dominated in Europe
* British always stole ships and goods, and impressed US sailors into the Army
C. Chesapeake-Leopard affair
• 1 807, British warship ship Leopard fired at US ship Chesapeake
• Anti British feelings increased
VIL Madison's Presidency
A. The Election of 1808
• Madison viewed as brilliant thinker and statesman
* Weak public speaker, stubborn temperament, lacked political skills Jefferson had
8. Commercial Warfare
* Like Jefferson: Attempted combination of diplomacy and economic pressure to deal with Napoleonic wars
* Unlike Jefferson: Took the United States to war
C. Non-intercourse Act of 1809
• Americans could now trade with all nations except Britain and France
D. Macon'sBill No.2(1810) .
• Restored U.S. trade with Britain and France.
•either Britain or France formally agreed to respect U.S. neutral rights at sea, then U.S. would prohibit trade with that nation's foe
E. Napoleon's Deception
• French continued to seize American merchant ships
VIII. The War of 1812
A. Causes of the War
* continued violation of U.S. neutral rights at sea
* troubles with the British on the western frontier
B. Free Seas and Trade
* Britain and France wouldn't respect neutral rights so long as they were locked in a struggle with each other
* British violations seemed more blatant
C. Frontier Pressures
* British and their Indian and Spanish allies stood in the way of American western expansion
* Battle of Tippecanoe 1811
D. War Hawks
• Led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun
• Argued that war with Britain would be the only way to defend American honor, gain Canada, and destroy
Native Americans
E. Declaration of War
• Madison declares war against Britain June 1812
F. A Divided Nation
• U.S. not united to advocate war
G. Election of 1812
Madison wins reelection
H. Opposition to the War
* New England merchants, Federalists, and "Old" Republicans all opposed war
Believed war would close of trade/Believed war was scheme to gain federal power
I. Military Defeats and Naval Victories
U.S. based hope on Napoleon's continued success in Europe and a U.S. land campaign against Canada
J. Invasion of Canada
Three-part invasion of Canada (Detroit, Niagara, and Lake Champlain) Blocked by British
K. Naval Battles
* Late 1812: Constitution raised American morale by defeating and sinking a British ship
* Battle at Lake Erie in 1813 .
British forced to retreat and abandon their plan to invade New York and New England
L. Chesapeake Campaign
Summer of 1814: British army set fire to the White House and other government buildings
M. Southern Campaign
March 1814 Battle of Horseshoe Bend: Jackson ends power of the Creek nation
N. The Treaty of Ghent
• December 24, 1814: Halt to fighting, Return of all conquered territory to the prewar claimant, Recognition of
the prewar boundary between Canada and the U.S.
O. The Hartford Convention
• December 1814: Federalists want secession
P. The War's Legacy
1. U.S. gained respect
2. U.S. accepts Canada as British neighbor
3. Federalists party comes to an end
4. South later uses secession ideas
5. Native Americans surrendered
6. Less European goods, more U.S. factories
7. New strong political leaders
8. Chapter 8 AMSCO Outline – Nationalism And Economic Development
L The Era of Good Feelings
-Federalist party was slowly fading as the new Republican party became a popular choice for the North, South, and
West
-The Era of Good Feelings only lasted from the election of 1816 to the Panic of 1819
A. James Monroe
a. He was a veteran of the Revolutionary War, a prominent member of the Virginia's Republican Party,
and Jefferson's minister to Great Britain
b. Won easily in the. election of 1816 against Federalist Rufiis King
B. Cultural Nationalism
a. The new generation of Americans were more interested in expansion westward rather than the
European conflict (Napoleonic Wars)
b. Gilbert Stuart, Charles Willson Peale, and John Trumball were some painters of the Revolution
c. Public Schools expanded as Noah Webster published the famous dictionary
C. Economic Nationalism
a. In this period of time, there were many internal improvements such as the building of roads and canals
b. Tariff of 1816
i. Tariff rates were raised for the purpose of protecting U.S. manufacturers ii. Factories rose as America became less dependent on Britain
D. Henfy Clay's American System
a. His American System had three parts: i. Protective tariffs ii. A national bank iii. Internal improvements
E. The Panic of 1819
a. The Second Bank of the United States tightened credit in an effort to control inflation and as a result many state banks closed while the value of American money fell
F. Political Changes
a. Federalists failed to adapt to the changing America
. b. Republicans also changed by adopting a Federalist program of maintaining large army and navy, and chartering the Second Bank of the United States
c. Daniel Webster at first opposed the tariffs of 1816 and 1824 but later supported the higher tariff of
1828
d. At the end of Monroe's term, 4 Republicans ran for office
II. Marshall's Supreme Court and Central Government Powers
-John Marshall, a Supreme Court Justice, became a leading member making decisions consistently favoring the
central government
A. Fletcher v. Peck (1810) - state could not pass legislation invalidating a contract
B. Marin v. Hunter's Lease (1816)- Jurisdiction over state courts involving const. Rights
C. Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)- private college protected
D. McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)- fed gov. has implied power to create bank not tax
E. Cohens v. Virginia (1821)- est. principle that Supreme Court ruled over state courts
F. Gibbons v. Ogden( 1821)- Marshall est. fed gov.'s broad control of interstate commerce
III. Western Settlement and the Missouri Compromise
A. Reasons for Westward Movement
a. Acquisition of Native Americans' lands
b. Economic pressures
c. Improved transportation
d. Immigrants
B. New Questions and Issues
a. Westerners could not decide whether or not to allow slavery
C. The Missouri Compromise
a. Congress tried to keep a balance between the North and South (11 free, 11 slave states)
.17
b. Missouri was originally a slave state and would tip the favor towards the South
c. Both houses compromised and Missouri remained a slaveholding state, Maine became a free state, and the rest
of Louisiana Territory north of latitude 36 30' slavery was prohibited
IV. Foreign. Affairs
A. Canada
a. Canada was not a resolved matter between U.S. and Britain in the Treaty of Ghent
b. Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817)- limited naval armament on G. Lakes and border agreements were
made
c. Treaty of 1818:
a. Improved relations between the U.S. and Britain by providing: fishing rights, joint
occupation of the Oregon Territory, and setting limits of the Louisiana Territory at the 49th parallel
B. Florida^
During the war of 1812 Florida was occupied by U.S. troops, previously held by Spain
After the war the Spanish had difficulty governing it, many groups of Seminoles, runaway slaves and white
outlaws retreated here
a. Jackson's military campaign: Jackson sent out military troops in order to clear Florida, they destroyed
Seminole villages, and hanged two chiefs
b. Florida Purchase Treaty: 1819 Spanish turned over Florida to the U.S. in fear that they would take it by
force, hi return the U.S. gave up territorial claims of Texas
C. The Monroe Doctrine:
European power had combined
British and U.S. leaders decided they would protect North and South America from European aggression
a. British Initiative: British navy was an important factor in order to deteriorate Spanish monarchy
b. American Response: decided to not work with Britain as it would hinder them from expansion in the
hemisphere
c. The Doctrine: declared that the U.S. was opposed to any attempts made by Europe hi the affairs of any
republic in the Western Hemisphere
d. Impact: Many Americans forgot the significance, the British were annoyed, and the Europeans were
angered
V. National Economy:
The national economy was growing and changing with political conflicts over tariffs, internal improvements, and the Bank of the United States
A. Population Growth:
a. Population doubled and both new and old urban areas were growing rapidly
B. Transportation:
b. Transportation increased and improved with the changes in roads, steamboats, railroads and the
completion of the Erie Canal
C. Growth of Industry:
c. Mechanical inventions increased industry,- such as the cotton gin,
d. Factory systems improved, as well as the labor availability
e. Unions were organized hi major cities and increased in number as the factory system took hold
D. Commercial Agriculture:
f. Change to cash crops were based on, cheap land and easy credit, and markets
E. Cotton and South:
g. The invention of the cotton gin, increased the production of cotton and turned it into a cash crop
F. Effects of the Market Revolution:
h. Specialization on the farm, the growth of cities, industrialization and the development of modern capitalism meant the end of self-sufficient households and a growing interdependence of people
i. As a American society became more urban and industrialized the nature of work and family life changed for woman
j. . Economic and social mobility did occur
k. Slavery gradually began to disappear
. .
Amsco Chapter 9: Sectionalism.
1) The North
i) Northeast
(1) New England, Mid Atlantic states
ii) Old Northwest
(1) Ohio to Minnesota
iii) Northern states bound together by improved transportation and a high economic growttl rate based on commercial
farming and industrial innovation
b) The Industrial Northeast
1) Centered in the textile industry
2) 1830s- factories producing .wide range of goods
ii) Organized Labor
(1) Industrial development = larger number of people who became factory workers
a) Low pay, long hours, unsafe working conditions
b) Labor parties
(i) First-founded in Philly in 1828
(ii) 1830's - increasing number of urban workers joined unions and participated in strikes (iii) Commonwealth v. Hunt - peaceful unions had the right to negotiate labor contracts with employers (iv) 1840s and 50s - Northern legislatures passed laws establishing a ten hour day for industrial workers 1. Improvements were impeded by
a. Periodic depressions
b. Employers and courts that were hostile to unions
c. An abundant supply of cheap immigrant labor
iii) Urban Life
(1) Northern urban population grew to 15% by 1850 (a) Slums expanded causing... (i) Crowded housing (ii) Poor sanitation (iii) Infections diseases (iv) High rates of crime iv) African Americans
1) 250000 lived in the North in 1860
2) Freedom = maintain family, could sometimes own land, yet did not = political and economical equality'
c) The Agricultural Northwest
(1) States
a) Ohio-1863
b) Indiana-1816
c) Illinois-1818
d) Michigan-1837
e) Wisconsin-1848
f) Minnesota-1858
ii) Agriculture
1) Large grain and wheat crops were very profitable
2) Steel plow - John Deere
3) Mechanical Reaper-Cyrus McCormick
4) Farm families
iii) New Cities
(1) Small villages soon turned into larger cities, especially the ones on major rivers (•2) Served as "transfer points"
d) Immigration
i) -1820 - 8000 immigrants arrived from Europe, increased starting in 1832 ii) Immigrant surge due to
1) Development of inexpensive and faster ships
2) Famines in Europe
3) Growing reputation of the US
iii) Irish
1) Vi of all immigrants came from Ireland
2) Crop failure
3) Faced strong discrimination because they were Roman Catholics
4) Congregated in Northern cities
5) Initially excluded, but eventually secured jobs and influence
iv) Germans
1) Faced economic hardship and dictatorship
2) Bought, refuge in US
(3) Made modest livings as farmers and artisans
v) Nativists
(1) Basically "Americans" who didn't like foreigners
2) Protestant
3) Led to "American" party, or the "Know-nothing" party
2) The South
a) Agriculture and King Cotton
i) Agriculture = foundation of South's economy
1) Tobacco, rice and sugarcane were cash crops, but cotton was king
2) Eli Whitney's cotton gin made cotton affordable
3) Britain dependent on US for cotton
(a) Became 2/3 of US exports
b) Slavery, the "Peculiar Institution"
i) Wealth in Southland & slaves ii) Population
(1) Slave pop. Up due id cotton boom iii) Economics
(1) Slaves' jobs
(a) Labor in fields, experts in crafts, servants in factories and homes, construction gangs
(2) Slaves caused south to have less capital than north
iv) Slave life
1) Some humanely treated and some routinely beaten
2) Families separated
3) Women subject to sexual exploitation
v) Resistance
1) Work slowdowns
2) Sabotage
3) Escape
4) Revolts
(a) Denmark Vesey
r (b) Nat Turner
(c) Caused strict slave codes and demonstrated evils of slavery to North
c) Free African Americans
i) By 1860 as many as 250,000 Africa-Americans were not slaves ii) Most free southern blacks lived in cities iii). Had to show legal papers showing free status
iv) Most remained in south due to family members in bondage and believed south to be home and north to offer no better
opportunities
d) White Society
i) Aristocracy
1) Owned at least 100 slaves and farmed at least 1,000 acres
2) Dominated legislature
ii) Farmers
1) Fewer than 20 slaves
2) Produced bulk of cotton
1) Worked with slaves
iii) Poor Whites
1) 3/4 of South's white pop.
1) Owned no slaves
iv) Mountain People
(1) Disliked planters and slaves
e) Southern Thought
i) Education
1) Upper class valued college education more than the North
2) Slaves prohibited by law from receiving any instruction in reading and writing
3) The West
a) Native Americans
i) Exodus
(1) By 1850 vast majority of Indians lived west of the Mississippi River ii) Life on the Plains
(1) Horses-allowed Indians to become nomadic hunters
b) The Frontier
i) Promised greater freedom for all ethnic groups ii) Mountain Men
(1) Guides and pathfinders for settlers crossing mountains into California and Oregon
c) White Settlers on the Western Frontier
i) Worked hard from sunrise to sunset
ii) Lived in log cabins
iii) Died at an early age due to disease and Indian attacks
d) Women
i) Doctors, teachers, seamstresses, cooks, and chief assistants in fields to husbands
e) Environmental Damage
i) Settlers cleared forests, exhausted soil, decimated beaver and buffalo to near extinction
Amsco Chapter 10 - The Age of Jackson (1824 -1840) J«cksonian Democracy
• Change in politics, paralleled complex social and earn. Changes
The Rise ofa Democratic Society
All about Equality
American Plan - men and women from all classes ate together at common tables One class for all
Men dressed simply, women dressed fancifully However, still discriminatory against blacks
Equality of Opportunity - allow young white males of any origin to rise as far as he would want to go Hero - "self made man" Politics
Age of Common Mm
• Increase in number of voters
• Caused by: new state suffrage laws, changes in political parties, campaign methods, unproved education,
increases in newspaper circulation
• Most important changes:
. • Universal male suffrage - new western state constitutions didn't have religious or property requirements for voting. Other states soon abandoned those qualifications. Political offices could be held by middle/lower classes
* Party nominating conventions - rather than using the "caucus" method, a closed door meeting of political
party leaders in congress, nomination of candidates in 1830s changed to nominating conventions where it
involved the common people, more democratic
* Popular election of president - allowed voters to choose state's presidential electors, moire democratic
* Two-party system - presidential campaigns conducted on national scale. Thus, large political parties needed
* Rise of third parties - other smaller parties emerged
* More elected offices - much larger number of state and local officials were elected. This gave people more
voice and increased interest in voting
* Popular campaigning — politics became entertainment Campaigns involved parading and marching bands
while verbal attacks on opponent
* Spoils system - Jackson appointed federal jobs. He fired any previous office holder who was not democrat
and replaced that person with a loyal democrat This promoted government corruption, hence "spoils".
Jackson rotated office holders every term, which affirmed that "one man was as good as another."
Jackson Versus Adams
The Election of 1824
* Candidates: JQAdams, Henry Clay, William Crawford, Andrew Jackson
* Jackson won most popular votes, but lacked majority in Electoral College.
• Election now in hands of House of Reps. With influence from Henry Clay who advocated JQA Adams won over
Jackson
President John Quincy Adams
* Advocated internal improvements, aid to manufacturing, national university and an astronomical observatory •
* Jacksonians disliked those (the above)
* 1828 - Tariff of Abominations
• satisfied northern manufacturers
• alienated southern planters
The Revolution of 1828
* Adams went for reelection in 1828
* Jackson's party accused Adams' wife of being born out of wedlock (having unmarried parents)
* Adams retaliated by accusing Jackson's wife of adultery
* These events brought much interest to campaign and increased the number of voters by three times
* Jackson won
The Presidency of Andrew Jackson
• Dominated for eight years
Symbol of me emerging working and middle class (common man)
Role of the President
Representative of all people and protector of the common people against abuses by the power of the wealthy
He opposed increased federal spending and national debt
He vetoed more bills (12) than his predecessors combined
• Kitchen Cabinet - apart from his official cabinet members of this cabinet were Jackson's advisers. Members of
official cabinet have little influence on his policy
Peggy Eaton Affair
* Peggy O'Neale Eaton, wife of Jackson's secretary of state, gossiped about by .the wives of his cabinet members.
She was not accepted socially, not invited to social event because they suspected her to be an adulteress
* When Jackson forced the cabinet wives to accept P.Eaton, his cabinet members resigned and so did John C.
Calhoun, his vp
• Martin Van Buren became vp .
Indian removal act {1830)
Jackson was land hungry; wanted Native Americans to leave their homelands for lands west of Miss. This act forced resettlement of thousands of Indians The Bureau of Indian Affairs created in 1836 to help resettlement of tribes U.S. army forced 15,000 Cherokees to leave Georgia in 1838, after. Jackson was out of office. Trail of Tears — 4,000 Cherokees died during journey
Nullification Crisis
• Nullification theory - each state decided whether or not to obey federal law or void it null
• 1832, S. Carolina voided tariff of 1828 and 1832
• Jackson threatened S. Carolina with the possible use of military force; however, Carolina rescinded the nullification and the tariffs were modified
Bank Veto
* Was a suspicion that the Bank of the United States served interests of the wealthy. Thus, Jackson thought it was
unconstitutional
* Henry Clay persuaded congress to pass a bank-recharter bill, but Jackson vetoed bill denouncing it as a private
monopoly enriching wealthy at expense of common people
* Jackson won reelection
The Two-Party System
* Democrats - Jackson advocates
Favored: local rule, limited gov't, free trade, equal econ opportunity (for white males only) Opposed: monopolies, a national bank, high tariffs, high land prices Support from southerners, westerners, small fanners, urban workers Whigs - Henry Clay advocates
Favored: American system (national bank, federal funding of internal improvements, a protective tariff) Opposed: immorality, vice and crime (much of it blamed on immigrants)
Supporters: New Englanders, ppl of mid-Atlantic and upper-middle-western states, protestants, middle class urban professionals Jackson's Second Term
• After victory in election, he had to face econ consequences of his decision to oppose the Bank of the US
* Pet Banks - Jackson transferred federal funds from the national bank to various state banks
* Specie Circular - land prices (arid other goods) because inflated in result of financial policies and
speculation. This required future land purchases be made in gold and silver and not paper banknotes.
Banknotes lost their value >> Panic of 1837 >> Depression
The Election of 1836
• Martin Van Buren-won
President Van Buren and the Panic of 183 7
* Many banks closed
* Whigs blamed Democrats for their laissez-faire policy
The "Log Cabin and Hard Oder" Campaign of 1840
* Voters unhappy with failing economy
* Whig party - William Henry Harrison as presidential candidate
• Paraded log cabins on wheels and passed out hard cider for votes (symbolized Harrison's humble origins)
• . Harrison won election (established Whig party as a true national party)
• Harrison dies of pneumonia one month into his term
Chapter 11- The Ferment of Reform
/ 1) Beginning
a) Before the Civil War (antebellum period)
i) Establishing free public schools/ treatment for mentally ill/ controlling selling of beer/ winning rights for women/abolishing slavery
2) The Second Great Awakening
a) Calvinists (Puritan)
i) Teachings of original sin and predestination have been rejected ii) Counterattack against these liberal views in 1795
b) Revivalism
i) Presbyterian minister named Charles G. Finney started radical form in NY ii) Appealed to peoples emotions and dear of damnation (1) declare their revived faith
c) Baptist and Methodists
i) Preachers (Peter Cartwright) travel from one town to another attract thousands (1) Dramatic preaching -1850 larges Protestant denominations in the country
d) Millennialism
i) World was about to end w/ the 2nd coming of Christ (Oct. 21,1844) ii) Leader: William Miller
(1) People disappointed when it didn't occur
(a) Formed new religion - 7th- day Adventist
e) Mormons-Church of .Latter Day Saints
i) Joseph Smith (founder) based on Book of Scripture (Book of Mormon)
(1) Murdered by local mob
ii) Brigham young - establish the New Zion (new leader!!) in West
(1) Believed in Polygamy (one than one wife) — aroused controversy
3) Transcendentalist
a) Transcendentalist Formation
i) Mystical and intuitive way of thinking
ii) Discovering one's inner self and looking for the essence of God in nature
iii) Institutions as unimportant - supported reforms
b) Ralph Waldo Emerson
i) Best known- popular lecturer ~ Leading critic of slavery - supporter of the Union
c) Henry David Thoreau
i) Two - year experiment of living by himself in the woods outside of town ii) Walden (1854) - pioneer ecologist and conservationist
d) Brook Farm
i) George Ripley- launched it - in Mass.
ii) Achieve "a more natural union between intellectual and manual labor"
4) Communal Experiments
a) Shakers
. i) Women and men strictly separate ~ Lack of new recruits - died .b) New Harmony
i) Indiana - Robert Owen - answer to problem of inequity and alienation cause by the Industrial Revolution - failed
c) Oneida community
i) John Humphrey Noyes - controversial - perfect social 'and economic equality ii) Shared prosperity and marriage partners - "free love"
d) Fourier Phalanxes
i) Charles Fourier (socialist) - share work and living arrangements
5) Art and Literature
a) Painting
i) George Caleb Bingham - common people in various settings
ii) William S. Mount - rural compositions
iii) Thomas Cole & Frederick Church - landscapes
b) Architecture
i) Ancient Athens - classical Greek styles
c) Literature
i) More nationalistic ~ Washington Irving & James Fenimore Cooper ~ fiction
ii) Cooper~ Leatherstocking Tales- including: The Last of the Mohicans, The Pathfinder, & The
Deerslayer iii) Nathaniel Hawthorne -The Scarlet Letter (1850)
iv) Herman Melville's- Moby Dick (1855)
6) Temperance
a) Temperance
i) Shift from moral exhortation to pol. action
ii) American Temperance Society - Persuaded drinkers to pledge of total abstinence
b) Mental Hospitals
i) Dorothea Dix - improving conditions for emotionally disturbed persons
c) Schools for blind and deaf persons
i) Thomas Gallaudet - founded school for the deaf
ii) Dr. Samuel Gridley Howe - founded school for the blind
d) Prisons
i) Crude jails-Penns.-penitentiaries = solitary confinement-failed
7) Public Education
a) Free common schools
i) Horace Mann — leading advocate of the common school movement
ii) Improved schools, compulsory attendance for all children, and longer school year, and increased teacher preparation
b) Moral Education
i) William Holmes McGuffey - instructed in principles of morality ii) Reading and moral instruction in 100s of schools
c) Higher Education
i) Colleges spreading in W - few admitting women .
8) Women's Rights Movement
a). Origin
i) Sarah & Angelina Grimke .
(1) Objected to their antislavery activities
(2) Letter on the Condition of Women and Equality of the Sexes (1837) ii) Lucretia Mott & Elisabeth Cady Stanton
(1) Campaigning for women's rights after they had been barred
b) Seneca Falls Convention (1848) . .
i) 1 * convention 4 women's rights - issued a document
(1) "Declaration of Sentiments" ~ Declared "all men and women are created equal
9) Antislavery Movement
a) American colonization Society
i) Transporting freed slaves to an African colony
b) American Antislavery Society
i) William Lloyd Garrison - founder of society and author of The Liberator
c) Liberty Party
i) Northerners - James Bimey candidate for pres. In 1840 and 1844 elections (1) Focused on bringing about the end of slavery by pol. And legal means
d) Black abolitionists
i) Frederick Douglass
(I) Spoke about brutality and degradation of slavery --The North Star
e) Violent abolitionism
i) David Walker and Henry highland Garnet
1) Advocated the most radical solution to the slavery question
2) Revolt against their "masters"
f) Other Reforms
i) American Peace Society founded in 1828 - abolishing war
ii) Protect seamen from being flogged
iii) Dietary reform .
iv) Dress reform for women
v) New pseudoscience called phrenology - study of skulls shape
g) South Reaction to Reforms
i) Committed to tradition and slow to support public education & reforms
'
Chapter 12 - Territorial and economic expansion, 1830,1860
Manifest Destiny
I. Conflicts over Texas. Maine, and Oregon
A. Texas- Mexican province r— Oregon - claimed by Britain
1. Austin had large land grant in Texas - began steady migration of American settlers
2. 1830 - more white fanners and black slaves than Mexicans -3:1
3. 1829 Mexico outlaws slavery and required all immigrants to convert to Roman Catholicism
4. Americans ignore the new laws so Mexico closed Texas to more immigration and Americans continued
to ignore
5. Revolt and Independence : 1834 General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna dictator of Mexico
a. He insisted on enforcing Mexican laws in Texas - Sam Houston and Americans revolt and declare
Texas and independent republic (1836)
b. Mexican army led by Santa Anna attacked Alamo
c. Battle of San Jacinto - army under Sam Houston captures Santa Anna
d. Santa Anna is forced to sign a treaty that recognizes Texas independence and gave them all the
territory north of the Rio Grande - Mexican legislature rejected the treaty
6. Annexation Denied - Houston 1st president of the Republic of Texas (Lone Star Republic) and asks for
annexation
a. Jackson & Van Buren avoid his request b/c it would boost slavery and possibly lead to war w/ Mexico
b. President Tyler tries to help Houston but his treaty of annexation rejected in 1844
B. Boundary Dispute in Maine
1. Issue over ill defined boundary between Maine and Canada province of New Brunswick (British ruled)
2. Arroostook War ended in a treaty by US Sec of State D.Webster and Brit ambassador, Lord Ashburton
a. Webster-Ashburton treaty(1842) - the disputed territory is split between Maine and British Canada and settled boundary of the Minnesota territory
C. Boundary Dispute in Oregon
1. At one time claimed by Spain, Brit, US, and Russia
a. Adam-Onis Treaty of 1819 - Spain gave up its claim to Oregon with the US, Britain based its claim on the Hudson Fur Company, and US based its claim on (1) the discovery of the Columbia River by Captain Robert Gray in 1792 (2) expedition by Lewis and Clarke 1805 (3) fur trading post
D. The Election of1844
1. Van Buren - Democrat opposed annexation and Calhoun pro annexation - dispute for nomination
2. Dem. Nominate Dark Horse James K. Polk - favored annexation of TX, "reoccupation" of all of Oregon,
and acquisition of California, "54 40 or Fight" - border between Oregon territory and Russian Alaska
3. Whig - Henry Clay for annexation - New Yorkers left Whigs to support antislavery Liberty party - Polk
won
E. Annexing Texas and Dividing Oregon
1. Tyler persuaded both houses to pass a joint resolution for annexation - required only simple majority of
each house
2. Brit and America agree to divide Oregon at the 49th parallel - final settlement delayed until the US
agreed to grant Vancouver Island to Brit and guarantee its right to navigate the Columbia River
3. Didn't want war with Brit and Mex so Senate opponents of the treaty reluctantly voted for the
compromise settlement
II. War with Mexico (Polk wanted Sidell to persuade Mexico to sell the CA and NM territory to the US and settle a dispute about the Mexico-Texas border-he fails. Texas south, border is thought to be both Nueces and Rio Grande)
A. Immediate causes of the War
1. Polk orders Gen. Zachory Taylor to move his army to the Rio Grande across territory claimed by Mex
2. 1846-Mex army capture American army patrol, kill 11
3. Polk sends war messages to Congress - Northern Whigs oppose War - Large majority in both houses
approved war
B. Military Campaigns
1. War fought in Mex with small armies - General Steven Keamy - takes Santa Fe and South CA
2. J. Fremont overthrew Mex rule in N. Cali (1846) and proclaimed Cali an independent republic (Bear
. Flag Republic)
3. Zachory Taylor won victory at Buena Vista (Feb. 1847)
4. Polk selects General Winfield Scott to invade central Mexico
1. Scott takes city of Vera Cruz and then captured Mexico City in Sept 1847
C. Consequences of the War ...
1. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo-Mexican Cession (1848), provided that Mexico would recognize the Rio
Grande as the southern border of Texas and the US would claim California and New Mexico and pay $15
million while assuming claims of American citizens against Mexico
a. Despite opposition in the Senate by Whigs and some southern Democrats, the treaty was ratified by the necessary 2/3rds vote
2. Wilmot Proviso was an attempt at an appropriations bill to outlaw slavery in new territories from
Mexico; it was passed in the house but failed in the Senate
3. Prelude to the civil war - the claiming of western lands renewed sectional debate over slavery
D. Manifest Destiny in the South
1. Southerners, seeking more land for viable slave plantations, looked to the acquisition of Cuba
2. Ostend Manifesto - President Pierce sent three diplomats to Ostend, Belgium to negotiate a secret purchase of Cuba but it was leaked to the press and criticized severely by antislavery members of Congress
3. William Walker led a force of mostly southerners and took over Nicaragua in 1855, even gained
tentative recognition from the US in 1856 but was invaded by Central American countries and executed
4. Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850) provided that neither US or Great Britain could build an independent
canal in Central America and was kept until the end of the century
5. Gadsden Purchase was the $10 million purchase in 1853 by Pierce for the southern sections of New
Mexico and Arizona for a railroad
E. Expansion after the Civil War
1. The drive for expansion was dampened by more serious problems during and after the Civil War but William Seward purchased Alaska in 1867
III. Settlement of the Western Territories
A. Fur Traders' Frontier
1. Fur Traders in the 1820s were the first to open the Far West, trading with Native Americans for animal
skins and providing early trails and information
B. Overland Trails
2. By 1860, hundreds of thousands traveled across the harsh Oregon, California, Santa Fe, and Mormon
trails, battling weather and disease on trips that would last months in order to settle the West
C. Mining Frontier
3. The discovery of gold in 1848 brought tens of thousands of gold-seeking men to California and then
Colorado, Nevada, the Black Hills, and other territories of the west, boosting California's population
D. Farming Frontier
4. Pioneer families often started homesteads and farms in the west, encouraged by the government
It was a moderately expensive investment and difficult one but would later develop rural communities
E. Urban Frontier
5. Railroads facilitated travel and cities like San Francisco, Denver, and Salt Lake City sprang up
IV. The Expanding Economy
A. Industrial Technology
1. Factories became more widespread throughout the Northeast, producing clothes, firearms, tools, etc
2. New inventions such as the sewing machine and telegraph changed everyday life
B. Railroads
1. Railroads became America's largest industries as tracks were laid all over the country and promoted western agriculture, endorsed by local and state governments
C. Foreign Commerce
1. Shipping firms sent sailing packets on regular schedules to encourage trade and travel
2. Demand for whale oil for middle-class American homes caused whaling boom from 1830-1860
3. Improvements in ship building hastened travel from New York to San Francisco, aiding gold seekers
4. Steamships replaced clippers in mid 1850s because they were more efficient and effective
5. Commodore Matthew Perry was sent to Japan to open up its ports – he succeed in opening two ports
6. The Panic of 1857saw a serious drop in prices and unemployment but the South was less affected due to
Cotton prices remaining high
a. Southerners saw this as a sign that plantation economy was superior and they could be independent
Ch. 13: Union in Peril
• Four Main Causes for Civil War
o Slavery: a moral issues in the North vs. its defense and expansion in the South
o Constitutional Disputes over nature of rights of Union and States
o Economic Differences between industrializing North and Agricultural South, (tariffs,
banking, internal improvements)
o Political Blunders and Extremism, which is argued as leading to an unnecessary war.
• Conflict over Status of Territories
o Wilmot Proviso, excluded Slavery from New Territories, and would disrupt balance of
Compromise of 1820.
o Free-Soil Movement - pushed by Northern Democrats and Whigs who wanted the
Wilmot Proviso and blacks excluded from Mexican Cession. Wanted to keep West in
White majority, rather than to stop Slavery,
o Southern Position - against all attempts to stop slavery. Wanted to extend 36°30' line to
Pacific
o Popular Sovereignty - Lewis Cass' idea of allowing territory to decide status by vote,
o Election of 1850 - Taylor (Whig) vs. Cass (D) vs. Van Buren (Free Soil). Taylor
Narrowly defeated Cass.
• The Compromise of 1850
o Admit California as Free State
o Divide Mexican Cession into Utah and New Mexico Territories with status decided by
popular sovereignty,
o Give Land in dispute between Texas and New Mexico Territory, and US assume Texas'
Public Debt of $10 million.
o Ban the slave trade in DC but permit whites to hold slaves as before
o Adopt a new Fugitive Slave Law and enforce it rigorously
• Agitation Over Slavery
o Fugitive Slave Law - made loss of CA better, however, many antislavery Northerners didn't enforce law. Purpose of Law was to return runaways to Southern Owners. Many free blacks returned to slavery, and denied right of trial by jury
o Underground Railroad - network of conductors and stations that helps escaped slaves reach freedom in the North or Canada. Harriet Tubman, a famous conductor, made over 19 trips and helped 300 slaves escape to freedom.
• Literature on Slavery
o Uncle Tom's Cabin — most influential book of the time. Written by Harriet Beecher
Stowe. Many now regarded slave owners are monstrously cruel and inhuman, after
reading this writing,
o Impending Crisis of the South - Hinton R. Helper's book also attacked slavery.
However, it demonstrated slavery's negative impact on economy, however, book was
quickly banned in the South, where as opposite in North,
o Effect of Law and Literature - only continued to split the nation.
• National Parties hi Crisis
o During 1850s, Democrats and Whigs saw major weakening, and Bloody Kansas,
o Election of 1852 - Winfield Scott (Whig) vs. Pierce (D). Whigs did not focus at all on Slavery. Southerners liked Pierce due to support of Fugitive Slave Law.
• Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)
o Proposed by Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois
o Suggested Building Railroads and promoting western settlement.
o Proposed another bill which was to divide Nebraska Territory into Kansas and Nebraska
Territory, with Popular Sovereignty as way of deciding status,
o After 3 months of debate, bill was approved, and known as Kansas-Nebraska Act.
o New.Political Party Emerged from sectional controversy, known as Republicans.
• New Parties
o Know-Nothing Party - party formed with Nativist hostility to newcomers led to formation of American Party. Took Support away from Whigs.
o Republican Party - formed against Kansas-Nebraska Act. Wanted confinement of
slavery to old Southern States. Party grew rapidly and became 2nd largest party. Extremists and Violence Bleeding Kansas
-Pro-slavery supporters from MO establish minority gov. in Lecompton -Violence ensues, Brown in Pottawatomie Creek
-State mainly non slaveholders, but Pierce remains aloof
Caning of Senator Sumner
-Senator Charles Sumner's acerbic speech against Senator Butler and Kansas -Preston Brooks, nephew of Butler, canes Sumner -Depicted growing passions and divisions among both sides Constitutional Issues
Lecompton Constitution
-Proslavery supporters create constitution, which most of state does not support -Buchanan asks Congress, but defeated by Dem.'s, then hacked in state Dred Scott v. Sandford
-Appealed for freedom, who as slave in MO moved to WI a free state, and as resident of Free State = free - Court Rules
i. No right to appeal to federal court his descent was no meant to citizens ii.. Congress cannot deprive right of property or exclude from territories iii. MO = unconstitutional, cause it regulated property -South agrees, but North sees as plot to end slavery issue -Many put in tight spot, popular sovereignty with Dred Scott case Lincoln Douglas Debates
-Douglas y. Lincoln in IL elections, David v. Goliath
-Lincoln not abolitionists, but thought it wrong, delivered "house divided" speech
i. Challenges Douglas popular sovereignty to the Dred Scot decision
ii. Freeport Doctrine- people must enforce slave codes
Many Southern Dem. 's angered, not enough support for Scott case -Douglas wins but loses support with South Dem.'s while Lincoln emerges strong The Road to Secession
-South fear Rep. Platform and tariffs, and fear Rep. President John Brown's Raid at Harper's Ferry
Brown raids federal arsenal for uprising, which doesn't come Federal troops(Lee) take over, Brown = treasonous = executed Rep. and North condemns, but South sees as way to destroy slavery Election of 1860
-Dem.'s split, Douglass (popular sovereignty) v. Breckinridge (slavery) • -Rep. with Lincoln, no slavery in territory, protective tariffs, free land, internal . improvements in west
-Whig, know nothings, moderates Dem.'s = Constitutional Union with Bell Results
-Lincoln wins every Free State, due to split in Dem.'s
.
Secession of the Deep South
-Rep. controlled neither Supreme Court nor Congress, secession was easy - SC, FL, GA, AL, MI, LA, and TX secede creating Confederate States of America
i. Limited gov. to impose tariffs 'and restrict slavery
ii. Jefferson Davis as POTCSA; Alexander Stephens as VP Crittenden Compromise
-Buchanan lame duck does nothing to stop secession
-Crittenden calls for extension of 36°30' and south for slavery, but Lincoln says it violates Rep. Position of stopping slavery in territories
-South thought they were acting against tyranny and that Lincoln would do
nothing .
Chapter 14: . The Civil War 1861-1865
Most costly American war (in terms of human life loss)
* 620,000 men died, and 4 million slaves freed as result of the war
The War Begins
* 1860, Lincoln—First Republican president
1. No intention of interfering with slavery Fort Sumter
* Supplies cut off, bombardment for two days
* War officially began April 12,1861
Use of Executive Power
• Lincoln acted in many unprecedented ways
1. Calling for 75,000 volunteer to 'put down the insurrection'
2. Authorizing spending for the war
3. Suspending the privilege of a Writ of Habeas Corpus
Keeping the Border States in the Union
• Delaware, Maryland, Missouri and Kentucky did not join the Confederacy, due to Union sentiment and
a 'shred' of federal policies
I: In Kentucky, state legislature voted to remain neutral Wartime Advantages 1. Militarily
• South—Pros
i. Prog= Had to move troops and supplies shorter distances
ii. Long coastline difficult to blockade
iii. Experienced military leaders
• North— Pros
i. Pros= 22 million soldiers vs. 5.5 million (South')
ii. 800,000 immigrants and 180,000 African Americans fought as well, adding to the
numbers of the Union
iii. Loyal U.S. Navy to the Union
2. Economically
* great strength was in its economy
* The north owned 85% of all factories, over 70% of all railroads, and 65% of farmlands
3. Politically
• South needed a strong central government with public support; it had neither
• Ultimately hoped the North would turn on Lincoln because of costly war
The Confederate States of America
• Faced serious money-problems, and worth of dollar consistently dropped throughout the war
First Long Years of War 1861-1862.
• Expected to be a short 90 day war. "On to Richmond!"
First Battle of Bull Run (Manassas) ;
• Confederate victory, with the crucial reinforcements led by General Thomas 'Stonewall' Jackson
Union Strategy
* Anaconda Plan= Use Naval powers to blockade Southern Ports and cutting off essential supplies to the
Confederates such as rations, weaponry, clothing, and shoes.
* Divide the power of the Confederacy by controlling the Mississippi River.
• Raise and train an army of 500,000 men to march upon Richmond
Peninsula Campaign
• George B. McClellan-insisted on a long extended rest period for soldiers before battle, but did nothing in
terms of helping win battles
Other battles
* Antietam—Bloodiest single day of combat throughout the entire war, and all wars up until that point. 22,000
men were killed or wounded.
* Fredericksburg—Large Confederate victory, Union 'got spanked'
* Monitor vs. Merrimac—Ironclad Sea Battle; a 5 hour duel resulting in a tie, and revolutionizing Sea Warfare.
Trent Affair
* James Mason did John Slidell fail to receive British recognition and/or support for the Confederacy.
Cotton Diplomacy
• The prospect of cotton was not enough' to have Britain back America, and therefore- ending .cotton
diplomacy.
I) The End of Slavery
1) Lincoln was hesitant to take action against slavery
a) Lincoln's concerns included: keeping the support of border states, the constitutional. protections of slavery, prejudices of many northerners, and fear that premature action could be overturned in the next election.
2) Slaves were freed during the Civil War was a result of: military events, governmental policy,
and their own actions
3) Confiscation Acts
a) The power to seize enemy property used to wage war against the U.S. was the legal
basis for the first Confiscation Act passed by Congress in August 1861.
(1) Thousands of "contrabands" used this act to escape slavery by finding their way into Union camps
b) In July 1862 a second Confiscation Act was passed that freed the slaves of persons
engaged in rebellion against the U.S.
4) Emancipation Proclamation
a) Lincoln delayed abolishing slavery until he had the support of conservative northerners
b) Emancipation Proclamation was issued on January 1,1863, freeing all slaves from the
Confederate states. .
5) Consequences
a) For the first time, Union armies were fighting against slavery
b) The proclamation also authorized the recruitment of freed slaves as Union soldiers
6) Thirteenth Amendment - abolished slavery
7) Almost 200,000 African Americans served in the Union army and navy
II) The Union Triumphs, 1863 -1865
1) Turning point in the war: Battles of Vicksburg and Gettysburg
a) General Grant (Union) succeeded in reducing Lee's (Confed.) army in each battle
2) Sherman's March - General Sherman marched relentlessly through 6A, his troops
destroying everything in their path
3) Democrats nominated General George McClellan and Rep. nominated Lincoln in the
election of 1864 - Lincoln wins again
4) Lee surrendered at the Appomattox Court House on April 9,1865
5) On April 14, Lincoln was shot and killed by John Wllkes Booth
III) Effects of the War on Civilian Life
1) People were arrested without right to habeas corpus
2) Conscription Act - drafted men into the military; was met with many riots
3) Abolition of slavery gave new meaning to the concept of American democracy
IV) Economic Change
1) U.S. Treasury issued $430 million in paper currency called Greenbacks
2) Congress created a National Banking System in 1863
3) Republicans played a major role in stimulating the economic growth of the North and the
West
a) Morrill Tariff Act - Raised tariff rates to increase revenue & protect manufacturers
b) Homestead Act - Offered 160 acres free to whoever would farm Great Plains land
c) Morrill Land Grant Act - Encouraged states to use the sale of fed. land grants to
maintain agricultural and technical colleges
d) Pacific Railway Act - Authorized building of a transcontinental railroad
V) Social Change
1) Women entered the work force in place of the men gone to war
a) Many women played a critical role as military nurses
2) Slaves with no rights were suddenly protected by the U.S. Constitution
3) During the war, the Republicans were able to enact the probusiness Whig program that
was designed to stimulate the Industrial and commercial growth of the U.S.
Civil War Chapter 14
• The War Begins
o 1861 -Lincoln inaugurated
o In his inaugural address Lincoln says the has no intention of interfering of
slavery or any southern institution, but that no state had right to break up
union
o Fort Sumter-Federal garrison at small fort in South Carolina put under siege,
Lincoln sends reinforcements, and thus on April 12, 1861 the war begins
o Lincoln called for 75, 000 volunteers to put down insurrection in south, and
authorized war funds, in addition to suspending the writ of habeas corpus
because of Sumter
o Succession of the Upper South-Before Fort Sumter only 7 states had seceded,
but four more seceded after (those four being Virginia, North Carolina,
Tennessee, Arkansas)
• Wartime Advantages
o South-fought on homeland, demand for cotton was hoped to bring financial
assistance
o North-greater population, stronger economy (controlled most of the banking
and capital of the nation), well established central government
• Confederate States of American
o President-Jefferson Davis
o Faced serious shortage of money, over $1 Billion in economic inflation of
paper money
o Confederacy sustained nearly one million troops at its peak, and nationalized
railroads
• First Years of War 1861-1862
o First Battle of Bull Run is a decisive Confederate Victory, which helped form
Union Strategy which included: 1) Blockade southern ports, 2) Divide
confederacy into two around Mississippi River, 3)Raise and Train an army of
500,000 men to take Richmond
o " General McClellan's Union army invaded Virginia in March 1862, which is
called the Peninsula Campaign, Union lost after 5 months, McClellan
replaced as General with John Pope
o Second Battle of Bull Run-Decisive Confederate Victory
o Antietam- Union Victory, bloodiest battle, 22,000 casualties
o Fredericksburg-Confederate Victory, Union death toll more than doubles
Confederate's
o Monitor vs. Merrimack- naval battle between two ironclads, stalemate
o Grant in the West-Grant uses a combination of gunboats and troops to strike
down the Mississippi River, Union victories, opens Mississippi to attack
o Battle of Shiloh-narrow Union Victory, terrible losses on both sides
• Foreign Affairs and Diplomacy
o Trent Affair-Confederate diplomats attempt to gain Britain's support, fails after they are intercepted by Union and kept as war prisoners,
o Failure of Cotton-Europe obtains cotton from other countries, making
Southern cotton worth very little End of Slavery
o Confiscation Acts-power to seize enemy property and power to free slaves of
rebels against the union
o Emancipation Proclamation-January delivered on September 22nd 1862, says that all states in rebellion states are free, results in war being considered about slavery and didn't immediately free any slaves
o 13th Amendment-Abolishes slavery, and nearly 200,000 African Americans
serve in Union military Union Triumphs 1863-1865
o Vicksburg-turning point victory for the Union, results in almost complete
occupation of Mississippi River Valley
o Gettysburg-Union Victory, Confederate army heavily weakened
o Sherman's March-General Sherman rampages through Georgia and South Carolina using futuristic war techniques, and takes control of Atlanta, in addition to destroying much of the South's infrastructure/stronghold
o Election of 1864-Lincoln versus George McClellan, Lincoln narrowly wins,
enraging south
THE BEGINNING OF THE END
o Appomattox Surrender-General Grant accepts the surrender of General Lee,
ending the war
o April 14,1865 John Wilkes Booth kills Lincoln Civilian Life
o Republican majority in Congress
o Civil liberties abused, 13, 000 people arrested for aiding the enemy
o Ex Parte Milligan- said government couldn't subject civilians to military trial
o Both North and South used draft, from ages 20 to 45
o Abolition of slavery created power in the north, north dominates south
politically Economics
o Both sides borrowed huge amounts using Government bonds
• Inflation ran rampant in north and south, tariffs enacted to limit inflation: Morrill Tariff, Homestead Act, Morrill Land Grant Act, Pacific Railway Act Social Change
o Women gain new opportunities in work force as men fight in war
o War ends and women are thrown out of their jobs, back to political weakness
o Nursing field-open to women as careers
o Slavery called huge cause of war
future of Slavery
o 4 million slaves freed by end of war
o slaves protected by constitution, yet they had no rights
Amsco Chapter 15-Reconstruction
Reconstruction Plans
o Lincoln
• Hoped that the southern states could be reestablished by meeting a
minimum test of political loyalty
• Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (1863)-1) Presidential pardons granted to southerners who took an oath of allegiance to the Union and the US Constitution and accepted the emancipation of slaves
• A state could be recognized as long as 10% of the population of
the state took an oath of loyalty to the US
o Republicans in Congress (1864) and Wade-Davis Bill
* Thought of Lincoln plan as far too weak and undemanding
* Wade-Davis Bill=l 864
* Demanding-called for 50% of state population to take loyalty oath
* Permitted only non-Confederates to vote on new state
Constitutions
• Lincoln refused to sign the bill
Freedmen's Bureau
• March 1865 was founded
• Acted as an early welfare agency, providing food, shelter, and medical
aide for those made destitute by the war
• Greatest success in education, which helped establish 3000 new schools
for newly freed African Americans
Lincoln's Last Speech
• Encouraged northerners to accept Louisiana as a reconstructed state
• He was assassinated three days later
Johnson and Reconstruction
• Johnson was the only Senator from a Confederate state that remained loyal to the union, white supremacist, clashed with Republicans in Congress
• Issued own Reconstruction policy, which was very similar to Lincoln's
• Disenfranchised all former leaders and office holders of the Confederacy,
and Confederates with more than $20,000 in taxable property Southern Governments of 1865
• 8 months after Johnson took office, all 11 ex-Confederate states qualified to rejoin the Union
• Southern states ratified the 13th amendment, abolishing slavery, but not extending blacks suffrage
• Leaders of Confederacy were elected to seats in Congress
Black Codes
o Restricted rights and movements of freed African Americans
o Prohibited blacks from renting land or borrowing money
o Placed freedmen into "semi-bondage" by forcing-them to become vagrants
and apprentices
o Prohibited blacks from testifying against whites in court
• Johnson's Vetoes
o Two important vetoes, l)a bill increasing the services and protection offered by the Freedman's Bureau, 2) Civil Rights Bill that granted full citizenship and rights to blacks
* Election of 1866-"Waving the bloody shirt", Republicans gained unanimous
victory in Congress
Congressional Reconstruction
o Radical Republicans-Believed in better rights for blacks, 1866-1870
o Civil Rights Act of 1866-All African Americans become citizens
o Fourteenth Amendment-Declared all persons born or naturalized in US as
citizens, obligated states to protect citizen's rights
o Report of the joint committee-Congress asserted ex-Confederate states
couldn't have seats in Congress
o Impeachment of Johnson-Tenure of Office Act challenged by Johnson,
which directly leads to his impeachment
• Reforms after Grant's Election
o Fifteenth Amendment-Prohibited any state from denying a citizen's right
to vote
o Civil Rights Act of 1875-Guranteed equal accommodations in public locations and gave blacks ability to be on jury
• Southern Reconstruction
o Troops sent into Southern states to keep peace
o African American Legislators- some blacks held office in reconstruction states
• Evaluating Republican Record
o Liberalized state constitutions in south, created necessary institutions
o Many bribes and kickbacks by Republican politicians, government ethics decline
• African American Freedom
o Emancipation gave blacks independence from white control
o Blacks began to associate more with other blacks, ex. Church, schools
o Blacks migrate from South to frontier states .
o Sharecropping-new form of servitude in south, blacks share land w/ whites
• North Reconstruction
o Political Morals Decline-bribes, kickbacks, Credit Mobilier (attempt to
buy gold market), Boss Tweed, Whiskey Ring
o Election of 1872- Grant (R) re-elected over Greeley
o Panic of 1873-Overspeculation led to market depression
o End of Reconstruction
• KKK rise to great power
o Amnesty Act of 1872-allowed Southern conservatives to vote for
Democrats
o Election of 1876-Hayes (R) over Tilden
o Compromise of 1877-Due to close election, Hayes would become
president on condition he would end federal support for republicans in
south, and facilitate the construction of a southern transcontinental railroad
AMSCO- Chapter 16: The Last West and the New South (1865-1900);
The West: Settlement of the Last Frontier
- During the time period after the Civil War, migration and taming of the Western frontier became highly
popular, so much that the frontier was disappearing.
o Buffalo herds wiped but
o Land crossed by railroads,
o Native Americans pushed off the land.
The Mating Frontier
• Much of the migration was due to the discovery of precious, metals out West.
o Gold found in California in 1848
o Gold and sliver strikes in Colorado, Nevada, Idaho, Montana, and many other states to be
o Gold find in Pike's Peak in 1859 brought 100,000 prospectors.
o California Gold Rush in 1849 set the pattern for what happened elsewhere.
* Boomtowns raised overnight
* Mining companies brought foreigners to work
The Cattle Frontier
• Cattle raising became very popular because it was an easy and inexpensive way to make money.
o Cattle and land were free
o Railroad construction opened markets,
o End when overgrazing and blizzards struck
The Farming Frontier
• Influenced by the Homestead Act of 1862, people moved west to farm to receive the 160 acres for free.
o Problems and solutions: Wood and other resources unavailable, made houses out of sod
* Used dry farming for lack of resources
* Hardy crops
* Barbed wire for fences
• Turner's frontier thesis: Frederick Jackson Turner, believed that 300 years of frontier experience played a fundamental role in shaping American society, as well as acting as a social leveler. Also, it gave a promise of a fresh start, so closing was highly distressing
The Removal of Native Americans
• The Native Americans lived in the Great Plains and out West for many years, and when the pioneers moved
out there, they new little to nothing of the Indians and made rash decisions to suit their own purposes.
o Reservation policy: Andrew Jackson moved all eastern Native Americans to the West in the 1830s. In the 1850s, the government assigned tribes tracts of land with definite boundaries.
o Indian wars: With me mass migration of people out West, fighting with the Indians for the land and gold became inevitable.
* Sioux War-1865-1867
* Battle of Little Big Horn in 1876
* Massacre at Sand Creek Colorado
o Assimilationists: Helen Hunt Jackson proposed in her book, A Century of Dishonor, the
assimilation of Native Americans into white culture.
o Dawes Severally Act (1887): This act stopped Congress from dealing with the Native American
tribes as separate nations, and put all. of the Native Americans on 47 million acres of land, granting
citizenship to all who stayed on the land for at least 25 years and who adopted the "habits of
civilized hie."
o Ghost Dance movement: This was a religious movement, the last effort in resisting white
settlement, headed by a Sioux medicine man Sitting Bull. Ended in December 1890 in the
massacre of Wounded Knee.
o Aftermath: U.S. policy in the 20th Century: Granted citizenship to all Native Americans,
regardless of the Dawes acts. Also, as part of FDR's New Deal in the 1930's, the Indian
Reorganization Act, which reestablished tribal organization and culture, was put in place.
The New South.
* Idea of some southerners of having a self-sufficient southern economy built on modem capitalist values, industrial growth,
improved transportation
* Henry Grady was on of the main spreaders of the gospel of the New South, arguing for economic diversity and laissez-faire
capitalism
Economic Progress
Numerous Southern cities prospered in the late 19* century, becoming lead producers in steel lumber Cheap labor rates enabled states to gain such high levels of production With the development and growth of railroads, the South has tremendous postwar growth
Continued Poverty
The South remained a largely agricultural section and was ravaged by poverty Northern financing dominated much of the southern economy
The poverty of the majority of southerners was caused by the South's late start at industrialization and a poorly educated workforce Agriculture
• South's postwar economy tied mainly to growing cotton. With large surplus of cotton on world markets, prices fall
bringing more poverty
• Attempts were made to diversify the crops that were being grown, but poverty and difficult times still followed farmers
Segregation
* With the end of Reconstruction in 1877, the North withdrew, leaving the southerners to work out their own social and
economic problems
* Redeemers, who were Democratic politicians who gained power in Southern States after reconstruction, played on the
racial fears of whites to gain support and gain political power
Discrimination and the Supreme Court
• In 1896, the landmark case of Plessy v. Ferguson has Supreme Court upholding a Louisiana law requiring "separate but
equal accommodations" for white and black passengers on the railroads
• A wave of segregation laws, known as An Crow laws, become adopted by southern states
Loss of civil rights
* Blacks become less involved with politics with the implementation of literacy tests, poll taxes, political party primaries for
whites only, and grandfather clauses, in order to curtail black voting
* African Americans forced to remain in dead-end farming and low-paying domestic jobs
* African Americans experience economic, social injustices. They are treated with less respect / tolerance than that of a white
person
Responding to segregation
* Ideas of dealing with this injustice was to migrate to Kansas, Oklahoma, or even to Africa
* The use of literary material in order to sway public opinion in their favor was heavily used
* Booker T. Washington 'created industrial and agricultural school at Tuskegee, Alabama. This teaches African Americans
skilled trades and the value of hard work
Farm Problems; North. South, and West
• Fanners become a minority within American society even with doubling of U.S. farms. Percent of people working as
farmers decline considerably
Changes in Agriculture
• Specialization occurs with firms, with farms just raising one cash crop
* Rise of larger firms using more technology to aid production forces smaller farms out of business
Falling Prices
* Increased American production combined with global competition drives down prices
* American farmers produce more to counteract lowering prices. This leads to overproduction and even lower prices
Rising Costs
* Industrial corporations were able to keep prices high on manufactured goods by forming monopolistic trusts
* Local and states governments place heavy taxes on property but not on income from stocks / bonds
Fighting Back
• ' Farmers begin to organize for their common interests and protection
National Grange Movement
• The National Grange of Patrons of Husbandry was organized in 1868 by Oliver H. Kelley primarily as a social /
educational organization for farmers and their families
• They organized economic ventures and took political action to defend members against the middlemen, trusts, railroads
Interstate Commerce Act (1886)
• First federal effort to regulate the railroads
* Required railroad rates to be "reasonable and just"
* Set up the first federal regulatory agency, the Interstate Commerce Commission
Fanners Affiances
• Separate alliances were formed in different states and regions to serve fanners' needs for education in the latest scientific
methods as well as for organized economic and political action
Ocala platform
* The National Alliance attacked both major parties as subservient to Wall Street bankers and big business
* They supported direct election of US senators, lower tariff rates, a graduated income tax, new banking system regulated by
the federal government, increased amount of money in circulation
* Ideas would become part of the Populist movement later
* AMSCO Chapter 17 - The Rise of Industrial America, 1865-1900
-1900 - US is leading industrial power - why?
-Natural resources, immigrants, largest market, capital, new technology, business-friendly government policies, entrepreneurs
I. The Business of Railroads
A) Eastern Trunk Lines
1. Pre-Civil War: separate local lines - incompatible equipment
2. Post-Civil War: lines consolidated - trunk lines (routes between large cities)
* New York Central Railroad - Cornelius Vanderbilt
* Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
* Pennsylvania Railroad
B) Western Railroads • .
1. Settlement of West: link the West to the East, promote settlement of Great Plains
2. Federal land grants
* 80 railroads get 170 million acres-sell to settlers, finance construction
* Consequences? - Hasty, poor construction; corruption - Credit Mobilier
3. Transcontinental railroads
* Union Pacific - build west across Great Plains
* Central Pacific - build east from California
* May 10,1869 -joined at Promontory Point, Utah
* Four more constructed by 1900
(i) Southern Pacific
(ii) Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe
" ' (iii) Northem'Pacific
(iv) Great Northern - built without federal subsidies
C) Competition and Consolidation
1. Railroads = overbuilt - mismanagement, fraud
2. Panic of 1893 - J.P. Morgan and others consolidate railroads
• .Rates stabilized, debts reduced
* Positive effect: efficient system
* Negative effect: railroads become a monopoly
3. Financial schemes, corruption -..''•'
* William Vanderbilt: "The public be damned."
* Attempts to reform - Granger laws (overturned), Interstate Commerce Act/Commission
II. Industrial Empires
A) The Steel Industry
1. Henry Bessemer, William Kelly - new .process to make steel
2. Andrew Carnegie
* Rags to riches
* Steel manufacturing
* Vertical integration — company controls all states of production
* Carnegie Steel = top of steel industry
3. U.S. Steel Corporation
* Carnegie Steel sold to J.P. Morgan
* First billion-dollar company
• • Largest enterprise in the world
B) The Oil Industry
1. Rockefeller and the Standard Oil Trust
* John D. Rockefeller - Standard Oil Company (Standard Oil Trust)
* Control of 90% of oil refinery business
* Horizontal integration - competitors brought into one corporation
* Monopoly
(i) Prices kept low
C) Antitrust Movement ' .
1. Sherman Antitrust Act - 1890
* Prohibited "contact, combination, in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy in restraint of trade or commerce"
* Too vaguer-trusts still develop
* United States v. E.C. Knight Co.
(i) Act could only be applied to commerce, not manufacturing
III. Laissez-Faire Capitalism
A) Conservative Economic Theories
1. Adam Smith - 1776 - Wealth of Nations - government should not regulate business - laissez-faire
• Social Darwinism
(i) Herbert Spencer - wealth should be in the hands of the "fit" (ii) William Graham Sumner - poor should not be assisted
• Gospel of Wealth
(i) God gave people their wealth - John D. Rockefeller, Russell Conwell (ii) Andrew Carnegie - the rich should help the poor - libraries, universities
IV. Technology and Innovations
A) Inventions
1. Telegraph -'Samuel B. Morse- 1844
2. Transatlantic cable-Cyrus W. Field-1866
3. Telephone-Alexander Graham Bell-1876
4. Typewriter, cash register, calculating machine, adding machine, Kodak camera, fountain pen, Gillette razors
B) Edison and Westinghouse
1. Thomas Edison-Menlo Park, New Jersey, 1876-first research lab
• Light bulb, phonograph, dynamo, mimeograph machine, motion picture camera
2. George Westinghouse - railroad air brake, transformer for high-voltage alternating current
C) Marketing Consumer Goods
1. Department stores - R.H. Macy, Marshall Field
2. Chain stores - Frank Woolworth's Five and Ten Cent Store
3. Mail order - Sears, Roebuck and Montgomery Ward - railroads
. 4. Packaged foods
V. Impact of Industrialization .
A) The Concentration of Wealth
1. Richest 10% control 90% of wealth - Vanderbilts
2. Horatio Alger myth
• Young man becomes rich through honesty and hard work in all his books - highly unlikely
B) The Expanding Middle Class
1. White-collared workers-jobs that don't involve manual labor
2. Wage Earners
• ' Low wages - immigrants = cheap labor
* David Ricardo - "iron law of wages" -justified low wages
* Need women and children's income to survive
3. Working Women
* 20% of women worked in 1900 - most young, single
* Feminine jobs: textile, garment industries
4. Labor Discontent
* Artisans no longer appreciated, dangerous working conditions, mindless tasks
* Protests - absenteeism, quilting
VI. The Struggle of Organized Labor
A) Industrial Warfare
1. Ways to defeat unions: lockouts, blacklists, yellow-dog contracts, private guards/state militia, court injunctions
2. Unions portrayed as un-American, anarchistic
3. Great railroad strike of 1877
• B&O Railroad - wage cut - two-thirds of all tracks shut down, federal troops called in, over one hundred killed
B) Attempts to Organize National Unions
1. National Labor Union - 1866 - higher wages, equality for all - eight-hour workday - declined after 1873 depression
2. Knights of Labor - Terence V. Powderly, 1869 - membership for all workers, abolition of child labor and monopolies
• Haymarket bombing — 1886 - workers' public meeting in Haymarket Square, bomb thrown, seven policemen killed
(i) Decline of Knights of Labor
3. American Federation of Labor - Samuel Gompers, 1886 — practical economic goals: higher wages, better working
conditions - largest union in the U.S. with one million members
C) Strikebreaking in the 1890s
1. Homestead Strike, 1982 - Henry Clay Frick; 20% wage cut - lockout, private guards, strikebreakers to defeat strikers
2. Pullman strike - 1894 - George Pullman - wage cuts
* American Railroad Union, Eugene V. Debs - workers did not handle trains with Pullman cars
* Federal troops, injunction — Debs arrested, strike ended
(i) In re Debs, 1895 - injunctions could be used against strikes (ii) Debs turned socialist
3. 1900 - 3% of American workers belonged to labor unions
AMSCO Chapter 18; The Growth of Cities and American Culture; 1865-1900 :
1893: Chicago hosted the world's Colombian Exposition; 12 million came to see new industrial
technologies; Chicago's population grew to over 1 million-had skyscrapers, stores and modem marvels Chicago was also a "gray city" of pollution, poverty, crime and vice-city of immigrants
A Nation of Immigrants
The last half of the 19lh century population increased from 23.2 million (1850) 76.2 million (1900) Population .growth was fueled by the arrival of 16.2 million immigrants
1901-1910 was the peak time of immigration-8.8 million
Growth of immigration:
"Pushes" (negative) and "pulls" (positive) forces brought immigrants to the US
Europe-poverty, overcrowding, joblessness (b/c of population boom), religious persecution (Russian Jews)
were all "pushes" to come to America. Political/religious freedom and abundance of jobs were all "pulls"
into America; Large steamships gave an inexpensive one way to trip to America in STEERAGE-unpleasant
voyage
"Old" immigrants and "new"; immigrants
1880s-immigrants from northern and western Europe: British Mes, Germany, and Scandinavia (old) mostly protestant or Irish or German catholic-mostly English speaking, high literacy level, high occupational 'levels 1890s-1914-> (new immigrants) southern/eastern Europe: Italians, Greeks, Croats, Slovaks, poles and Russians-poor illiterate peasants-unaccustomed to democracy (b/c of autocratic homeland .governments) . Most new immigrants crowded into poor ethnic neighborhood-NYC, Chicago and other major US cities
Restricting Immigration:
1866-congress passed new laws restricting immigration-Chinese exclusion act-banned all new Chinese
Ellis Island opened 1892-immigration center-more rigorous medical and document examinations and they had to pay an entry tax; restricted immigration was supported by labor unions (feared employers would use immigrants to depress wages/break strikes) American protective assoc. .(nativist) was openly prejudiced against roman Catholics, and social Darwinists- viewed immigrants as inferior to English/Germanic stocks. Immigrants were used as scapegoats for depression, strikes, joblessness, and labor movements
Urbanization:
Population growth/shift-people moved from rural to urban areas (40% lived in cities-1900)
Cities provided a central supply of labor for factories/ a principal market for factory-made goods
Changes in the nature of cities:
Urban transportation unproved
Streetcar cities-people commuted to -wade on horse drawn streetcars
1890s-horse drawn cars/cable cars being replaced by electric trolleys, elevated railroads, and subways-
massive steel suspension bridges (Brooklyn Bridge l883)
Skyscrapers
1885-Willianle Baron Jenny, built the 10 story home insurance co. in Chicago-lst skyscraper (steel skeleton); The Otis elevator/central stem heating w/ radiators in every room made these structures possible 1900-steel framed skyscrapers of industry/ commerce offices replaced church spires as the dominant
feature of American skylines
Ethnic neighborhoods:
Inner citybuildings were divided into tenement apartments-dark, overcrowded
Awakening of Reform
Books of social criticism:
Progress and PovertyJleiBy George (1879): jolted readers to look more critically at the effects of laissez-faire economics; solution: to place a single tax on land to end poverty; called attention to inequalities in wealth due to industrialization. Looking Backward, 200-1887-Edward Bellamy (1888): envisioned a future era where a cooperative society, had eliminated poverty, greed, and crime; Both books encouraged a shift in public opinion away from pure laissez-faire and toward greater government regulation
Settlement Houses:
Young, well-educated women and men of the middle class went to live in immigrant neighborhoods to
learn about problems facing them; Most famous: Jane Addams-Hull House in Chicago (1889).
Houses taught English pioneered childhood education, taught industrial arts, and established neighborhood
theaters and music schools. Established to relieve the effects of poverty; by 1910, over 400 Houses.
Religion and Society
Social Gospel: the importance , minister, Walter Rauschenbusch inthe late 19* and early 20th century; preaching linked Christianity with the Progressive reform movement and encouraged many middle-class Protestants to attack urban problems. Roman Catholics-gained members from influx of new immigrants; Salvation Army (1879): imported from England, provided necessities of life for homeless and poor while preaching the Christian gospel. ChristianScience: The Churchof Ciirist, Sdentist,foimded by Mary Baker Eddy; taught that good health was the result 0f coirea thinking about "Father Mother God".
Families and Women in urban society:
Urban life placed sever strains on parents and children-isolated them from extended family and village
support; Divorce rates increased to 1 in 12 marriages by 1900-b/c grounds for divorce, changed to include
cruelty and desertion; Reduction in family size, from rural to urban living; Children were no longer an
economic;asset, as on the farm
Seneca Falls (1848):middle-class women; National American Women's Suffrage Association founded by Elizabeth CadyStanton and Susan B. Anthony, Wyoming, in 1869, first state to grant suffrage to women. Temperance: Cany A_ Nation-raided saloons and smashed barrels of beer with a hatchet; Women's Christian;Temperance Union (1874>4ed by Frances E. Willard, had 500-000 members by 1898.
Changes in Education:
By 1900, literacy rate rose to 90 percent; Adapted from Germany, kids to Kindergarten became popular; Growing support for tax-supported public high schools- emphasis on vocational and citizenship education; #of U.S. colleges increase b/c: (1) land grant colleges were established under the Morrill acts of 1862 and; 1890, (2) universities were founded by wealthy philanthropist, (3) founding of new colleges for women. -College curriculunr, teaching of modern languages and sciences: physics, chemistry, biology and geology, Colleges also dominated by social activities and intercollegiate sports, during this time.
Literature and the Arts:
Realism: Author Harte first depicted life in the rough mining camps of the West; Twain-first great realist
author, Howells-considered problems of industrialization and unequal wealth; Naturalism: how emotions
and experience shape human experience; Stephen Crane- told how a brutal urban environment could
destroy lives of young people; Painting: Winslow Homer-foremost painter of seascapes and watercolors;
Thomas Eakins- painting everyday lives of working-class men and women. Social realists: known as
"Ashcan School"-painted scenes of everyday life in poor urban neighborhoods. Armory Show-NYC
(1913)-abstract, nonrepresentational paintings; inpset realist and romantidsts-Arehitecture: Henry
Richardson- designs based on Romanesque style of massive stone walls-gave gravity and stateliness to
functional commercial buildings. Olmsted: specialized in the planning of city parks, etc. including Central
Park in NYC and D.C. Music: By 1900, most large cities had a symphony orchestra, or opera house.
Greatest mnovators'olera: African-Americans in New Orleans; Early 20 century popularity;. Jazz,
ragtime, and blues; blues music expressed the pain of the black experience
Amsco Chapter 19: National Politics in the Gilded Age, 1877-1900
Politics in the Gilded Age
* Gilded Age-Maria Twain- Superficial glitter of new wealth
* Politics were mostly show with little substance
* Era of "forgettable" Presidents & Politicians who ignored problems from growth of industry and cities
* Two major parties avoided taking stands on controversial issues
Causes of Stalemate ...
• Complacency and conservatism of the era included: 1 prevailing political ideology 2)Campaign tactics 3) party
patronage
o Belief in limited government- "Do-little" Gov. Went with popular ideas: laissez-faire economics and
social Darwinism: Federal courts interpreted gov's power to regulate business-> limited impact of laws
Congress did pass. o Campaign Strategy- Parties avoided strong positions; Party loyalty= 'Voter turnout: Republicans
"bloody shirt"; Solid South Democrats; Both parties had strong organization o Party Patronage- Sen. Conkling & supporters= Stalwarts; opposing- Blaine & supporters= Halfbreeds:
Non-patronage members= Mugwumps: This era was a low point in American politics Presidential Politics
• Hayes, Garfield & Arthur administrations reflected political stalemate and patronage problems of the Gilded Age
o Rutherford B. Hayes- elected 1876; ended Reconstruction-removed troops from South: Attempted to
reestablish honest Gov.; "Lemonade Lucy" wife, no liquor in White House; vetoed efforts to restrict
Chinese immigration o James Garfield- elected 1880; Halfbreed; Conflict between Halfbreeds & Stalwarts over jobs; A
Stalwart shot him on a train when he was leaving for vacation, 11 weeks later wound proved fatal; Arthur
became President '•' o Chester A. Arthur- Distanced himself from Stalwarts, even though he was one; supported civil service
reform bill; approved development of modern Navy; questioned high protective tariff; denied
renomination by Repub. In 1884 Congressional Leaders •
* Lawmakers of Gilded Age had long but undistinguished careers
* "Czar" Reed- SOH 1890; sharp-tongued bully; autocratic rule over House that took years to break
* Blaine- Reshaped Repub. from antislavery to business party, "Plumed Knight" tarnished with railroad scandals &
corrupt dealings
The Election of 1884
* Republicans nominate Blaine, but were suspicious about his honesty
* Mugwumps then campaigned for Democratic nominee, Grover Cleveland, an honest, frugal, uncompromising man
* One of the dirtiest election campaigns-> Democrats labeled party of "Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion"
Cleveland's First Term
* Believed in frugal and limited government in Jefferson tradition
* Implemented new civil service system; vetoed hundreds of falsely claimed private pension bills for those involved
in the Civil War
* Signed: Interstate commerce Act of 1887, gov's first effort to regulate business; Dawes Act, benefited Native
Americans
* Cleveland Administration also retrieved some 81 million acres of government land from cattle ranchers and the '
railroads
Issues: Civil Service, Currency, and Tariffs
• 1870-80's- Feds concerned with patronage, money supply and tariff issue. States left to deal with city problems &
industrialization
o Civil Service Reform- Pendleton Act of 1881 set up Civil Service Commission; System where applicants for Fed jobs would be selected based on their scores on a competitive examination
o Money question- Reflected growing tensions between "haves" & "have-nots": "Have-nots" wanted more money in circulation to borrow money at lower interest rates & pay off loans with inflated dollars: "Soft" money advocates campaigned for more greenbacks & unlimited minting of silver coins; "Halves" wanted "hard" money, currency backed by specie and preferred deflation; The dollar increased in value by as much as 300% from 1865-1895
o Greenback party- Congress passed Specie Resumption Act-withdrew greenbacks from circulation; supporters formed new political party; when hard times ended, the party died, but goal of increasing amount of money in circulation didn't •
o Demands for silver money- Congress stopped coining silver (Crime of 1873); Compromise law, Bland-Allison Act allowed only a limited coinage of silver per month at the standard silver to gold ratio of 16 to 1.
o tariff issue- Disagreement on high vs. low tariffs; Protective tariff enacted to protect US industry but other nations retaliated by placing taxes on US farm products; US farmers lost overseas market; resulted in low prices
The Growth of Discontent. 1888-1896
* Stalemate & complacency would lose hold on voters by late 1880s
* Discontent over government corruption, the money issue, tariffs, railroads, and trusts was growing
.» Politicians began to respond to public concerns, but would take the Populists and a major depression in 1893 to
change them Harrison and tle Billion-Dollar Congress
• Cleveland creates unrest by challenging protective tariff- Congress set lower tariff rates
o The election of 1888- Democrats campaigned for Cleveland and lower tariff; Republicans campaigned . for Harrison and higher tariff: lower tariff wrecked business prosperity; Repub. attacked Cleveland's
vetoes of pension bills to increase Veteran vote; Cleveland got more popular votes but Harrison swept ' north & gained majority in electoral college o Billion-dollar Congress- McKinley Tariff of 1980, increased tax on foreign products; Increases in
monthly pension to Civil War vets, widows, & children; Sherman Antitrust Act outlawed ''combinations in restraint of trade"; Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1980, increase coinage of silver, bill protecting voting rights of African Americans, passed by House but defeated by Senate o Return of Democrats- Voters in Midwest and those who weren't Anglo-Saxon nor Protestant rushed to
Democrats; in reaction to prohibition of alcohol and Sunday closing laws enacted fay Republicans Rise of Populists
• Republican setback- growing agrarian discontent in the South & West
o Omaha platform- Delegates met in Omaha in 1892 to draft a platform, & nominate Presidents and VPs
for Populist Party; Determined to do something about concentration of economic power by trusts & . bankers; Platform called for restoration of gov to the people by direct election of US senators and
enacting of state laws by voters; Economically, unlimited coinage of silver, graduated income tax, public ownership of railroads by gov, telegraph and phone systems owned and operated by gov, loans and fed warehouses for farmers to enable stable-crop prices, 8-hour workday for industrial workers
o The election of 1892- Weaver, Populist candidate won popular as well as electoral votes, but still lost badly; Election between current Prez Harrison(R) and former Prez Cleveland(D); Cleveland became the first and only former to return to the White House Depression Politics
• Cleveland took office then country entered into one of its worst and longest depressions
o Panic of 1893- Stock market crashes spring & summer of 1983 because of overproduction; Dozens of railroads went bankrupt, Unemployment reached 20%, farm foreclosures; Cleveland- hands-off policy towards economy
o Gold Reserve and Tariff- Decline in silver prices caused people to trade in silver for gold, gold supply fails; Repealed Sherman Silver Purchase Act: had to borrow $65 million from JP Morgan; workers disenchanted with Cleveland when he used troops to crush Pullman strike; Wilson-Gorman Tariff! provided reduction in tariff rates & included 2% income tax on high incomes.
o Jobless on the march- Coxey's Army, march to Washington by thousands of unemployed; demanded
$500 million on public works programs to create jobs Turning Point in American Politics: 1896
• National politics in transition; discredited conservative leadership of Democratic Party; Major reshaping of politics
in 1986 . •...."
We Election of 1896
* One of most emotional elections in Us history; Marked the beginning of new era of American politics
* Bryan, Democrats, and Populists- Democrats divided between "gold" Democrats loyal to Cleveland and prosilver
Democrats: Bryan, democratic platform- unlimited coinage of silver, 16 oz silver to 1 oz gold; Fused campaign with
Populist party;
* McKinley, Hanna, and Republicans- McKinley, Republican platform- high protective tariff.gold standard against
unlimited silver coinage
* Campaign- Bryan turned campaign into nationwide crusade; Hanna did campaigning for McKinley; McKinley won
decisive victory over Bryan.
McKinley's Presidency
. • Economy revives; Gold discovered in Alaska increased the money supply under gold standard
• Farm prices rose, factory .production increased, stock market climbed
• . Enacted higher tariff, Dingley Tariff of 1897. Made gold official standard'of Us currency
• Leader during war with Spain 1998, helped make US a world power
Significance of the Election of J 896
* Marked end of stalemate and stagnation that characterized Gilded Age
* Initiated era of Republican dominance of Presidency; now party of business, industry and strong national
government
o Populist demise- Populist party declined and then ceased to be a national party: Most of Populist agenda
adopted by both Democrats and Republicans during Progressive Era o Ucfeari dominance- Election of 1896 victory for big business, urban centers, conservative economics,
and moderate, middle-class values; Proved to be last hope of rural America to reclaim its former
dominance in American politics o Beginning of modern politics- US went from being isolated to becoming a major player in international
Chapter 20 ~ Foreign Policy 1865-1914
1) Seward, Alaska and French in Mexico
a) Seward
i) William H. Seward-NY-Secretary of State (1861-1869)
(1) Helped prevent Great Britain and France from entering war on side of South - unsuccessful in convincing no to annex Hawaii- purchased Danish West Indies - annexation of Midway Island - Gained rights to build a canal in Nicaragua
b) French in Mexico. - . •
i) Napoleon II] tried to occupy Mexico w/ French troops -1865 Seward invoked the Monroe Doctrine - Napoleon III backed down and left Mexico
c) Purchase of Alaska
i) Purchased from Russia for $7.2 million in 1867 - thanks to Seward
2) The "New Imperialism"
a) Beginning . .
i) U.S. intensified its foreign involvement b/c
1) Worldwide markets for its growing industrial and agricultural supplies
2) Sources of raw materials for manufacturing
b) International Darwinism
i) Survival of the fittest in business world and nations ii) Had to have strong religion, military,, and politics
c) Imperialism
i) Acquiring territory or gaming control over the political or economic life of other countries
d) Missionaries
i) Our country: Jts Possible Future and Present Crisis (1885) ~ Josiah Strong ii) "The fittest to survive" - bring benefits to less fortunate
e) Politicians
i) Henry Cabot Lodge & Theodore Roosevelt - power through global expansion
f) Naval Power
i) The Influence of Sea Power Upon History (1890) - Alfred Thayer Mahan - navy necessary to succeed - book inspired to build modem ships - 1990 3 largest navy
g) Popular Press
i) Newspaper and Magazines - printing adventure stories
3) Latin America
a) Elaine and the pan-American Conference (1889)
i) Create a permanent organization for international cooperation on trade
b) Cleveland, Olney, and the Monroe Doctrine
i) Boundary dispute between Venezuela and Guiana ~ Cleveland and Olney said Monroe Doctrine applied to situation to get military force to intervene ~ Britain gave in to U.S. demands- turning point for U.S. - British relations
4) The Spanish - American War
a) Causes of the War
i) Jingoism ~ intense form of nationalism calling for aggressive foreign policy
b) Cuban Revolt
i) Cubans fought for ten years to overthrow Spanish colonial rule
c) Yellow Press
i) Crime, Disaster and scandal
ii) Joseph Pulitzer - World I William Randolph Hearst - Journal
d) De Lome Letter (1898)
i) Official Spanish insult against the U.S. national honor
e) Sinking of the Maine
i) February 15,1898 - killed 260 Americans - accidenfbut Spain accused
f) McKinley's war message
i) Ultimatum to cease fire - four reasons
(1) "Put an end to the barbarities, bloodshed, starvation, and horrible miseries" in Cuba (2.) Protect the lives and property of U.S. citizens living in Cuba (3.) End "the very serious injury to the commerce, trade, and business of our people." (4.) End "the constant menace to our peace"
g) Teller Amendment
i) April 20- authorizing war - no intention of taking political control -just wanted to restore and let Cuba govern themselves
5) Fighting the War
a) Beginning
i) "Splendid little War" - first shots Manila Bay
b) The Philippines
i) May 1 - Commodore Dewey opened fire on Manila Bay - troops captured the city of Manila on August 13
c) Invasion of Cuba
i) Ill-prepared - American and Cuba defense beat Spanish army ii) U.S. Navy destroyed Spanish fleet at Santiago Bay on July 3
d) Annexation-efHawaii
i) Involved with the U.S. terms of peace-annexation complete in July 1898 w/Pres. McKinley - 50* state of Union in 1959 - (territory in 1900).
6) Controversy Over the Treaty of Peace
.
a) Terms of Treaty
i) December 10,1898~(l.) recognition of Cuban lndependence
(2.)U.S. gains Puerto Rico & Guam (3.) U.S. pay $20 mil. 2 Spain 4 the Philippines
b) Philippine Question
i) Imperialist - favored annexation - anti-imperialist - opposed it - February 6,1899 imperialist prevailed w/ the Treaty of Paris 57 2 27 votes
c) Insular Cases
i) Supreme Court Cases (190.1 -1903) determined that the constitution didn't decided whether or not to grant territorial possessions belonged to congress
d) Cuba and Platt Amendment (1901)
i) Required Cuba to agree to - (1.) never sign a treaty with a foreign power that impaired its independence (2.) never to build up an excessive public debt (3.) permit the US to intervene in Cuba's affairs to preserve its independence and maintain law and order (4.) allow the U.S. to maintain naval bases in Cuba
e) Election of 1900
i) President McKinley reelected w/ Theodore Roosevelt as VP (R)
7) Open Door Policy in China
a) Beginning
i) All nations would have equal trading privileges in China
b) Boxer Rebellion (1900) .
i) Secret Society of Chinese Nationalist attack foreign settlement and murdered dozens of Christian missionaries
c) Hay's second round of notes
i) 1900- U.S. desired to (1.) preserve China's territorial integrity (2.) safeguard "equal and impartial trade with all parts of the Chinese empire"
8) Theodore Roosevelt's Big Stick Policy
a) The Panama Canal
i) Revolution in Panama
>{ 1) Needed a canal through Central America to connect the Atlantic and Pacific oceans (2) 1903- revolt in Panama - granted US long-term control of canal zone ii) Hay-Paunceforte Treaty ()901)
. (1) US could begin to dig the canal without British involvement iii) Building the Canal
(1) 1904-1914 - in 1921 U.S. paid Colombia $25 million for loss of Panama
9) The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
a) Beginning
i) 1902-1922 - the Roosevelt Corollary justified the US sending troops into Haiti, Honduras, Dominican Republic, and Nicaragua
b) Russo-Japanse War (1904-1905)
i) Japanese Won - Japanese blamed U.S. for not giving all the support needed
c) "Gentlemen's Agreement"
i) Restrict the emigration of Japanese worker to the US in return for Roosevelt persuading CA to repeal its • discriminatory law
d) Great While Fleet
i) Battleships on around-the-world cruise
e) Root-Takahira Agreement (1908).
i) U.S. and Japan 1908- (1.) mutual respect for each nation's Pacific possessions (2.) support the Open Door policy in China
10) William Howard Taft and Dollar Diplomacy
a) Beginning
i) Promote U.S. trade by supporting American enterprises-abroad (dollar diplomacy)
b) Dollar Diplomacy in East Asia and Latin America
i) . 1 obstacle: growing anti-imperialism both in the U.S. and overseas
c) Railroad in China
i) . U.S. excluded from an agreement between China and Japan to build railroads
d) Intervention in Nicaragua
i) Help in 1911 w/ financial affairs - sent in marines
e) The Lodge Corollary
i) Non-European powers would be excluded from owning territory in the Western Hemisphere •11) Woodrow Wilson and Moral Diplomacy
a) Beginning
i) Promised a moral approach to foreign affairs - opposed to self-interested imperialism
b) The Philippines (1)
i) Jones Act of 1916 (1.) granted full territorial statues to that country (2.) guaranteed a bill of rights and universal male suffrage to Filipino citizens (3.) promised Philippine independence as soon as a stable government was established
c) Puerto Rico (2)
i) Act of Congress in 1917 - U.S. citizenship to all and provided limited self-government
d) The Panama CanaJ,43)
i) 1914 repeal an act that granted U.S. shops from paying toll
e) Conciliation Treaties
i) (1.) submit disputes to international commissions (2.) observe a one-year cooling-off period before taking military action - 30 such treaties
Chapter 21 The Progressive Era, 1901-1918
* Industrialization, immigration, and urban expansion were key to the growth of US
. • Progressivism sprung up at the end of the century
* Progressive were not a cure-all, but they did improve American society and government
1) Origins of Progressivisin
a) Progressive movement started in state reform in the early 1890s
a) Lasted from Roosevelt to World War I, when public attention diverted away from domestic issues
i) Attitudes and Motives
1) US went from a homogeneous farmer society to and industrialized ethnically diverse nation, with power of big business rising, and gap
between upper and lower class widening
2) Jim Crow Laws in Ihe South and lack of equality for women
(3) Wanted government to social and economic ills
ii) Who were the Progressives?
1) Middle-class residents of US cities
2) Protestant churches were against crime, and taught code of social responsibility and caring for poor
3) Good leaders, Republican Roosevelt and La Follette,. Democrat William Jennings Bryan and Woodrow Wilson
iii) What was the Progressives' philosophy?
1) Committed to democratic values and belief that honest government could improve society
2) Pragmatism - people should take practical approach to morals, ideas and knowledge
iv) Scientific management
(1) Ffederick W. Taylor — scientific approach to running everything as efficient as possible, for example factories
2) The Muckrakers
a) Writers who specialized in stories of political scandals and controversies
i) Origins - Henry Lloyd, published articles revealing corruption in the practices of Standard Oil Company (Rockefeller)
ii) Magazines - McClure's was first, shocked people with political and economic scandals
iii) Books - P.opular articles and series were published into books, such as How the Other Half Lives and The Shame of the Cities
iv) Decline of muckraking-began to decline after 1910.
1) Couldn't top sensational stories •*
2) Publishers were pressured by business to stop
3) Corporations developed public relations
3) Political reforms in Cities and States
a) Progressives believed in democracy and that majority would pick honest leaders
i) Australian, or secret, ballot - Allowed voters to vote in privacy, to eliminate intimidation by political parties
ii) Direct Primaries - Robert La Follette, placed the nominating process directly in the hands of the voters through majority vote
iii) Direct election of US senators - 17th amendment required all US senators be elected by popular vote
iv) Initiative, referendum, and recall
1) Initiative - a method by which voters compel legislature to pass a bill
2) Referendum - a method that allowed citizens to vote on the laws
3) Recall - enabled voters to remove a corrupt politician from office
v) . Social welfare - Jane Adams and others lobbied for better schools, juvenile courts, safety regulation, parole, etc.
b) Municipal Reform - Progressives target city bosses and their corrupt business alliances. Mayors like Samuel Jones fought for municipal reform,
like free kindergarten night schools, public playgrounds, etc.
i) Controlling publicutilities - leaders broke the power of city bosses by taking utilities out of the hands of private companies ii) Commissions and city managers - heads of city department were elected by popular vote, which proved to be more effective than when the heads were picked by the city council
c) State Reform - governors battled corporations and established measures that gave the people control of their government
i) Temperance and prohibition - Progressive split on the issue of alcohol consumption. By 1915, rural based drys (prohibitionists) succeeded in banning alcohol in two thirds of the states
4) Political Reform in the Nation
a) McKinley's assassination->TR. youngest president at 42
i) TR believed president had more responsibilities, ie Congressional legislative agenda ii) TR = activist seeking reform -> stimulated Progressive Movement
b) TR changed pro-business precedent, favored neither business nor labor in the anthracite coal miners strike
i) America worried that there would not enough coal for winter->compromise at White House
ii) increased TR's popularity-> which lead to his landside victory in 1904
c) TR was the 1st president to enforce Sherman Antitrust Act
i) Broke up Northern Securities Company (railroad monopoly) and Standard Oil
ii) Distinguished between bad trusts (ones that stifled competition) and good trusts (ones that kept prices low)
d) TR persuaded GOP Congressional majority to pass laws that strengthened Interstate Commerce Commission's (ICC) power
i) Elkins Act (1903).j^stop/RR from granting rebates to favored customers *.
ii) Hepburn Act (1906)-ICC set RRrates .
e) Sinclair's The Jungle described horrific conditions of the meat packing industry which lead Congress to pass
i) Pure Food and Drug Act - contaminated & mislabeled foods and drugs forbidden to be manufactured, sold, and transported ii) Meat Inspection Act - federal inspectors check plants/factories for sanitation requirements
f) TR was a strong supporter of conservation
i) Forest Reserve Act (1891) - set aside 150mil acres of federal land as national reserve that could not be sold ii) Newlands Reclamation Act - $ from selling public lands used for irrigation projects in the west iii) National Conservation Commission est. under Gifford Pinchot
5) Taft's Presidency
a) TR refused to run 3ri term so he picked Taft as successor who beat democrat William Jennings Bryan in -1908 election
b) Continued trust-busting, not as public as TR but crushed more trusts (ie US Steel)
i) Conservation- Taft est Bureau of Mines, added national forest reserves, and 1st president to set aside federal oil lands ii) Mann-Elkins Act (1910) - enabled ICC to suspend RR rates and oversee telephone, telegraph, and cable companies iii) 16th Amendment (1913) - authorized government to collect income tax (at first only applied to wealthy)
c) Split in the Republican party - Progressives joined conservative wing because they felt Taft was betraying their cause
i) Taft supported the. Payne-Aldrich Tariff-raised tariff on imports
ii) Pinchot-Ballinger Controversy - Progressives mad when Taft fired Pinchot after he criticized Ballinger
(1) Progressives didn't support Ballinger because he opened public lands for private development in Alaska
6) Rise of the Socialist Party
a) Socialist Party of America est in 1900s devoted to welfare of working class
i) Called for more radical reforms than Progressives, ie public owned RR,-utilities and industries
ii) Eugene V. Debs founder of Socialist party, ran for 5 presidential elections, former RR union leader jailed during Pullman strike
b) Progressives and Socialists both supported workers' compensation and minimum wage laws
i) Progressives wanted to separate themselves from the Socialists who had more radical reforms
c) Socialists' successes - public ownership of utilities, 8 hour workday, and pensions for workers
7) The Election of 1912
a) 4 candidates running
i) Taft - Republican
ii) TR - Progressive Republicans split from their party to form the new Bull Moose party
iii) Woodrow Wilson - Democrats
iv) Eugene Debs - Socialist
b) • Taft's unpopularity and Debs' radicalism lead to a race between TR and Wilson
i) TR - New Nationalism: women's suffrage and more social welfare programs and regulation of business and unions ii) Wilson - New Freedom: limit big business and big government, revive competition and end corruption
c) Republican split->Democratic victory but Wilson=minority president and Progressive support would not last because did not elect local candidates
i) New Nationalism (strong federal government regulation to help people) influenced the rest of the century
8) Woodrow Wilson's Progressive Program
a) 2nd Democratic president after Civil War who believed, like TR, that president should lead Congress i) Attacked tariffs, banking, and trusts which prevented a free and fair competitive economy
(1) Underwood Tariff (1913, on first day in office) lowered tariff rates but compensated with increasing income tax rate ii) Believed gold standard was too inflexible-^national banking
(1) Federal Reserve Act (1914)- national banking supervised by Federal Reserve Board and printed paper money iii) Clayton Antitrust Act - strengthened Sherman Antitrust Act and exempted unions from being prosecuted as trusts iv) Federal Trade Commission - investigate unfair trade practices in all industries (except banking and transportation) v) Federal Farm Loan Act (1916) federal farm loan banks est to provide low interest farm loans vi) Child Labor Act (1916) shipment of products manufactured by children under 14 = illegal but Supreme Court found unconstitutional in
Hammer v. Dagenhart
9) African Americans in the Progressive Era
a) African Americans were ignored by Progressives because of common prejudices and other reforms were more important
i) Decline in status since 'separate but equal' ruling in Plessyv. Ferguson
b) Booker T. Washington was the most influential African American at this time
i) Advocated blacks need education and economic opportunities before they could focus on political and social equality
c) WEB Du Bois - The Souls of Black Folk criticized Washington and argued that political and social rights were needed for economic opportunities
d) Civil rights organizations
i) Niagara Movement — est by Du Bois to discuss protests/actions to get equal rights
ii) NAACP - est by Du Bois, progressives and others to end segregation and provide African Americans with more education and civil rights
iii) National Urban League - helped with the migration from the South to the North (motto = "Not Alms But Opportunity")
e) More African Americans moved to the North because bad race interaction in the South, destruction of cotton crops, and more job opportunities in
Northern factories, but also faced racial discrimination in the North
10) Women . Suffrage, and the Progressive Movement
a) Carrie Chapman Catt president of National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)
b) Alice Paul broke from NAWSA and formed National Woman's Party who took a more aggressive approach (ie pickets, hunger strikes)
c) Wilson accepted new amendment allowing women to vote in all local, state, and national elections
i) Catt organized League of Women Voters to keep Voters educated about candidates and their issues
d) Campaigned for other women's rights: educational equality, more liberal marriage/divorce laws, right to own property, and reduce job
discrimination
Amsco Chapter 22: World War I (1914 - 1918 )
- Events leading from peace in Europe to the outbreak of a general war:
* June 28. 1914-Sarajevo: A Serbian terrorist assassinates Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdinand who is the heir apparent to the throne of the Austro-Hungarian empire - and his wife.
* July 23, 1914-Vienna: The Austrian government issues an ultimatum threatening war against Serbia and invades that country four days later.
* August 1, 1914-Berlin: Austria's ally, German government ruled by Kaiser Wilhelm I declares war against Russia - ally of Serbia.
* August 3. 1914 - Berlin: Germany declares war against France (ally of Russia), immediately begins an invasion of neutral Belgium because it offers the fastest route to Paris.
* August 4, 1914 - London: Great Britain (ally of France), declares war against Germany.
- In America.
* American were shocked that European nations were at war.
* Wilson's response to the war- he issued a declaration of U.S. neutrality and called upon the American people to support his policy by not talcing sides,
however. Wilson soon realized that it was almost impossible.
-Submarine Warfare:
* Submarine: Germany's only hope for challenging the British at sea.
* 1915: British blockade caused Germany to form own blockade and warned that ships trying to enter "war zone" risked being sunk by German submarines.
* May 7, 1915 - Lusitania: Germany sunk the British passenger liner; 1st major crisis challenging U.S. neutrality and peace.
* 128 Americans died
* Wilson warned Germany that they would be held to 'strict accountability" if they continue to sink unarmed ships.
-Economic Links with Britain and France:
* U.S. economy became closely tied to allied powers - Great Britain & France.
• 1914 before the war began. U.S. has been in a business recession: after the outbreak of war, economy rebounded because of orders for war supplies from
G.B. & France. 1915 U.S. economy = prosperous. 1914 to 1917 U.S. trade with the allied quadrupled.
* Allies couldn't finance the purchase needed items, the U.S. gov. permitted bankers (J. P. Morgan) to extend $3 billion in secured credit to G.B. and France.
-Public Opinion:
* 1914, Americans perceived Germans as cruel bully whose armies were commanded by Wilhelm.
* 1914 - Over 30% of the American population were made up of immigrants.
• Italy joined the allies in 1915, Italian Americans cheered in desperate struggle to fend off German assaults on the Western Front: German Americans (largeethic group) sympathized with the struggles of their homeland; Irish Americans hated G.B. because of its oppressive rule of Ireland.
* Britain not only commanded the sea. but also the war news that was sent to U.S. newspapers, which influenced Americans.
-The War Debate:
* Eastern Republicans (Roosevelt) recognized that the U.S. Army and Navy were hopelessly unprepared for a major war.
* National Security League: organized by a group of business leaders, promote preparedness & to extend direct U.S. aid to the allies.
* At first Wilson oppose the call for preparedness, 1915 urged congress to approve expansion of the armed forces. [Provoked controversy among Democrats opposed to military increases.]
* June 1916 - Congress passes the National Defense Act: increased the regular army to 175.000.
* Americans in the Midwest & west opposed to preparedness because they fear that this will lead to U.S. involvement in the war.
* Antiwar activists: populists, progressives & socialists.
-Election of 1916:
• Theodore Roosevelt - Republicans: Wilson "He kept us out of war" - Democrats; Wilson WON!
-Decision for war:
* Most important in the U.S. decision for war was a sudden change in German military' strategy.
* Wilson brokeoff U.S. diplomatic relations with Germany-Jan. 31.
* Zimmerman Telegram: aroused the nationalist anger of the American people and convinced Wilson that German fully expected a war with the U.S.
* Russian Rev.: Russia was ruled by an autocratic czar. 3-15 revolutionaries overthrew the czar's gov. & proclaimed a republic.
-Mobilization:
* U.S. mobilization of war in 1917.
* American contribution to allies - munitions and food. Wilson.created a # of war agencies staffed by volunteers:
African Americans
. o -400,000 served in segregated units o few officers, all barred from Marine Corps
o W.E.B. DuBois thought war would give African Amer. = rights.. .he was wrong
o Racial segregation same in army as in life
Effects on American Society
o Everybody adjusted to changes in a wartime econ
o Women took place of men in workforce as volunteers and wage eamers which helped war effort and lead to Pres Wilson and Congress approve 19th amend o Job openings in US during war + revolution in Mexico = thousands Mexicans cross border to work in agriculture and mining
• Most in SW. but some also go to MidWest for factory jobs
o African Amer migrated N for jobs. Fighting the War
o Millions of Europeans died before US entered war; 2nd revolution by Bolsheviks (communist) in Russia leads to Russia w/draw from war, no more E front for Germany, it can concentrate on Allies in France Naval Operations
o German policy: unrestricted submarine warfare; sunk lots of ships
o US response: builds lots of ships, and have armed escorts for merchant ships. Works.
American Expeditionary Force
o US troops and public idealistic about war, had romanticized view
o American Expeditionary Force (AEF) led by Commander John J Pershing, AEF eventually take responsibility for a segment of W front. June 1918—Americans stop German advance at Chateau-Theiry on Mame River and counterattack successfully at Belleau Wood
o Meuse-Argonne offensive in Aug,Sept,Oct: Allies drive Germans back to their border. US helps at St. Mihiel (S sector of Allied line)
o Nov 11. 1918: armistice signed by Germany—surrender arms, giv up lots of navy, evacuate occupied territory
o US fighting deaths: 49.000; many'more died from disease like flu'
o Total: 112,432
Making the Peace
o Wilson wanted peace more than victory; 1918: 14 points presented to Congress on war aims The 14 Points
o Important: Freedom of seas, end to practice of secret treaties, reduce nat'l armaments, "impartial adjustment of all colonial claims", self-determination especially for Austro-Hungarian empire, a group of nations that guarantees the rights of''great and small states alike"
o Addressed territorial questions like returning Alsace and Lorraine to France
o MOST IMPORTANT PT: creating internat'l peace organization, League of Nations The Treaty of Versailles .
o 1919: peace conference in Palace of Versailles near Paris. Countries who fight for Allies all there, Wilson 1st Pres to go overseas for diplomatic conference
o Wilson criticized for going w/ lots of Democrats and only 1 Republican whose advice was never sought
o David Lloyed George of Great Brit. Georges Clemenceau of France, Vittorio Orlando of Italy, Wilson of US were big four
o Other countries want revenge and land from Germany; Pres compromised on 14Pts but got a League of Nations
Peace terms
o 1. Germany disarmed, lose colonies; admit guilt for war, accept French occupation of Rhineland for 15 yrs, pay reparations to Great Brit and France
o 2. self-determinations—German territories like Estonia. Lativa, Poland given independence, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia created as nations
o 3. signers join League of nations where they will fight for independence and territorial integrity of all signers
The Battle for Ratification
o Congress must approve Versailles Treaty and joining of League of Nations; scared league would interfere w/ US sovereignty and W Hemisphere (violate Monroe Doctrine)
o 1918 elections: Republicans took control of House&Senate, so Wilson had hard time w/ leader Henry Cabot Lodge and passing Treaty in Congress in 191S
o irreconcilables: Republican senators—oppose US membership in league nomatterwhat o reservationists: if certain reservations added, they would accept o Wilson did not want to make changes, tried to get public support for League by traveling by.train across country and speaking, fatigued and collapsed on Sept 25. 1919 after Colorado speech, never fully recovered
o 1919: Senate vote.2x on treaty ?. treaty w/ and w/out reservations defeated both times
o 1920:some Dems join reservationists, but Wilson don't want any changes made, so his supporters voted on side of irreconcilables...defeated treaty
o After Wilson left office, US officially ended war and made peace w/ Germany. Congress never ratified Treaty or join League Post War problems
o Hard to adjust from war to normal life again Demobilization
o 4 million troops return back home, take jobs from women and AfricanAmer. who were working during war
o lower war production lead to flattening of business boom; farmers suffer when European farm products back'in market
o Consumers go on buying spree in cities, cause inflation and short boom in 1920 but in 1921 there was recession and 10% unemployment
Red Scare
o Anti-German hysteria converted to anti-Communism
Palmer Raids .
o Bombings led Att.General Mitchell Palmer to make office under J. Edgar Hoover to find radicals, he mass arrested them—lots foreign born like Emma Goldman and deported
o Palmer warned of riots on May Day 1920 but never happened, scare ended and his credibility shot
Labor.Conflict
o Public no trusted unions, but softened in Progressive era
o ' Clayton Antitrust Act (1914)—Square deal for unions under TR and protection from lawsuits: during war unions made progress.
Strikes of 1919
o 1st major strike: Seattle, Troops called out but no violence. Boston: police on strike b/c not allowed to join union, MA gov Calvin Coolidge sent out Nat'l Guard, state and feds involved to break up violence Race Riots
o increase tensions b/c AfricanAmer go N during war, led to violence. Biggest in E St. Louis, IL (1917); worst in Chicago. No better than southern conditions
* o Bernard Baruch: Wall Street broker- under his guidance the War Industries Board set production priorites and est. centralized control over raw materials and prices.
o Herbert Hoover: engineer - Food Administration, eat less meat and bread so that more food could be shipped abroad for the French & G.B. troops.
o Harry Garfield: Fuel Administration - directed efforts to save coal.
o William Taft: arbitrate disputes, head of National War Labor Board. -Finance:
* Wilson's war gov. raised $33 billion in 2 yrs; convince Americans to put their savings into federal gov. Liberty bonds.
* Congress increased personal income and corporate taxes & placed an excise tax on luxury items.
Public Opinion and Civil Liberties
o US govt used patriotic persuasion and legal intimidation to gain support for war
o George Creel (Progressive journalist) leads Committee on Public Info that uses celebrities & diff. media to spread propaganda ("boys" good, Kaiser bad.)
o War gave nativist groups chance to be violent to immigrants and minorities in name of patrioticness. Ex: attack all German culture/American Protective League's "hate the Hun campaign"
o Espionage Act (1917)—person who-tries to rebel in armed forces or oppose draft gets up to 20 yrs
o Sedition Act (1918)—no one-allowed to say disloyal things about govt
o Laws targeted criticism of socialists and pacifists; Socialist leader Eugene Debs jailed for 10 yrs, 2000 ppl prosecuted
o Shenck v. US 1919: Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes upholds Espionage Act; limitation of free speech right when there is "clear and present danger" to society safety allowed Armed Forces
o Thousands volunteered when war declared but most conscripted b/c required if between 21 and 30 yrs old and later 18 and 45 yrs old
Selective Service Act (1917)
o Idea of Sec. of War Newton D. Baker to make democratic method of getting all groups in population to serve in military
o 2.8 million men called by lottery. made up more than 1/2 of total amount of military men in war; more than 2 million sent overseas to Europe
AMSCO CH 23
'Republican Control-
1 .) Three Republican Presidents in the 20s. US Business boomed. •Business Doctrine-
>TR died in 1919.
>Republicans preached limited government regulations to stabilize business. >More sympathetic to business.
•The Presidency of Warren Harding-
1 .) Newspaper publisher from Ohio. He was handsome
2.) He was a bad choice for president.
-A Few Good Choices-
>Appointed good cabinet (Hoover, Mellon. Taft)
>Pardoned Eugene Debs (Socialist). Only released him from jail out of kindness.
-Domestic Policv-
>Approved~ reduction in income tax, higher tariff rates under Fordney-McCumber Tarriff Act, Established the Bureau of' Budget with budget vetoed by Congress.
-Scandals and Death-
>Fall and Daugherty dishonest in cabinet.
>Fall accepted bribes near Tea Pol Dome and Daugherty accepted bribes to not prosecute certain crooks.
"The Presidency of Calvin Coolidge-
1 .) He was VP when he broke the Boston Felice Strike.
2.) "Silent Cal". He rarely talked.
-The Election of 1924-
>Republicans- Coolidge. Democrats- Davis. Progressives- LaFollette.
>Coolidge won by a landslide.
-Vetoes and inaction-
>Coolidge believed in limited government. Business should run own actions.
>Watched budget very well. White House was thought of boring and inactive.
>Vetoed Bonuses for WWI vets and bill to help fanners.
*Hoover. Smith and Ejection of 1928-
1 .) Coolidge didn't run for 2nd term, so republicans chose Herbert Hoover.
2.) Demos chose Al Smith (Catholic, NY). South didn't like his religion obsession.
3.) Republicans boasted "Coolidge Prosperity".
4.) Hoover won by a landslide and even won votes from the South!
5.) Hoover had been apart of the administration for multiple previous presidencies.
'Religion
1) Modernism-changing roles of women, the social Gospel movement, and scientific knowledge. Believed in Darwin's theory.
2) Fundamentalism- condemned modernists and taught that every Bible word must be accepted as true. Believed in .creationism
3 ) Radio- radio evangelists, Bill Sunday; attacked drinking, gambling, and dancing; Amiee McPherson condemned communism and jazz.
"The Literature of alienation
1) "The lost generation" novels of Fitzgerald. Hemingway, Sinclair Lewis, O'Neill, Stein.
*Harlem Renaissance
1) Famous for its concentration of talented actors, artists, musicians, and writers in the 1 920s.
2) Jazz age = popular among mixed audiences: Duke Ellington and Louis Armstrong, Bessie Smith, and Paul Robeson.
* Marcus Gravcv
1) 1916-Marcus Gravey founded the United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA). He advocated individual and racial pride for African Americans/black nationalism. Estb. Organization for black separatism, economic self-sufficiency, and back to Africa movement. Convicted, charged, and shipped back to Jamaica.
*Extra info.
1 ) Wages rose, union movement decreased
2) Jazz age denned the "new" and "modern" culture of the cities.
3) Consumerism made American purchase electrical appliances on credit.
4) Automobile changed the lifestyle of people's lives, dominating transportation (railroads use to be).
5) Radios were the new thing. NBC and CBS provided networks with stations that enabled people to listen to the same
programs.
6) Movie industry made big money. Talking sound pictures in 1927at "palaces" where people went to see Greta Garbo and
Rudolf Valentino.
7) Heroes: Jack Dempsey (boxing), Gertrude Ederle (swimming), Jim Thorpe (football), Babe Ruth (baseball), Bobby Jones
(golf). Charles Lindbergh, the aviator = the best hero of the time.
8) 1920s, revolt against sexual taboos. Premarital sex, dancing to jazz, movies, novels, dating (driving), contraceptives. When
married, women were expected to leave the flapper look behind.
9) VII. Cultures in Conflict
A. Fundamentalism and the Scopes Trial
• Debate over religious Fundamentalists (Williams Jennings Brayan) in rural
south vs. modernists in cities (Darwin's theory). Scopes convicted
B. Prohibition
* 18th amendment,, prohibited manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages.
* Wartime concerns to conserve grain and maintain sober workforce, and •
temperance forces = reasons. Bootleg liquor and Gangsters worked illegally
due to prohibition. 21st Amendment repealed the 18*.
C. Nativism
• Nativist prejudices resulted in restrictive legislation.
1. Quota Laws- limited immigration to a certain number based on
previous newcomers. Asians and eastern and southern
Europeans limited to 150,000.
2. CaseofSacco and Vanzetti-Two Italian immigrants
(anarchists), who in 1921 = convicted in a Mass. Court of
murder. Executed.
D. KKK
a. The revival of the KKK (1950) drew 5 million members through modem
advertising techniques.
b. Supported lower-middle-class white Protestants in small cities and towns
i. Tactics- targeted anyone "un-American". Dressed in white hoods
in disguise. Bum crosses and apply vigilante justice. Political hopes were in Indiana and Texas.
ii. Decline- KKK seemed to uphold Christian standards in ridding out bootleggers, gamblers, and adulterers. In 1923, Grand Dragon David Stephenson = convicted of murder. KKK's influence declined. IX. Foreign Policy: The Fiction of Isolation
c. The U.S. was not isolationist despite refusal to join the League of Nation so
we pursued in foreign affairs w/ world peace still in tact.
A. Disarmament and Peace
1. Washington Conference (1921)- Sec. Of State Charles Evans Hughes
initiated talks on naval disarmament to stabilize U.S. Navy and resolve
conflicts in the Pacific. (Nations: Belgium, China, France, GB, Italy, Japan,
the Netherlands, and Portugal) The five, four, and nine power treaties
covered the borderlines on naval restrictions.
2. Kellogg-Briand Pact- Organized by American women to outlaw future wars
(Jane Addams).renouncing the aggressive use of force to achieve national
ends. = Ineffective in the end
B. Business and Diplomacy
3. Latin America-Mexico's constitution of 1917 mandated ownership of all
that nation's mineral and oil resources. Troops were situated in Nicaragua
and Haiti. American investments in Latin America increased w/ less
military influence.
4. Middle East- Oil reserves were a major source of potential wealth valuable
to the U.S.
5. Tariffs- 1922, the Fordney-McCumber Tariff increased the duties on
foreign manufactured goods by 25 percent. Protected U.S. business in the
short run-, destructive in the long run.
C. War Debts and Reparations
1. Dawes Plan- Charles Dawes, American banker, Coolidge's VP, established a
compromise of a cycle of payments flowing fronrthe U.S.—Germany—Allies
to helped to ease financial problems on both sides of the Atlantic. Stock market crashed killed the plan.
Chapter 24: The Great Depression and the New Deal
Causes of the Depression:
-Wall Street Crash; $1,000 in stock would double for the holder in less than a year
-Millions bought stock on credit, waiting for value to increase to sell
-Oct. 24, 1929; Black Thursday- huge amount of selling-prices plunged
-banks bought stocks hoping to maintain the market
-only worked for Friday
-Oct. 29, 1929; Black Tuesday- the market collapsed
-Dow Jones fell from 381 in Sept. to 198 (1932 it fell to 41)
Causes of the Crash:
-Uneven distribution of income- 5% of rich recieved 30% of nation's income
-Stock Market speculation- stock bought just to sell for profit
-Excessive use of credit-stock (and many other goods) bought with borrowed money
-Overproduction of consumer goods-overproduction without income to buy
-Weak farm economy- farmers never had good 1920's
-Lacking government policies-limited fed. control, high tariffs hurt foreign trade/farmers
-Global economic depression-U.S. asked for debts to be payed- ignoring Europe's situation
Effects of the Depression:
-Gross Nat'l Product fell: $104 billion to $56 billion in 4 yrs
-National income declined by over 50%
-20% of all banks closed- wiping out 10 million-i- savings accounts
-Unemployment reached 13 million (over 25% of the work force, not including farmers)
-ALL classes felt this depression to some degree
Hoover's Policies:
-Hawley-Smoot Tariff of 1930- highest tariff in history, hurt farmers&foreign trade
-Debt moratorium- Dawes Plan to collect war debts from Europe on suspension
-Domestic Programs: Too Little Too Late
-Federal Farm Board (1929) was strengthened- encouraged farmers to withold crops
-Reconstruction Finance Co. (RFC)- funded banks, railroads, life insurance co., ect.
-"trickle down" theory
-Despair and Protest
-Farm Holiday Association- attempted to stop a grain harvest from going to market- ended in violence
-Bonus March- veterans to Washington D.C. to collect promised war bonuses
-Gen. MacArthur used tanks, gas, fires, to get rid of veterans
-The Election of 1932
-Republicans- revoted Hoover vs. Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt&John Gamer(VP)
-Hoover said Democrats would hurt econ more/ FDR offered the "new deal"
-FDR won over 60% of votes, including Republican states & socialists
-Hoover as "lame-duck" president
-Hoover continued to do nothing for the depression
-20th ammendment passed to shorten time b/n election & inauguration
Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal
-FDR was paralyzed by polio hi 1921 (mocked by Hitler&Mousilini in WWII)
-Eleanor Roosevelt- wife, major leader/spokeswoman/civil service
-New Deal Philosophy
-The three R's- relief, recovery, and reform
-Brain Trust
-group of closest advisors to FDR- very diverse individuals
-The First Hundred Days
-"Alphabet Soup"-lots of legislation/ new organizations developed
-Bank Holiday- FDR closed-banks on March 6, 1933 to allow mem to reorganize *
-FDR repealed prohibition; Beer-Wine Revenue Act; 21st amendment repealed 18th
-March 12, 1933- FDR on radio to Americans, assuring safety of reopened banks
-Financial recovery programs - Emergency Banking Relief Act (govt. judges when to reopen banks); Federal
Deposit Insurance Co. guaranteed individual bank deposits up to $5000; Home Owners Loan Co. refinance homes to
prevent foreclosures; Farm Credit Admin.- loans/mortgages to stop farm foreclosures
-Unemployment relief programs- Federal Emergency Relief Admin.- money to state/local govts. with relief; Public
Works Admin.- money to state/local govts. for public works, a job source; Civilian Conservation Corps- jobs for
men on federal land projects, paid families monthly income; Tennessee Valley Authority hired thousands, built
dams, etc. in poor; TN Valley, sold electricity to residents at low rates
-Industrial recovery program- Nat'l. Recovery Admin, with antitrust laws suspended, helped industries set codes for
wages/hours; ruled unconstitutional
-Farm production control- Agricultural Adjustment Admin., encouraged farmers to decrease production (would raise
prices), declared unconstitutional
-Civil Works Admin.- agency to create jobs; Securities and Exchange Commission regulated stock market; Fed.
Housing Admin, insured bank loans for building/repairing houses; end of gold standard
-2nd New Deal- Works Progress Admin. - provided public works jobs; Natl. Youth Admin, part-time jobs to help
young people stay in school and work; Resettlement Admin.-Joans to sharecroppers/farmers
-Reforms-Wagner Act (1935)-worker's right to join union, union's right to bargain collectively; Natl. Labor Relations
Board-enforce law and protect workers; Rural Electrification Admin.-loans to electrical cooperatives to supply
power in rural areas; federal taxes raised for wealthy
-Social Security-trust fund from taxes for money for elderly, unemployed, blind/disabled
-Election of 1936-Landon(R), FDR(D) -FDR won, new support from African Americans
-Opponents of New Deal- socialists/extreme liberals, too much business, not enough for poor; -Conservatives, too
much power to-fed, govt, alarmed by increased regulations, pro-union stance, borrowing money; -Demagogues:
Coughlin, priest, wanted to nationalize banks; Townsend, physician, came up with Social Security; Huey Long
proposed minimum income, ran against FDR. -Supreme Court- ended NRA/AAA, "court-packing" bill by FDR
putting justices in for current justices over 70.5, Congress vetoed, upheld Wagner Act + Social Security, justices
retired + FDR appointed new ones
-Rise of Unions-CIO formed ofrom AFL unions by Lewis, broke away from AFL, became a rival (organized
unskilled labor); Strikes-General Motors 1937 sit-down, company recognized their union; small steel companies
resisted CIO unions, demonstration stopped by violence, they gave in; Fair Labor Standards Act-min. wage .
(.40/hour), max. hours (40/week), age min. 16,1941 US. v. Darby Lumber Co. ruled to uphold child labor change
-Last phase of New Deal-Recession 1937-8, Social Security reduced spending, economist Keynes said deficit
spending prepared govt. for economic growth; economy improved w/o a boom, problems remained;
Congress/citizens no longer followed FDR automatically; 1938 elections showed reduced Dem. majority in
Congress; Rep. and conservative Dem. blocked further New Deal reform; 1938 Nazi party diverts attention to
foreign affairs
-Life in the Depression- —Women: sought work to support families backed by Eleanor Roosevelt, lower pay, accused
of stealing jobs; —Dust Bowl farmers: drought ruined crops in Great Plains, Okies from OK migrated to CA, as seen
in The Grapes of Wrath; -African Americans: last hired, first fired, higher unemployment rate that natl. avg,
excluded from state/local relief, did find low-paying jobs with WPA and CCC (still segregated), moral support from
E. Roosevelt and Ickes when Daughters of Am. Rev. stopped black singer Marian Anderson from singing at
Constitution Hall in DC, over 100 given mid-level positions in fed. departments by FDR, Mary Bethune established
Fed. Council on Negro Affairs to increase involvement in New Deal when invited to DC to direct NYA division,
FDR set up Fair Employment Practices Committee to assist minorities getting jobs in defense industries when A.
Philip Randolph threatened to march on DC on behalf of Railroad Porters Union to demand equal opportunities for
African Americans;
-Native Americans: John Collier appointed commissioner of Bureau of Indian Affairs in '33, established
conservation and CCC projects on reservations, gained Native American involvement in WPA and other programs;
Indian Reorganization (Wheeler-Howard) Act 1934-FDR supports Collier in majory policy change - repealed Dawes
Act, returned lands to tribes, supported preservation of their cultures, New Deal still accused of avoiding them
—Mex. Americans-discriminated against hi 30's; in CA and the southwest, source of agricultural labor in 20's; high
unemployment and drought caused growth hi white migrant workers pushing west for work; many returned to
Mexico
Chp 25; DIPLOMACY AND WORLD WAR II.
Hoover believed in isolationism and opposed using economic sanctions against aggressors believing such a policy would lead lo military
involvement.
Early 1930"s: Japan posed greatest threat to world peace.
* Defying Open Dour Policy and League of Nations, Japanese troops march into Manchuria (Sept. 1931).
* League of Nations condems Japan tor its actions.
> Japanese delegation walked out of the League never to return
"r U. S passes Stimion Doctrine
Hoover ends interventionalist policies of Wilson and 'faft by:
*r Arranging for U.S. troops to leave Nicaragua by 1933
* Negotiating a treaty with Haiti lo remove all U.S. troops by1934
Franklin Roosevelt's Policies, 1933-1938:
* Good-Neigbbor Policy • • :
>• Pan-American Conferences
Cuba
* Mexico
V Economic Diplomacy
London Economic Conference (1933)
Recognition of the Soviet Union
Philippines
Reciprocal Trade Agreements
GERMANY
Adolf Hitler Nazi Party:
ITALY
Benito Mussolini: Fascist Party
> Neutrality Acts
neutrality Act of 1935 Neutrality Act of 1936 Neutrality Act of 1927
Spanish Civil War
Fascist Forces, led by General Frencisco Franco, against loyalist forces. > Franco prevailed in 1939 and established a military dictatorship Events showed how unprepared the deomcracies were to challenge fascist agression:
> > >
Ethiopea, 1935 Rhineland, 1936 China, 1937 Sudetenland, 1938
JAPAN
Hideki Tojo: nationalists/militarists
OUTBREAK OF WAR IN EUROPE:
Roosevelt recognized fascist dangers, but was limited by isolationist feelings Argued for U.S. neutrality and an arms buildup (preparedness)
March 1939, Hitler breaks Munich agreement and sends troops to occupy Czechoslovakia.
Britain and France pledge to fight if Poland is attacked
> September 1,1939, Germany begins an invasion of Poland.
France and Britain enter the war against Germany
Britain and France are now at war with Germany's axis allies: Italy and Japan
> Poland falls to Germany's blitzkrieg fighting style
> Changes were made bU.S. Policy
"Cash and Carry"
Selective Service Act (1940)
Destroyers-for-bases deal
> "We must be the great arsenal of democracy."
> Four Freedoms
Freedom of Speech
Freedom of Religion
Freedom from want
Freedom from fear.
>• Lend-Lease Act
>• Atlantic Charter
> Shoot-on-Sight
> When Japan occupiedjtndechina Roosevelt froze all Japanese credits in the United States and cut off Japanese access to vital materials
including U.S. oil.
Roosevelt demanded Japan pull its troops out of China, which they didn't do. Negotiations were over.
December?, 1941 .Japan attacked Pearl Harbor. •
* Roosevelt declares it "A date that will live in infamy."
* The United States declares war on Japan.
* Three days later, Germany and Italy honor their treaty with Japan and declare war on the U. S.
> WWII on the Homefronr:
* Industrial production: US industries did a booming bussiness, ending the depression
* The OPA feme prices, wages, and rents, and rationed commodities such as meat, sugar, gasoline, and auto tires
* Labor Unions agreed that there would be no strikes during the war.
>• Szaith-Ccnaaiiy Anti-Trust rvc; >• Government paid for the war by (over $100 billion)
> Selling War bonds
'*• Increasing the income (ax
> African American* still faced constant discrimination, whether in the war or wpridnc at home
Migrated North
"Double V"
Increase in membership within the NAACP
> Many Mexican Americans worked in defense industries and over 300,000 served in the military.
Broceros
Zoot Suit riots
> Japanese American.? had the hardest time during the war.
almost 20,000 served in the military
over 100,000 from the west coast were placed in internment camps
Koremotsuv. U.S. (1944)
* Over 200,000 women served in the military, while almost 5 million entered the workforce back home.
* Propoguida was everywhere: Posters, songs, and news bullitens.
> Fighting in Germany
• ^ > High tide of German advance ended at Stalingrad in 1942
* The Battle of the Atlantic
* Begining of Operation Torch (November 1942) led by US General Dwight Eisenhower and British General Bernard
Montgomery. '
> Allied forces succeeded by May 1943 .
• ' > June6, 1944: Dday
Germans launch counter attack:
The Battle of the Buldge (December 1944)
> Hitler commits suicide, April 30, 1945
> Germany surrenders on May 7
. > Discovery of the Holocaust
> Fighting in Japan
* Turning Points: May 7-8, Battle of the Coral Sea and June 4-7, Battle of Midway
* Forces adopted Island-bopping
* Battle of Leyte Gulf (October 1944)the Japanese Navy was virtually destroyed
> Japanese used kamikaze
> Manhattan Project (Oppenheimer) produces the Atomic Bomb
Truman and allies call for unconditional surrender of Japan or face "utter destruction"
Japan gave unsatisfactory reply
August 6, A-bomb dropped on Hiroshima
August 9, A-bomb dropped on Nagasaki
>• Japan surrenders on September 2, 1945 aboard the battleship Missouri
> Wartime Conferences
> Casablanca (January 1943) • •
> Roosevelt and Churchill
> Teheran (November 1943)
> Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin
> Yalta (February 1945)
> Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin
* Roosevelt dies after Yalta on April 12, 1.945
* Potsdam (Jury 17-August 2, 1945)
> Stalin, Truman, and Attlee
War cost $320 billion and killed approximately 300,000 Americans- leaving 800,000 wounded.
By the end of the war. national debl was $250 billion- 5 times that of 1941.
April 1945, delegates from 50 nations met in San Francisco and drafted a charter for the United Nations
On October 24,1945, the U.N came into existence.
Elections During the War
* Roosevelt won all elections during the war.
* .Election of 1940: Roosevelt v. Wendell Willkie *
•> 54% of the popular vote
> Election of 1944: Roosevelt v. Thomas Dewey
• > won 53% of the popular vote and a 432-99 victory
Truman and the Cold War, 1945-1952 Amsco Chapter 26 Outline
1. Postwar America
• GI Bill (Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944)
-Money for vets. To go to college, buy homes and farms, and start a business.
• Consumers with money from savings go and spend
- Cars and Housing - middle class rises.
• Baby Boom
-GI's come home to lonely girlfriends and wives - result = lots of kids
• Suburban Growth, Levittown
-Desperate need for housing after the war resulted in a construction boom. William J. Levitt led in the development of postwar suburbia with his building and promotion of Levittown.
• Rise of the Sunbelt
-Millions of Americans made to warmer climate, lower taxes, and economic opportunities in defense related industries, attracted many GI's and their families to Sunbelt states from Florida to California.
2. Economic Program and Civil Rights
• Employment Act of 1946
- Truman urged Congress to enact a series of measures, national health insurance, an increase in the minimum wage, bill to commit
U.S. government maintain full employment.
• Inflation and Strikes
* Truman asked Congress to control price of wartime, southern Democrats joined Republicans to relax the controls of the Office of
Price Administration-result inflation of almost 25%. . :
* Workers and unions wanted wages to catch up after years of wage controls- 4.5 million workers on strike in 1946- Truman called in
soldiers to seize mines keep them operating until the United Mine Workers finally called off the strike.
• Civil Rights
* Truman- first president to use powers to challenge racial discrimination
* Committee on Civil Rights- 1946, End of military and government segregation.
• Republican Control of Eighteenth Congress
- Republican control, 18th Congress attempted to pass two tax cuts for upper-income Americans, Truman vetoed both.
• Twenty-Second Amendment (1951)
- Congress proposed solution to limit a president to a maximum of two full terms in office.
• Taft-Hartley Act (1947)
* Purpose of bill to check the growing power of unions; Truman tried to veto it "slave labor bill" but his decision was overturned by
congress.
* Outlawed closed shop- (joining union before hired)
* Permitted "right to work" - outlawing union shop (joining union after being hired)
* Outlawing secondary boycotts (unions supporting a striking union with boycotts)
*Presidential power to invoke 80 day cooling off period before a strike endangering the national safety could be called.
• Election of 1948
- Truman low popularity; Democratic parties abandon Truman to from 3rd parties; new progressive party elects Wallace; Southern
Democrats form party in reaction to Truman's civil rights support; Dixiecrats choose Thurmond as presidential candidate; Truman
wins.
• Fair Deal -Truman's reform program most of it blocked by Congress except, increase in the minimum wage and inclusion of more workers
under Social Security. Most of it failed because of Truman's political conflicts with Congress and pressing foreign policy concerns of
the Cold War.
3. Origins of the Cold War
- The Cold War dominated international relations from the late 1940s to the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991.
• U.S.-Soviet Relations to 1945
- Bolshevik Revolution est Communist gov. in Russia (1917) viewed as threat to all capitalistic countries.
• Allies in World War - Stalin bitterly complained that the British and Americans waited until 1944 to open a second front in France; Truman came to power
quickly became suspicious of Soviet acts and intentions.
• Postwar cooperation-the U.N.
* General assembly of UN created to provide representation to all nations; 15-member Security Council primary responsibility within
the UN for maintaining internariQaal peacekeeping missions and security; 5 major allies of wartime: US, GB, FR, CH, SU granted
permanent seats and veto power in the UN security council.
* World Bank created at the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944; fund rebuilding of a war-torn world; Soviets declined to participate
in the bank because they viewed it as an instrument of capitalism.
• Satellite states in Eastern Europe
- Soviets occupied countries of central and Eastern Europe; elections held by Soviets results manipulated in favor of Communist
candidates; Communist dictators loyal to most Eastern Europe countries; Soviets argued that Russia needed buffer states or satellites.
• Occupation zones in Germany
- Eastern zone of Germany under Soviet control turned communist; Soviet pressures other countries to give up their zones. Berlin in
Soviets way.
• Iron Curtain
-1946 British Prime Minister Winston Churchill declared, "An iron curtain has descended across the continent" of Europe; Churchill's "iron curtain' speech called for a partnership between Western democracies to halt the expansion of communism.
4. Containment in Europe
- Truman adopted the advice of his advisors in deciding to "contain" Soviet aggression; policies generated by secretary of state,
General George Marshall.
• • The Truman Doctrine
- Truman implemented containment policy in response to two threats; communist uprising against gov. in Greece and Soviet demand
for some control of Turkey's Dardanelles.
• The Marshall Plan
- Aimed for European recovery; money supplied by US to keep west Europe from becoming communist.
• The Berlin Airlift
-Truman ordered US planes to fly in supplies to the people of West Berlin massive airlift; Stalin decided not to challenge the airlift.
• NATO and National Security
-Ten European Nations joined the United States and Canada in creating the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), a military alliance for defending all members from outside attack.
• National Security Act (1947)
-Department of Defense, replacing the War Department; National Security Council, coordinating foreign policy in the Cold War; Central Intelligence Agency to employ spies to gather information on foreign governments.
• Atomic Weapons
- After the Berlin Crisis, teams of scientists in both the Soviet Union and the United States were engaged in an intense competition-or
arms race-to develop superior weapons systems; Soviets tested their first atomic bomb in the fall of 1949. Truman than approved of a more powerful H-bomb.
• Evaluating U.S. Policy
- NATO effectively checked Soviet expansion in Europe and thereby maintained an uneasy peace until the Soviet Union collapsed in
1991.
5. Cold War in Asia
-Colonies ended in Asia less interested by US policies because of bitter memories of colonial rule; Japan most closely tied to US.
• Japan
-General Mac Arthur took charge of the reconstruction of Japan.
* U.S.-Japanese Security Treaty
-No communism in Japan.
* The Philippines and the Pacific
- On July 4, 1946 accordance with the act passed by Congress in 1934, Philippines became an independent republic, US retained
important naval and air bases there throughout the Cold War.
• China
- China becomes communist under Mao Zedong
• The Korean War
-Invasion: North Korea invades South Korea; Counterattack: Mac Arthur reversed the war by brilliant amphibious assault at Inchon behind the North Korean lines UN forces than proceeded to destroy much of the North Korean army, advancing northward almost as far the Chinese border; 1950'Chinese troops crossed the border into'Korea.
• Truman versus Mac Arthur
• -General Mac Arthur sent home for insubordination.
• Armistice
-War ends in Korea with China helping North Korea to 38th Parallel.
• Political consequences
-Truman's containment policy in Korea worked; Republicans characterized Truman and the Democrats as "soft on communism."
6. The Red Scare
- Belief that government officials following communism in the US Department of Defense and other sectors after the communism in
Cold War.
• Security and Civil Rights
- Program created by Truman to run checks on government officials regarding communism, many quit or were fired.
• Prosecutions under the Smith Act
-No group can advocate overthrow of US government
* Hiss Case: .
-Whittaker Chambers confessed communist, Rosenberg's: executed
* Joe McCarthy-Sen Wisconsin- "witch hunt for communists" (McCarthyism) finally exposed on TV in 54 as reckless/cruel
AMSCO CHAPTER 27 THE EISENHOWER YEARS
I . Eisenhower Takes Command
A. The election of 1952 :
a. Americans sought relief from the Korean War and end to political scandals ("mess in Washington")
b. R- Choice between Old Guard's favorite, Senator Robert Taft of Ohio, and the war hero, Eisenhower
D- Popular governor of Illinois, Adlai Stevenson
c. Campaign highlights: Eisenhower had a spotless reputation for integrity that was almost spoiled by his running mate,
Richard Nixon (almost dropped the ticket, but effectively used the new medium of TV to defend himself- "Checkers
speech"). His pledge to go to Korea and end the war put distance between R & D.
B. Domestic policies:
a. Eisenhower emphasized the delegation of authority and filled his cabinet with successful corporate executives who
gave his administration a businesslike tone
b. Modem Republicanism: First priority was balancing the budget after years of deficit spending, moderate on domestic
issues (accepted most of the New DeaJ programs, even extended some- extended Social Security, raised minimum
wage, & additional public housing), consolidated welfare programs (Department of Health, Edu., and Welfare, HEW).
& initiated a soil-bank program
c. Interstate highway system: 1956, the construction of 42,000 miles interstate highways linking all the nation's major
cities —increased jobs, promoted trucking industry, growth of suburbs, & more homogeneous national culture but hurt
the railroads and environment.
d. Prosperity: A steady growth rate, increased income, highest standard of living-rnost successful of modern presidents
C. The election of 1956 :
a. Again Rep. Eisenhower-Nixon vs. Demo. Adlai Stevenson
b. Eisenhower won by an even greater margin than in 1952 Democrats retained control of both houses of Congress
n . Eisenhower and the Cold War
A. Dulles' diplomacy
a. Dulles advocated a "new look" that took the initiative in challenging Soviet Union and China. He pleased
conservatives by saying that, if the US pushed Communist powers to the brink of war, they would back down b/c of
American nuclear superiority ("brinkmanship").
b. Massive retaliation: Greater reliance on nuclear weapons and air power, but less army and navy forces. Looked like a
policy for mutual extinction. However, not appropriate for preventing small "brushfire" wars from breaking out in the
developing nations
B. Unrest in the third world
a. 1947-1962, many colonies in Asia and Africa gained their independence (India, Pakistan, Dutch East Indies—»•
Indonesia, Ghana).— Third World countries often lacked stable political & economic institutions (needed foreign aid).
b. Covert action: Undercover intervention in the internal politics seemed less objectionable, less expensive (CIA helped
to overthrow gov. in Iran(1953), Guatemalan 954)7 in Latin America, growing anti-American feeling (angry crowds
in Venezuela attacked Vice Pres. Nixon's motorcade)).
C. Asia
a. Korean armistice: The fighting stopped & most U.S. troops withdrawn divided near the 38th parallel).
b. Fall of Indochina: French imperialism had the effect of increasing support for nationalist & Communist leader Ho Chi
Minn. Truman gave U.S. military aid to the French, while China & the Soviet Union aided the Viet Minn guerrillas
led by Ho Chi Minh. At the Geneva Conference of 1954, France agreed to give up Indochina, which was divided into
the independent nations of Cambodia, Laos, & Vietnam,
c..Division of Vietnam: Vietnam was to be temporarily divided at the 17th parallel until the general election could be held at first (general elelction was never held largely b/c South Vietnam feared that the Communists would win). In North Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh established a Communist dictatorship. In S. Vietnam, a gov. emerged under Ngo Dinh Diem (anticommunist). -Eisenhower's domino theory: if S. Vietnam fell under Communist control, one nation after another in Southeast Asia would also fall, until Australia & New Zealand were in dire danger.
d. SEATO: To prevent the fall to communism of S. Vietnam, Laos, & Cambodia, Dulles put together a regional defense pact called the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization. 8 nations signed (1954) to defend one anther in case of an attack
D. The Middle East
a. Suez crisis: Led by the Arab nationalist General Gamal Nasser, Egypt asked the US for funds to build the Aswan
Dam project but was rejected -Soviets agreed to provide limited financing. Seeking another source of funds, Nasser
caused an international crisis in July 1956 by seizing & nationalizing the British-French owned Suez Canal. In
response to this threat, Britain, France, & Israel carried out an attack but soon withdrew (b/c of pressure from the US
and world public opinion).
b. Eisenhower Doctrine: The US in 1957 pledged economic & military aid to any Middle Eastern country threatened by
communism (sending 14,000 marines to Lebanon in 1958).
c. OPEC and oil: 1960, the Arab nations of Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, & Iran joined Venezuela to form the
Organization of Pettoleum Exporting Countries.
E. U.S.-Soviet Relations
a. Spirit of Geneva: Eisenhower called for a slowdown in the arms race and presented to the. United Nations an
atoms for peace plan. The "sprit of Geneva" produced the 1st thaw in the Cold War. (New leader Nikita Khrushchev)
b. Hungarian revolt: In Oct. 1956 a uprising in Hungary succeeded in overthrowing a government backed by
Moscow—>• replaced by liberal leaders. Soviet suppression of the revolt ended first thaw in the Cold War.
a. Sputnik Shock: In 1957, Soviet Union launched the first satellites, Sputnik I and Sputnik II, into orbit around
the earth. Congress responded with the National Defense and Education Act (NDEA), and the National
Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).
b. Second Berlin crisis: Soviet leaders in 1958 gave the West six months to pull its troops out of West Berlin. U.S.
refused to yield= scheduled a summit conference in Paris for 1960 after meeting at Camp David in 1959.
c.. U-2 incident: Russians shot down a highraltitude U.S. spy plane-the U-2—over the Soviet (plane used to find out about enemy's missile program) Khrushchev denounced Paris summit/ Eisenhower took full responsibility
B. Communism in Cuba
a. Fidel Castro nationalized American-owned businesses and properties in Cuba. U.S. cut off trade with Cuba—>
Cuba turned to Soviets for support, 'b. Marxist- 'set up a Communist totalitarian state.
C. Eisenhower's Legacy
a. Eisenhower claimed credit for checking Communist aggression and keeping peace.
b. "Military-industrial complex.": In farewell address, Eisenhower spoke out against the negative impact of the
Cold War/ warned the nation to guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence by the military.
HE. The Civil Rights Movement
A. Origins of the Movement
a. Jackie Robinson had broken the color line in 1947 as Brooklyn Dodgers first African American to play on a major
league team. President Truman introduced civil rights legislation in Congress—but still a problem in the South.
b. Changing demographics: African Americans in the North, who joined the Democrats, had a growing influence in
party politics in die 1950s.
c. Changing attitudes in the Cold War: The Cold War played an indirect role in changing both government politics and
social attitudes. Racial segregation and discrimination stood out as wrongs that needed to be corrected.
B. Desegregating the Schools
a. The NAACP worked through courts toying to overturn the Supreme Court's 1896, Plessy v. Ferguson, which
allowed segregation in "separate but equal" facilities.
b. Brown decision: Brown v. Board of Education ofTopeka, argued that segregation of black children in the public
schools was unconstitutional because it violated the Fourteenth Amendment.
c. Resistance in the South: States in Deep South fought the Supreme Court's decisions—temporary closing of schools/
Nine African American students were prevented from entering Little Rock Central High School. Eisenhower ordered federal troops to stand guard in Little Rock and protect black students as they walked to school.
C. Montgomery Bus Boycott
a. Segregation of public transportation—Rosa Parks was arrested for violating the segregation law.
b. Martin Luther King, Jr. emerged as the leader of a nonviolent movement to achieve integration.
c. Montgomery boycott eventually triumphed when the Supreme Court in 1956 ruled that segregation laws were
unconstitutional.
D. Federal Laws
a. Signed by Eisenhower, two civil rights laws of 1957 and 1960 were the first laws to be enacted by the U.S.
• Congress since Reconstruction.
b. Gave the Justice Department new powers to protect the voting rights of blacks—Southern officials still used an
arsenal of obstructive tactics to discourage African Americans from voting.
E. Nonviolent Protests
a. Martin Luther King, Jr., formed the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), which organized minister
and churches in the South to get behind the civil rights struggle. (1957)
b. College students in Greensboro, North Carolina, started the sit-in movement.
IV. Popular Culture in the Fifties
A. Consumer Culture and Conformity
a. Television: It became the center of family life in millions of American homes/ Critics called television a "vast
wasteland" and worried about the impact on children.
b. Advertising: It promoted common material wants, and the introduction of suburban shopping centers & the credit card.
c. Paperbacks and records: Americans read more even with the television: Paperback books were selling almost a
million copies a day by 1960. Popular music was revolutionized by the mass marketing of inexpensive long-playing
record album and stacks of 45 rpm records/ Rock-and-Roll= Elvis Presley
d. Corporate America: In the business world, conglomerates with diversified holdings begun to dominate such
industries as food processing, hotels, transportation, etc. More American workers held white-collar jobs than blue-
collar jobs.
e. Religion: Organized religion expanded dramatically after WWII with the building of new churches and synagogues.
B. Women's Roles
a. The baby boom and running a home in the suburbs made homemaking a full-time job for millions of women.
b. Evidence of dissatisfaction was growing, especially among well-educated women of the middle class.
C. Social Critics.^-'' . '
a. Not everyone approved of the social tends in 1950s.
b. Novels: Some of the most popular novelist of the fifties wrote about the individual's struggle against conformity.
c. "Beatniks": A group of rebellious writers and intellectuals made up the Beat generation of the 1950s. Led by Jack
Kerouac and poet Allen Ginsberg= advocated spontaneity, use of drugs, and rebellion against societal standards.
Chapter 28
Promises And Turmoil: The 1960's
I) John F. Kennedy's New Frontier
a) The Election of 1960
i) Nixon (R)
(1) The Kitchen Debate: Stood up to Nikita Khrushchev over the merits between Capitalism and Communism (Moscow)
ii) Kennedy (D)
(1) Won nomination against Adlei Stevenson and Lyndon B. Johnson. LBJ as running mate for V. President
iii) The Campaign and the result:
(1) TV. Debates: The television became the most important tool between the campaign ;br president (Nixon vs. Kennedy). Kennedy as more vigorous and comfortable than the pale and tense Nixon
(2) “Missile Gap” Soviet’s lead in the arms race, Kennedy attacked Ike’s administration for the missile gap and the recession
(3) Kennedy defeated Nixon. Kennedy as youngest president ever. “Torch being passed on to a new generation,”
b) Domestic Policy
i; New Frontier Programs
;Ji Kennedy called for: (most failed-in congress. .
• a) Aid to Education
b) Federal support of health care
c) Urban renewal
id) Civil rights
(2) Increased spending on defense and on space exploration because of Kennedy's promise of landing man on the Moon,
c) Foreign Affairs
i) Peace Corps - organization that recruited young American volunteers to give technical aid to developing countries.
ii) Alliances for Progress - organization to promote land reform and economic development.
iii) Trade Expansion Act of 1962 - authorized tariff reductions with the European Economic Community (Common Market) of W. European
nations, ivs Bay of Pigs Invasion (Worst Mistake)
• (1) CIA's plan to use Cuban exiles to overthrow Fidel Castro's regime. The exiles landed at the Bay of Pigs but failed to start a general uprising. The trapped anti-Castro Cubans had little choice but to surrender because of Kennedy's refusal of giving them military aid. v) Berlin Wall
(1) Khrushchev demanded all U.S troops be pulled out of Berlin or the use of force will be necessary. The East Germans began building a wall around W. Berlin, with the purpose to stop fleeing E Germans to W. Germany. President Kennedy went to Berlin to talk to people, "Ice bin ein Berliner"(\ am a Berliner), vi) Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
(1) Russian missiles found underground in Cuba, which could reach U.S in minutes. U.S responded by blockading Cuba until all missiles
were removed. After days of tension Khrushchev finally agreed to remove missiles in exchange for Kennedy's pledge of not invading
Cuba.
2) Hot line was established between D.C and Moscow so the two leaders could talk during a crisis.
3) Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (NTBT) - to end the testing of nuclear weapons in the atmosphere.
vii) Flexible Response Policy - increase spending on conventional (non-nuclear) arms and mobile military forces. Decreased risk of using
nuclear weapons but increased the temptation of sending Special Forces into combat in third world countries. ................
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