Random section Question 1 - Amazon S3

[Pages:39]random section Question 1 1 / 1 point As described in your text, Domjan and his colleagues studied the adaptive significance of sexual conditioning. Research like this may shed light on which of the following topics?

how erectile dysfunction may develop in humans

why some species fail to reproduce and become extinct

how sexual fetishes develop in humans

evolutionary causes of infertility in humans

Question 2 1 / 1 point Which of the following could be accounted for by classical conditioning?

learning to talk

learning to play baseball

learning to walk

learning to love the smell of Grandpa's aftershave

Question 3 0 / 1 point Terrence uses opiate drugs daily. He normally takes his pills in the morning, right after he has a shower. If Terrance has developed tolerance to these pills, what is likely to happen after his shower if Terrance does NOT take the pills?

The shower will elicit conditioned compensatory responses, which will be experienced as withdrawal.

The shower will elicit conditioned responses, which will be experienced as a placebo effect.

The shower will elicit unconditioned compensatory responses, which will result in an experience of pain.

The shower will elicit unconditioned stimuli, which will counteract any withdrawal symptoms that he experiences.

What is a conditioned stimulus?

Question 4 1 / 1 point

stimulus that elicits an reflexive response and can do so regardless of any additional learning

unlearned reaction that occurs without previous conditioning

previously neutral stimulus that, through conditioning, acquires the capacity to elicit a conditioned response

learned reaction that occurs because of previous conditioning

Question 5 0 / 1 point If a dog salivates to a blue light and not to a yellow light, what has the dog learned?

spontaneous recovery

conditioned emotional reactions

stimulus generalization

stimulus discrimination

Question 6 0 / 1 point Cherise has developed a tolerance for the effects of heroin. She normally uses heroin in her boyfriend's apartment, and always uses the same administration routine. What will happen if Cherise uses heroin in a different location, using a different routine?

She will be at risk for withdrawal symptoms.

The drugs will not have the same powerful effect on her, so she won't feel as "high."

She will be at risk of overdose.

She will experience a placebo effect. Question 7 1 / 1 point

When Diana was three years old, she became terrified when the neighbour's budgie bird kept flying near her head. Today she is afraid of all birds, including robins, pigeons, and blue jays. What process does this illustrate?

instinctive drift

stimulus generalization

stimulus discrimination

negative avoidance Question 8 0 / 1 point

In classical conditioning, what is the stimulus that naturally evokes an unlearned response? conditioned stimulus

unconditioned stimulus

unconditioned reinforcer

conditioned reinforcer Question 9 0 / 1 point

Anthony classically conditioned his cat to purr whenever the phone rang. One day, the phone rang for nearly two hours straight when Anthony wasn't home, and the cat's conditioned purring response underwent extinction. Today, the response has spontaneously recovered, but what should Anthony expect if the conditioned purring response were to undergo extinction again?

It would take less time to extinguish than it took for the original extinction.

It would take more time to extinguish than it took for the original extinction.

It would take the same amount of time to extinguish as it took for the original extinction.

It would be impossible to extinguish the response now that spontaneous recovery has occurred. Question 10 1 / 1 point

In higher-order conditioning, how are new conditioned responses created? They are conditioned by repeatedly pairing them with discriminative stimuli.

They are built on the foundation of innate unconditioned responses.

They are built on the foundation of previously established conditioned responses.

They are blocked by sensory adaptation. Question 11 0 / 1 point

Studies have demonstrated that allergic reactions and the growth of drug tolerances can both be influenced which of the following processes?

instinctive drift

classical conditioning

instrumental conditioning

sensory adaptation Question 12 0 / 1 point

One Saturday, Adhar was sitting at home when the telephone rang. A local company was making promotional calls and told Adhar he had just won a $500 gift certificate. He felt a rush of excitement at the thought of what he could do with $500. Now Adhar finds that whenever he hears a telephone ring, he feels a little surge of excitement. In this example, what is the conditioned response?

the surge of excitement that Adhar feels whenever he hears a telephone ring

the ringing of a telephone

the news that he had just won a $500 gift certificate

the rush of excitement he felt when he won the certificate

Question 13 1 / 1 point Researchers have found that animals show evidence of classical conditioning if they are injected with a drug that chemically causes immunosuppression, while they are simultaneously drinking an unusualtasting liquid. In these studies, what is the conditioned response?

immunosuppression

the taste of the liquid that is used

the injection of the drug

fear of the injection process

Question 14 1 / 1 point Kaleb developed a fear of snowstorms two winters ago when his car spun off the road and hit a tree during a blizzard. As the winter progressed, and he had no further accidents, Kaleb thought his fear of snowstorms had pretty well disappeared. To his surprise, this winter when the first heavy snow started to fall, he found his heart was pounding and he was trembling. What does this illustrate?

extinction

second-order conditioning

stimulus generalization

spontaneous recovery

Question 15 0 / 1 point After a painful experience, Sebastien cringes every time he hears a dentist's drill, even when he is sitting in the waiting room of his dentist's office. In this example, what is cringing in the waiting room?

unconditioned response

conditioned stimulus

conditioned response

unconditioned stimulus

random

Question 1 0 / 1 point Curtis is working on a presentation and doesn't hear the phone ringing in the background. Later, he is surprised to find three phone messages have come in for him, because he was totally unaware that the phone had even rung. Which of the following models is supported by this example?

late-selection model of attention

proactive model of attention

early-selection model of attention

acoustic-blocking model of attention

Question 2 0 / 1 point Dr. Boissoneau is a well-liked professor, and students always say that it is very easy to remember his lectures. Dr. Boissoneau uses a lot of funny pictures to illustrate his points (like a picture of Napoleon being soaked by a bucket of water, when discussing the battle of Waterloo) and he creates all kinds of examples and metaphors when explaining theories or concepts (like comparing Marie Antoinette to Paris Hilton). What is it about Dr. Boissoneau that is most effective for allowing students to remember his lectures so easily?

He uses visual imagery, which is more salient than semantic elements like metaphors.

He uses examples to enhance elaborative coding, which is more complex than visual imagery and results in better recall.

According to dual-coding theory, memory is enhanced by both visual and semantic codes, since either can lead to recall.

Students don't necessarily remember more of the lectures, but they find the lectures entertaining so they feel like they're learning more.

Question 3 0 / 1 point Within a connectionist model, like parallel distributed processing, how is a piece of knowledge represented?

by the firing of a particular neuron

by the engram

by a flashbulb memory

by a pattern of activation across an entire network

Question 4 1 / 1 point Thalia studied for her midterm and when her roommate quizzed her she gave correct answers to all sorts of questions. The day of the midterm, however, Thalia was unable to provide answers to questions that she had answered the night before. What can you conclude from this memory failure?

Thalia did not actually encode the information.

Thalia encoded the information, and stored it, but is currently unable to retrieve it.

Thalia encoded and stored the wrong information.

Thalia stored the information appropriately, but her encoding was faulty.

Question 5 1 / 1 point Taryn was given a list of words as part of a memory test that included "dog, pail, and hate." Later, she recalled these words as "pup, bucket, and loathe." Based on Taryn's errors in recall, how did she encode the original word list?

proactively

semantically

phonemically

structurally

Question 6 1 / 1 point What is the deepest level of processing of information in memory?

triarchic level of encoding

semantic level of encoding

attentional encoding

dyadic encoding

Question 7 0 / 1 point The empirical finding that outlining material from textbooks can enhance retention of the material is most consistent with which of the following approaches for improving memory?

massed practice

distributed practice

organization

deep processing

Question 8 1 / 1 point Andre is demonstrating a new computer program to his roommate. As he shows his roommate how to open the application and create a file, Andre is largely relying on which memory system?

procedural

semantic

episodic

prospective

Question 9 0 / 1 point Dylan is using his cellphone to text his friend some information about a party that they're supposed to go to that evening. The address is 1812 Lakeshore Drive. Dylan remembers this address easily because it reminds him of his favourite piece of classical music: Tchaikovsky's 1812 Overture. In fact, he hums his favourite part of that piece as he's texting the address. Dylan is very engrossed in the task, and doesn't notice most of the noise around him in the coffee shop. He hears his name called, however, and looks up to see a girl he knows walking toward him. He can't remember her name, even though he knows he should know it. She asks him what he's got planned for the evening, and he tells her about the party. She cringes, and says that she had been invited to the party as well, but had totally forgotten about it. Just then, Dylan remembers that her name is Mitzy. He remembers because when he met her, he thought she was a little ditzy and thought it was funny that her name rhymed with her demeanor!

When Dylan can't remember Mitzy's name, what was his experience called? tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

retroactive interference

cryptomnesia

pseudoforgetting

Question 10 1 / 1 point Hayden is explaining the rules of his new computer game to Shane. Hayden retrieves information about the rules from which memory system?

prospective

declarative

procedural

implicit

Question 11 1 / 1 point What is a retrieval cue?

a brain structure stimulus used to locate a particular memory

the same thing as an elaboration encoding variable

a stimulus associated with a memory that is used to locate that memory

the pattern of neural activation when a memory was first encoded

Question 12 1 / 1 point Which of the following statements regarding the role of context in memory is MOST accurate?

Context cues often facilitate the retrieval of information.

Context cues generally facilitate the retrieval of visual information, but interfere with the ability to recall auditory information.

Context cues generally facilitate the retrieval of auditory information, but interfere with the ability to recall visual information.

Context exerts no systematic influence on the encoding and retrieval of information.

Question 13 1 / 1 point What is the term for inadvertent "plagiarism" that occurs when people come up with an idea that they think is original, when they were actually exposed to it earlier?

cryptomnesia

state-dependent memory

misinformation effect

retroactive interference

Question 14 0 / 1 point Which of the following is suggested by results from the research study that investigated the accuracy of flashbulb memories following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001?

Flashbulb memories remain extremely accurate, even years after the initial event.

Flashbulb memories have special characteristics that make them less vulnerable to forgetting.

Flashbulb memories fade gradually over time, just like other memories.

Flashbulb memories are created only when the triggering events elicit strong emotions.

Question 15 1 / 1 point Frances is daydreaming during her botany class, and has not been listening to the lecture at all. She is suddenly aware that her professor has just called her name, and is waiting for her to respond to a question that has been asked. Which type of model is supported by this example?

retroactive model of attention

late-selection model of attention

early-selection model of attention

acoustic-blocking model of attention Question 1 1 / 1 point

What is metalinguistic awareness? the tendency to recognize one's own grammatical errors

the ability to reflect on the use of language

knowledge of which verbs are irregular

awareness of the role of positive reinforcement in language acquisition

Question 2 1 / 1 point Which of the following statements is MOST accurate?

The overconfidence effect is seen only when making predictions about events that have personal significance.

In their predictions about personal matters, people tend to be more accurate than confident.

Even professionals and experts tend to be overconfident about their own predictions.

The overconfidence effect is seen only when making predictions about events that have no personal significance.

Question 3 0 / 1 point Which type of theory best accounts for the apparent rapidity and ease of language acquisition in early childhood?

behaviourist

nativist

cognitive

social communication

Question 4 1 / 1 point Here is an example of a question: Glove is to hand as sock is to _____. What type of question is this?

problems of arrangement

problems of transformation

problems of inducing structure

ill-defined problem

Question 5 1 / 1 point Dr. Grath believes that both an innate predisposition and a supportive environment contribute to language development. Dr. Grath's views are MOST consistent with which language theories?

behavioural

nativist

Whorfian

interactionist

Question 6 1 / 1 point How many morphemes are in the word "unchangeable"?

nine morphemes, one for each letter of the alphabet used

one morpheme, for the entire word

four morphemes, one for each syllable

three morphemes: "un," "change," and "able"

Question 7 1 / 1 point Which of the following is NOT a cognitive activity?

remembering something

making a decision

solving a problem

blinking at something

Question 8 0 / 1 point What is the benefit of using "fast and frugal heuristics"?

We make more accurate decisions than when we use careful reasoning.

We can make decisions very quickly.

We tend to have greater confidence in decisions made that way.

There are few benefits to the use of those heuristics, as decision making tends to be very flawed when done rapidly.

Question 9 0 / 1 point In what we measure the average length of youngsters' spoken statements ("mean length of utterance")?

letters

phonemes

morphemes

words

Question 10 0 / 1 point Which of the following is true of bilingualism?

Bilinguals score higher than monolinguals in metalinguistic awareness.

Bilingualism has a significant, negative effect on overall language development.

Bilinguals are faster than monolinguals in language-processing speed.

Bilinguals score lower than monolinguals in selective attention and cognitive flexibility.

Question 11 1 / 1 point Three-year-old Isaiah used to say "mikk" when he wanted a drink of milk. Now he is able to say "milk" quite clearly. In this instance, what language component has Isaiah improved?

phonemes

syntax

morphemes

linguistic heuristics

Question 12 1 / 1 point If Annette is learning two languages, what will be the impact of bilingualism on the development of her vocabulary?

The size of her vocabulary will be normal in each language.

The size of her vocabulary will be enhanced in each language.

The size of her vocabulary will be smaller in each language, but the total of the two will be similar to the vocabulary of a monolingual child.

The size of her vocabulary, when both languages are added together, will be smaller than that of a monolingual child.

Question 13 0 / 1 point You've been rolling a die for the last five minutes, and you haven't rolled a 6 even once. Which of the following are you using if you predict that the results of the next roll are independent of all other rolls?

laws of probability

gambler's fallacy

availability heuristic

representativeness heuristic

Question 14 1 / 1 point Corey was serving on a jury in a criminal case, and the jury reached a unanimous "not guilty" verdict. Several months later, some additional evidence came to light that strongly suggested that the defendant was, in fact, guilty of the crime in question. Corey is still not convinced by the new evidence, and claims he wouldn't have voted guilty, even if the new information had been presented during the trial. In this example, what is Corey demonstrating?

conjunction fallacy

availability heuristic

belief perseverance

mental set

Question 15 1 / 1 point Research by John Payne found that people adapt their decision-making approach to the demands of the task. Specifically, as choices become more complex, what do people tend to shift toward?

more complex decision strategies

more risky decision strategies

simpler decision strategies

more conservative decision strategies

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