REPTILES - Saline Springs Conservation Information
REPTILES
&
AMPHIBIANS
Snakes…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….Tab 1
Turtle, Common Snapping…………………………………………………………………………………..Tab 2
SNAKES
(Class Reptilia)
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IDENTIFICATION: thirty eight (38) species of snakes occur in MO: 33 non-venomous and 5 venomous (poisonous). Distinguishing venomous from non-venomous snakes is critical. Non-venomous snakes may frighten but are not dangerous. Three of five venomous species are rattlesnakes: adults are distinguished from all others by the presence of rattles at end of tail (young may have only a "button" or two). The other two venomous species are the Osage Copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix phaeogaster) and the Western Cottonmouth (Agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma): these two species are distinctive and easily recognized "in person"; I.D. over the phone is more difficult and not always reliable (unless dead or captive). Provide a copy of Mac’s free booklet Snakes of Missouri and/or refer to The Amphibians and Reptiles of Missouri field guide for I.D.
SIMILAR SPECIES: not usually confused with other animals, except the legless Western Slender Glass Lizard (Ophisaurus attenuatus attenuatus). Non-venomous snakes are frequently mistaken for venomous species (e.g. harmless water snakes are similar to and often identified as Western Cottonmouth (both are found around water). (See Snakes of Missouri booklet and/or The Amphibians and Reptiles of Missouri field guide for I.D.)
DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE: statewide; common and abundant (for non-venomous species); copperhead may occur in every MO county (even in suburban areas); populations of timber rattlesnakes are much more localized, generally favor wooded and rocky terrain; the Cottonmouth is restricted primarily to southern 1/3 of state; other venomous species are more restricted (persecution has greatly reduced ranges; populations may be extremely localized). The copperhead is Missouri's most common venomous snake.
LEGAL STATUS: protected by 3CSR10-4.110 (General Prohibition); SNAKES MAY NOT BE KILLED INDISCRIMINATELY! The massasauga rattlesnake and several non-venomous species are listed as State Endangered (see Snakes of Missouri booklet, The Amphibians and Reptiles of Missouri field guide, and MDC Wildlife Code).
As Pets:
Non-venomous: allowed under 3CSR10-9.110(1) (General Prohibition; Applications): up to five (total) non-endangered species may be caught and held captive without permit, but these may not be sold or transported out-of state.
Venomous: prohibited: cannot be held captive, except with MDC Class II Wildlife Breeder permit ($250); must possess permit before acquiring animal from licensed breeder (contact local MDC Conservation Agent). Local municipal approval may also be required.
Rehabilitation: prohibited: sick or injured wildlife cannot be taken, possessed, transported, or held except with MDC Wildlife Rehabilitation permit (see Wildlife Code).
Scientific Study: cannot be collected, possessed, mounted or preserved for scientific purposes except with MDC Wildlife Collector's permit (see Wildlife Code). Individuals may possibly obtain permission to keep and mount a single road-killed specimen (contact local MDC Conservation Agent or nearest MDC office).
PUBLIC HEALTH CONCERNS: bites of venomous species may be serious if not treated. All venomous species possess venom, even when new-born. Fatalities are rare (none in MO in past 25 years), but several weeks of hospital recovery may be necessary. Symptoms include: burning pain and swelling at bite-site, usually followed by discoloration and extreme swelling. Victims should get to a hospital ASAP; proper I.D. of snake will greatly assist medical personnel in treatment. The copperhead is responsible for most venomous bites (usually on the hand or foot), mostly when people attempt to handle the snake; in MO no fatalities have ever resulted from a copperhead bite. However, bites from rattlesnakes and water moccasins can occasionally be fatal. Take precautions: wear shoes when outside on summer nights; check under objects on ground, especially rocks or lumber, before reaching under with hands.
Bites of non-venomous snakes may result in a mild abrasion; clean with soap
and water.
BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR: peak periods of activity are April - October; all snakes hibernate (often in rocky areas); may be seen in large numbers when entering or leaving hibernation dens; do not dig holes but will utilize burrows of
others (mouse or chipmunk burrows, mole runs, etc.); often found near and/or in buildings and dwellings in search of rodents and birds. Venomous snakes are poor climbers; harmless Black Rat snake (Elaphe obsoleta obsolets) climbs well. During summer months, snakes are most active at night and seek cool, shady cover during day.
PREVENTING SNAKE PROBLEMS: snakes may be present anywhere and at
anytime during the spring, summer, and fall. There are no reliable perimeter sprays or chemicals to repel snakes; for best control, eliminate rodent habitat (brush piles, lumber/rock piles, weedy areas, rock gardens, hay bales, etc.), especially near houses (keep grass mowed) (this will also tend to reduce other wildlife use of the property). Recommend that people learn to identify venomous from non-venomous species (provide Snakes of Missouri booklet). If snakes are consistently found inside home or building, do maintenance check and plug, repair, or caulk potential entrance points.
SOLVING SNAKE PROBLEMS:
IN THE HOUSE: If snake can't be found, put glueboards in corners and along walls (snakes can be removed from glueboards with vegetable oil); if snake is located, sweep it into large can with broom; or pick up with shovel or rake and drop into trash can and put outside; or call local animal control if venomous. Find out how snake got in and repair, plug, or caulk entry points.
OUTSIDE AROUND HOUSE, PORCH, BARN, etc.: Other than removing snakes when they are encountered, the only way to address this "problem" is to reduce or eliminate cover and habitat around buildings (see "Preventing" above). Educate people about the beneficial presence of snakes.
COMMON SNAPPING TURTLE
(Chelydra serpentina)
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IDENTIFICATION: length = 8 - 12 inches; weight = 10 - 35 pounds; big pointed head; long thick tail. Usually brown carapace (top shell) with three rows of low keels (ridges); small, yellowish-white plastron (bottom shell).
SIMILAR SPECIES:
Alligator Snapping Turtle: may be larger, with three rows of prominent ridges on carapace; large head with sharp, strongly-hooked beak; long muscular tail. They are classified as Rare in Missouri.
DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE: statewide; locally abundant.
LEGAL STATUS: protected: may be taken during appropriate season with proper permit (see MDC Wildlife Code).
As Pets: prohibited: cannot be rescued from the wild or kept captive, except with MDC Class I Wildlife Breeder permit ($50); must possess permit before acquiring animal from licensed breeder (contact MDC Conservation Agent).
Rehabilitation: prohibited: sick or injured wildlife cannot be taken, possessed, transported, or held, except with MDC Wildlife Rehabilitation permit (see Wildlife Code).
Scientific Study: cannot be collected, possessed, mounted, or preserved for scientific purposes, except with MDC Wildlife Collector's permit (see Wildlife Code). Individuals may possibly obtain permission to keep and mount a single road-killed specimen (contact local MDC Conservation Agent or nearest MDC office).
PUBLIC HEALTH/SAFETY CONCERNS: none at present
BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR: mostly nocturnal (night active), but may be active days; may be found in any permanent water; over winters in deep mud at bottom; usually stays in water except when migrating over-land to new areas or
female leaving water to deposit eggs; does not bask; aggressively defensive
when out of water; tries to hide or escape when in water; eats a wide variety of
foods (concern for sport fishery is common complaint: actual impact is usually insignificant; however, significant losses may occur in commercial aquaculture production ponds). Mate in late spring or early summer; female lays one or several clutches of 20 - 30 ping-pong-ball-size eggs in June; hatch in 55 - 125 days; young independent at birth.
PREVENTING SNAPPING TURTLE PROBLEMS: removing water (draining pond) is the only reliable method. However, a fine-mesh fence around pond should prevent access.
SOLVING SNAPPING TURTLE PROBLEMS: can be trapped (in hoop-type nets baited with fresh fish or red meat), shot (where allowed), or caught on hook-and-line: tie 4 or 5 feet of heavy-test fishing line to a sturdy but flexible 6 - 8' pole or tree limb; attach 12" wire (No.16) leader; use large hook (1" between barb and shaft); push pole into bank to anchor solidly so that bait is a few inches above bottom in relatively shallow water; bait with fresh but tough beef, pork, or fish.
Can be safely handled by picking up by the tail; hold well away from body; or scoop-up with snow shovel and place in barrel or bucket.
After pond is clear of turtles, a fine-mesh fence around pond will prevent others from gaining access.
Refer to independent NWCO or experienced trapper for contract trapping assistance.
BIRDS
Attacking Windows - People – Pets………………………………………………………………….Tab 3
Goose, Canada……………………………………………………………………………………………………..Tab 4
Crow, American ("blackbird")……………………………………………………………………………Tab 5
Grackle, Common ("blackbird")…………………………………………………………………………Tab 6
Pigeon (Rock Dove)………………………………………………………………………………………………Tab 7
Woodpeckers & Sapsuckers………………………………………………………………………….…Tab 8
Starling, European ("blackbird")………………………………………………………………………Tab 9
BIRDS ATTACKING WINDOWS/
PEOPLE / PETS
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ALL birds, including songbirds, woodpeckers, waterfowl, birds of prey, etc., are protected by the Federal Migratory Bird Treaty Act: birds, eggs, or nests CANNOT be molested or destroyed without special federal permit. Violations can result in hefty fine and/or imprisonment.
(NOTE: The only exemptions from the Act are some introduced (not native to U.S.; i.e. "exotic") species. These include: pigeons (rock doves) (Columba livia), European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris), English (house) sparrows (Passer domesticus), Eurasian tree sparrows (Passer montanus), and some others that do not usually occur locally. However, a federal permit shall not be required to control yellow-headed, red-winged, rusty, and Brewer’s blackbirds, cowbirds, all grackles, crows, and magpies, when found “committing or about to commit” depredations upon ornamental or shade trees, agricultural crops, livestock, or wildlife, or when concentrated in such numbers and manner as to constitute a health hazard or other nuisance (see page 18 of 50 CFR 21.43 of the federal regulations (Migratory Bird Permits.))
To apply for a special permit to kill protected species, contact: USDA-APHIS-WS, 1714 Commerce Court, Suite C, Columbia, MO 65202, (573) 449-3033. The application process takes some time so apply early. There is a $25 fee.
Canada Geese: see section on Canada geese (page C-4) for information dealing specifically with problems related to this species.
WINDOWS
PROBLEM: Males have established and are defending breeding territory; sees reflection in window and believes a rival has invaded; attacks to drive rival out (usually cardinals, robins, and mockingbirds). Instinct results in persistent attacking behavior (common complaint during spring breeding season, especially with Northern cardinals and American robins).
SOLUTION:
1. reduce / eliminate reflective ability of window by covering with sheet or other non-reflective material on outside of window, or hang strips of heavy, clear plastic; window can be uncovered after peak of breeding season (usually after a few weeks).
2. hang frightening devices (scare-eye balloons, strips of mylar tape or aluminum foil, inflatable owl, etc.) from eves of house in vicinity of window; devices can be removed after peak of breeding season (usually after a few weeks).
3. cut silhouette of soaring bird-of-prey out of dark paper and tape to outside of window; use only one cut-out per window; appearance of natural predator may deter behavior in some instances.
PEOPLE
PROBLEM: Males and females defend nest/young against perceived threats; human or pet proximity to nest may trigger attacks (common complaint during spring breeding season; usually blue jays and mockingbirds).
SOLUTION:
3. 1. if possible, avoid area around nest until young birds fledge (usually in a matter of weeks). If the area cannot be avoided, wear head and eye protection to guard against injury while in the vicinity of the nest or place a temporary barrier such as a sheet, blanket, or large piece of cardboard between the nest sight and human activity if possible. If defending behavior poses a serious threat to public safety (e.g. children in a school yard), contact USDA-APHIS-ADC (see above), or MDC Wildlife Damage Biologist
CANADA GOOSE
(Branta canadensis)
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IDENTIFICATION: easily recognized by long black neck, white "chin strap", and gray-brown body; characteristic "honk!" sound is distinctive. There are eleven recognized races of Canada Geese in North America, varying from the large "Giant" race common year-round in parts of MO, to the diminutive Richardson's and Cackling races, usually seen only in migration.
SIMILAR SPECIES: Brant geese, uncommon in Missouri, are similar but lack the white chin strap and have a black breast or "bib" (Canada geese have gray breast).
DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE: statewide, locally abundant. Numbers peak in fall and winter when migrants swell the ranks of resident flocks. Numbers of resident geese have skyrocketed since the early 1980's; currently at about 65,000.
LEGAL STATUS: Canada Geese are protected and regulated by the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service (USFWS) and MDC. Hunting seasons are set annually by federal and state authorities. Canada geese may not be captured, handled, moved, or destroyed except with permission of the USFWS and MDC. When necessary to resolve or prevent injury to people, property, agricultural crops, or other interests, applications may be made for a federal permit to destroy Canada goose eggs and nests at the USFWS’ website:
As Pets: prohibited: adults, goslings, and eggs cannot be taken from the wild and kept, raised, or incubated.
Rehabilitation: prohibited: sick or injured wildlife cannot be taken, possessed, transported, or held except with MDC Wildlife Rehabilitation permit (see Wildlife Code), and Federal USFWS rehabilitation permit (contact local USFWS agent).
Scientific Study: cannot be collected, possessed, or preserved for scientific purposes except with permit from USFWS and MDC Wildlife Collector's permit.
PUBLIC HEALTH CONCERNS: usually involve feces or aggressive geese. Do not handle feces; discourage dogs from eating feces; keep walkways clean of droppings as much as possible. Aggressive during nesting season (February - May): male goose (gander) defends mate and nest territory, may attack people and "beat" them with wings; will bite, but has no teeth.
BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR: Primarily herbivores, feed on grass, seeds, and other plants. Pair-up and establish nesting territory late winter/early spring; favor open areas near water, islands, peninsulas; nest usually on ground or rooftop, not concealed; 3 - 9 eggs; begin 28 day incubation period after full clutch is laid. Goslings follow adults to water shortly after hatching, do not return to nest. Pair will use the same nest area year after year; are joined by mature offspring if additional territory is available. Geese lose their flight feathers in June and become flightless for about five weeks. Geese are long-lived (up to 20+ years in captivity).
PREVENTING GOOSE PROBLEMS: DO NOT feed geese or other waterfowl; domestic geese or ducks on pond will attract geese; do not provide nest tubs or allow geese to nest on property; do allow ponds to ice over in winter; encourage vegetation to grow three feet or more high around water margins; encourage hunting during appropriate season if local law permits.
SOLVING CANADA GOOSE PROBLEMS: there are no quick fixes at present: no one can come and remove geese. Long-term planning is the only solution; property managers must institute a population reduction program incorporating as many of the following as possible: egg depredation, habitat management, fencing that prevents geese from getting to or using potential nest sites, "do not feed the geese" policy, taste repellents (in some cases), scare tactics and harassment of adult geese, and in-season hunting.
1. "Do Not Feed the Geese" Info: MDC Wildlife Damage Biologists have handouts.
2. Mylar ("Flash") Tape: intimidates geese; also see "Urban Yards" below. Inexpensive; MDC Wildlife Damage Biologists will know sources.
3. Scare Tactics: dogs, noise-makers, etc.
4. Repellents: ReJeX-It™ and Flight ControlTM are taste-repellent (non-toxic,); sprayed on grass (lawns, golf courses); relatively expensive; must be reapplied periodically. Call the MDC Wildlife Damage Biologists for local sources.
5. Egg Depredation ("egg shaking") Permit: Apply for a permit at the USFWS website:
AGGRESSIVE GEESE: Aggression in geese is usually associated with nest and nest territory (February - May). Prevent nesting to solve an "aggressive goose" problem (see above). In short-term, redirect human traffic to avoid area or place a barrier between the nest and human activity.
IN URBAN YARDS: surround perimeter of area with mylar ("flash") tape, tautly strung about 12 - 15" high, twist tape every two feet or so to give a "spiral" effect; does not work well on young geese (May - July). To keep geese off small ponds, cross with a strand or two of mylar (as above).
ON GOLF COURSES: harass with dogs or golf carts; scare with cracker-shells or propane cannons; use taste-repellent (ReJeX-It™ and Flight ControlTM) on grass; contact MDC Wildlife Damage Biologist.
IN AGRICULTURAL FIELDS: frightening devices and techniques may be helpful,
at least for the short term. These include: propane cannons, shellcrackers, noise bombs, helium-filled balloons, mylar tape, and the standard scarecrow. Permits for
lethal control may be obtained through MDC Private Land Services Division from March 11 - August 31. Additional information can be obtained from USDA APHISWS, 1714 Commerce Court, Suite C, Columbia, MO 65202, (573) 449-3033.
AMERICAN CROW
(Corvus brachyrhynchos)
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IDENTIFICATION: large (2+ foot wingspan), blackish: appears glossy in sunlight; unmistakable and characteristic “caw-caw” vocalization; sexes are similar in appearance.
SIMILAR SPECIES: other MO “blackbirds” (grackles, starlings, red-wings) are considerably smaller, and do not make “caw-caw” call. The fish crow (Corvus ossifragus) is becoming increasingly common along the Mississippi River north to St.Louis; it is similar in appearance but produces a weaker, more nasal-sounding “caw”.
DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE: statewide; abundant.
LEGAL STATUS: migratory bird: protected by Federal Migratory Bird Treaty Act: however, a permit is not required to control crows ...when found committing or about to commit depredations upon ornamental or shade trees, agricultural crops, livestock, or wildlife, or when concentrated in such numbers and manner as to constitute a health hazard or other nuisance.... (see 50 CFR 21 Migratory Bird Permits (page 18) of the federal regulations, and contact federal authorities for more information).
Classified as game species in MO; can be hunted during appropriate season with proper permit (see MO Wildlife Code).
As Pets: prohibited.
Rehabilitation: prohibited: sick or injured wildlife cannot be taken, possessed, transported, or held, except with MDC Wildlife Rehabilitation permit (see MDC Wildlife Code) and special Federal permit.
Scientific Study: cannot be collected, possessed, mounted, or preserved for scientific purposes, except with MDC Wildlife Collector's permit (see Wildlife Code) and appropriate Federal permit.
PUBLIC HEALTH/SAFETY CONCERNS: Histoplasmosis: respiratory disease acquired by inhaling air-borne fungus spores found in soil enriched with bird or bat droppings. Infection usually minor; severe or fatal cases occur relatively infrequently. Avoid inhaling spores in roost vicinity by wearing facemask capable of filtering out particulate matter > 1 millimicron in diameter. Noise and odor associated with crow roosts are common complaints.
BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR: social birds, form large communal roosts that may number in the thousands (even up to a million in some cases); feces and noise are common complaints. Leave roost at daybreak to forage over a wide area, return at dusk. Eat a variety of foods, including: insects, small fish, mice, songbird nestlings and eggs; large flocks can cause significant damage to agricultural crops. “Mob” hawks and owls, may harass people and pets. Solitary stick nest usually high in tree; single annual brood of 4 - 6 hatch in about eighteen days; fledge about twelve days later; both sexes cooperate in raising young. Family unit may persist through the year; crows have lived to age 20 in captivity.
PREVENTING CROW PROBLEMS: trim trees/thin foliage to reduce attractiveness as roosting sites; maintain 10 - 20 feet between trees crowns (crows prefer dense crowns or clusters of crowns). Eliminate food sources: store garbage bags in hard containers on pick-up day; keep lids on dumpsters. Shooting (where permitted) around landfills, agricultural crops, etc. may deter others from an area. A grid of lines/wires, 4 - 8' above-ground (over crops, landfill, etc.), may repel crows (and other birds) in some instances. Do not plant Bradford Pears or conifers (favored roosting trees). (See also "Solving" below.)
SOLVING CROW PROBLEMS:
ROOSTS: harass with noise in early evening to discourage roosting: use pyrotechnics (firecracker-type noisemakers), firecrackers, bottle-rockets, propane exploders, or specialized bird bombs, whistlers, and shell-crackers; check local ordinance regarding noise before use. Recorded crow distress calls have been successful (contact MDC Urban Wildlife Biologist for sources). High-pressure water hoses and/or flashing strobe-lights placed in trees may be effective, especially when used in conjunction with noisemakers. Regardless of method, persistence is vital; usually 4 - 10 consecutive nights of harassment are necessary to convince crows to roost elsewhere. NOTE: because of the duration and conspicuous nature of “roost-busting” activities, notify/consult with local law enforcement before beginning effort. High frequency sound devices have not proven effective in dispersing roosts.
IN GARDENS: the traditional scarecrow, mylar tape, plastic or ceramic owls, windsocks, aluminum foil strips on lines or posts, and other conspicuous materials have kept crows away. To remain effective, however, these materials should be moved every day or two.
Lightweight plastic netting (available from Lawn & Garden supply stores) can be used to protect small gardens and trees. “Lines” of wire, fishing line, mylar tape, etc., strung above row crops, have kept birds (including crows) at bay. Grid systems strung above crops in fields have also proven effective. Refer to MDC Wildlife Damage Biologist if damage to agricultural crops is persistent and significant. (See also "Preventing" above.)
Contact USDA-APHIS-WS, 1714 Commerce Court, Suite C, Columbia, MO 65202, (573) 449-3033 for additional information.
COMMON GRACKLE
(Quiscalus quiscula)
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IDENTIFICATION: slightly larger than a robin; male uniformly dark with iridescenblack/blue head/neck; female slightly smaller and plain brown; both with stout beak and long tail.
SIMILAR SPECIES:
Red-winged Blackbird: slightly smaller; red and yellow shoulder patches (male), or heavily streaked with brown (female).
Brown-headed Cowbird: smaller; black with brown head (male), or uniformly gray (female); both with short beak.
European Starling: robin-sized; stout; dark with light speckles on feathers; short tail, dagger-like beak.
DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE: statewide; abundant
LEGAL STATUS: migratory bird: protected by Federal Migratory Bird Treaty Act: however, a permit is not required to control grackles ...when found committing or about to commit depredations upon ornamental or shade trees, agricultural crops, livestock, or wildlife, or when concentrated in such numbers and manner as to constitute a health hazard or other nuisance.... (see 50 CFR 21 Migratory Bird Permits (page 18) of the federal regulations, and contact federal authorities for more information).
As Pets: prohibited.
Rehabilitation: prohibited: sick or injured wildlife cannot be taken, possessed, transported, or held, except with MDC Wildlife Rehabilitation permit (see Wildlife Code) and special Federal permit.
Scientific Study: cannot be collected, possessed, mounted, or preserved for scientific purposes, except with MDC Wildlife Collector's permit (see Wildlife Code) and appropriate Federal permit.
PUBLIC HEALTH/SAFETY CONCERNS: Histoplasmosis: respiratory disease acquired by inhaling air-borne fungus spores found in soil enriched with bird or bat droppings. Infection usually minor; severe or fatal cases occur relatively infrequently. Avoid inhaling spores in roost vicinity by wearing facemask capable of filtering out particulate matter > 1 millimicron in diameter.
BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR: eats a variety of foods including: insects, small fish, mice, songbird nestlings, and eggs. Form large communal roosts that may number in the thousands, breeding colonies in conifers can be large also (feces, noise are common complaints); flocks can cause significant damage to agricultural crops. Single annual brood of 4 - 5 hatches in twelve days; fledge about twelve days later.
PREVENTING GRACKLE PROBLEMS: trim trees/thin foliage to reduce attractiveness as roosting sites; remove available food and water. Do not plant Bradford Pears or conifers (favored roosting trees). (See also "Solving" below.)
SOLVING GRACKLE PROBLEMS: harass with noise in early evening to discourage roosting: use pyrotechnics (firecracker-type noisemakers) where allowed by local ordinance; clap hands, bang on pots, spray with garden hose, etc. when birds are just beginning to come to roost; repeat nightly (usually 4 - 10 days) until flock is convinced to roost elsewhere.
Lightweight plastic netting (available from Lawn & Garden supply stores) can be used to protect small gardens and trees. Refer to MDC Wildlife Damage Biologist if damage to agricultural crops is persistent and significant. (See also "Preventing" above.)
Contact USDA-APHIS-WS, 1714 Commerce Court, Columbia, MO 65202, (573) 449-3033 for additional information.
PIGEON (ROCK DOVE)
(Columba livia)
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IDENTIFICATION: dove-like birds, slightly larger than a robin but smaller than a crow; usually with slate-gray body (but can vary from white to black); male usually uniformly dark with iridescent black/blue head/neck; female slightly smaller and plain brown; both with stout beak, small head, and red feet. Tail appears short on ground, blunt and fan-like in flight. Wings usually make a “clapping” sound when taking flight; are held at a steep angle when gliding. Both sexes make soft “cooing” sounds.
SIMILAR SPECIES: pigeons are sometimes mistaken for falcons.
Mourning Doves: considerably smaller, with long, tapering tail usually with white spots.
DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE: statewide; abundant
LEGAL STATUS: introduced (“exotic”) species: not protected.
As Pets: not regulated.
Rehabilitation: not regulated.
Scientific Study: not regulated.
PUBLIC HEALTH/SAFETY CONCERNS: close association with humans can potentially impact public health. Histoplasmosis: respiratory disease acquired by inhaling air-borne fungus spores found in soil enriched with bird or bat droppings. Infection usually minor; severe or fatal cases occur relatively infrequently. Avoid inhaling spores in roost vicinity by wearing facemask capable of filtering out particulate matter > 1 millimicron in diameter. (urban roosts/nests close to building air intakes may pose health threats).
BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR: “exotic” (not native) species introduced from Europe; has been in close association with humans and buildings for thousands of years. Feeds on grain, seeds, and some insects. Does not migrate; may be preyed upon by hawks, falcons, cats, and others. Nest of sticks built on flat surface (e.g. building ledge) several times a year in any season; 1 - 2 young (“squabs”) hatch in 18 days; fed “milk” produced by adults; fledge in 4 - 6 weeks.
PREVENTING PIGEON PROBLEMS: eliminate food sources: discourage people from feeding pigeons; remove spilled grain, etc. Non-toxic tactile repellents (Tanglefoot(, others) may be successful on ledges in the short-term, but also may impact non-target species. “Pigeon-proof” buildings by denying access to preferred architectural features (ledges, roof peaks, etc.); goal is to render potential roosting sites inhospitable; size and style of building can make this difficult.
Create a physical barrier between the pigeons and the building features they favor: use various types of netting, screen, etc.; equip ledges with boards installed at 45 degree angle, or tightly string one or two strands of heavy-duty fishing line 1 - 2" above ledges to eliminate roosting surfaces; commercial barrier devices (NIXALITE™, Cat Claw™, others) are also available. (See also "Solving" below.)
SOLVING PIGEON PROBLEMS: frightening devices (scare-eye balloons, mylar tape, noise making devices, etc.) are generally not effective. Exclusion is the best long-term solution: close-off or otherwise make unavailable (with screening, netting, etc.) favored architectural features (ledges, cornices, eaves, vents, etc.). Specialized barrier devices (NIXALITE™, Cat Claw™, others) are effective in some situations; local businesses may specialize in pigeon exclusion. Contact MDC Wildlife Damage Biologist or nearest MDC office for sources.
Cage-type traps, designed to catch and hold numerous birds, can be effective in some areas; several types are available. Traps are placed near feeding, watering, loafing, or roosting areas; prebaiting, with the trap in place but not operational, increases success rates. Captured pigeons should be euthanized humanely. Local companies may specialize in this type of trapping; consult Yellow Pages under “Pest Control” or MDC Wildlife Damage Biologist. Ultra-sonic devices and falcons (or other birds-of-prey) have not proven effective.
In some areas, pest control companies are licensed by the Missouri Department of Agriculture to use toxicants (poisons) to control pigeons; ANYONE wanting to use ANY poison as a control measure for pigeons MUST have a letter from the MDC Director to authorize that use. The authorization is site and date specific; it is NOT a blanket permit to use poisons when or wherever desired. Requests to use poisons must be made in writing (on company letter-head) to the MDC, Private Land Services Division, P.O. Box 180, Jefferson City, MO 65102-0180, and must include: 1) the name of the company, 2) the species to be controlled, 3) the toxicant to be used and its method of application, 4) the address (location) for the proposed use, and 5) the proposed time-frame for use. No application fee is required.
Shooting (where allowed) can be effective; follow-up with exclusionary devices for a long-term solution. (Advise caller to check with local law enforcement before shooting; stress safety issues and concerns.) (See also “Preventing” above.)
WOODPECKERS and SAPSUCKERS
(Family Picidae)
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IDENTIFICATION: Black and white birds with red on the head and a chisel-like beak. Females and young birds have less red on the head than males. They "hop" up and down trees using the stiff tail as a prop. The Flicker is the only MO woodpecker that is not black and white - it is brown and white, about the size of a Robin, and the undersides of the wings are yellow.
SIMILAR SPECIES: There are seven species of woodpeckers in Missouri. The best way to distinguish them is with a field guide and binoculars. The Downy woodpecker is the smallest (sparrow-size), and most common in MO, and also the one that causes homeowner problems most frequently.
DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE: statewide; locally abundant. All our woodpeckers are year-round residents, except for the Yellow-Bellied Sapsucker which is usually present only during fall and winter months.
LEGAL STATUS: migratory bird: protected by Federal Migratory Bird Treaty Act: cannot be trapped, shot, collected, captured, raised, incubated, rehabilitated or kept in captivity for any reason without a Federal permit from the US Fish & Wildlife Service and MDC (see Solving Problems, below).
As Pets: prohibited.
Rehabilitation: prohibited: sick or injured wildlife cannot be taken, possessed, transported, or held, except with MDC Wildlife Rehabilitation permit (see Wildlife Code) and special Federal permit.
Scientific Study: cannot be collected, possessed, mounted, or preserved for scientific purposes, except with MDC Wildlife Collector's permit (see Wildlife Code) and appropriate Federal permit.
PUBLIC HEALTH CONCERNS: none at present.
BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR: active during the day year-round; not strongly migratory; territorial; drum on resonant objects (wood, stovepipes, chimney caps) as part of territorial display, usually causing no damage; feed on insects, nuts, seeds, fruits, and other materials; nest in spring and summer in wood cavity usually chiseled out by both sexes; chisel out roost holes in fall and winter, for use on cold winter nights.
PREVENTING WOODPECKER PROBLEMS: any building or structure composed of cedar, redwood, or pine siding is very attractive to woodpeckers - they may chisel a nest or roosting hole through the siding into the insulation, or poke and prod the wood for small insects. However, the presence of woodpeckers on a house does not necessarily indicate a termite or carpenter ant problem. If bug problems are a concern, contact a pest control company. Wood treatments (paint, stain, etc.) do not usually repel woodpeckers for very long; there is no wood treatment specifically for woodpeckers. Most woodpecker problems in MO occur in the spring and fall; homes with a history of woodpecker damage should be "woodpecker-proofed" in spring and fall (see below). Trees cannot be reliably woodpecker or sapsucker-proofed (but see below). Do not attract woodpeckers to your property with suet blocks if you've experienced woodpecker damage. Plastic owls placed around cornices and ledges, or fixed to small posts and stuck in the ground may keep woodpeckers away from a house or tree for a period of time (decoys should be moved every day or so to remain effective). Scare-eye balloons and wind socks have performed similar functions.
SOLVING WOODPECKER PROBLEMS:
DRUMMING ON GUTTERS, HOUSES, CHIMNEY CAPS, etc.: wrap object being drummed on with anything that muffles sound; hang scare-eye balloons and mylar ("flash") tape near object to intimidate woodpecker. Scare-eye balloons are widely available at feed stores and nurseries; mylar tape sources can be located by calling nearest MDC office, Wildlife Damage Biologist.
PECKING ON HOUSE OR MAKING HOLES THROUGH SIDING: can be frightened away with scare eye balloons and/or mylar tape: attach 6' strip of mylar tape to roof soffit just under gutter; twist tape 6 times to give "spiral" effect; stretch fairly tight and attach to side of house. Create physical barrier by stretching small mesh (2" or smaller) bird netting from the eaves down to the first story - remove it in a week, but keep it handy. Train a water sprinkler on the area the bird is working on. In some severe cases, USFWS may issue a permit to kill woodpecker - contact USDA-APHIS, 1714 Commerce Court, Suite C, Columbia, MO 65202, (573) 449-3033.
NESTING IN HOUSE: if woodpecker is nesting in wall, etc., wait until young leave nest, and then do repairs immediately. If starlings or house sparrows are nesting in side of house (they often adopt woodpecker holes) they can legally be trapped (or shot, if firearms discharge is allowed locally).
SAPSUCKER MAKING NETWORK OF TINY HOLES ON TREE TRUNK & LIMBS: no repellents are available. Scare-eye balloons and mylar (flash) tape may scare bird away; plastic owls and rubber snakes work sometimes. Create physical barrier by covering tree or area with light-weight plastic netting. If serious damage is occurring in nursery, orchard, etc. contact to apply for USFWS kill permit. Contact USDA-APHIS, 1714 Commerce Court, Suite C, Columbia, MO 65202, (573) 449-3033.
EUROPEAN STARLING
(Sturnus vulgaris)
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IDENTIFICATION: robin-sized; stocky; dark with light speckles on feathers (fall and winter); short tail; dagger-like beak, bill yellow during reproductive cycle (January - June), dark otherwise.
SIMILAR SPECIES:
Red-winged Blackbird: slightly smaller; with red and yellow shoulder patches
Brown-headed Cowbird: smaller; black with brown head (male), or uniformly gray (female)
Common Grackle: slightly larger than a robin; uniformly dark with iridescent black/blue head/neck; long tail.
DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE: statewide; abundant
LEGAL STATUS: introduced ("exotic") species: not protected by Federal Migratory Bird Treaty Act. Shooting allowed: state hunting license required, but no closed season or limit on the number that can be taken.
As Pets: not regulated.
Rehabilitation: not regulated.
Scientific Study: not regulated.
PUBLIC HEALTH/SAFETY CONCERNS: Histoplasmosis: respiratory disease acquired by inhaling air-borne fungus spores found in accumulations of bird or bat droppings. Infection usually minor; severe or fatal cases occur relatively infrequently. Avoid inhaling spores by wearing facemask capable of filtering out particulate matter > 1 millimicron in diameter.
BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR: eats a variety of foods: fruits, seeds, insects and other invertebrates, livestock feed, garbage; form large communal roosts in all seasons that may number in the thousands (feces, noise is common complaint); can cause significant damage to agricultural crops. Aggressively nest in cavities; one or two annual broods of 4 - 7 hatch in twelve days; fledge about 21 days later.
PREVENTING STARLING PROBLEMS: trim trees/thin foliage to reduce attractiveness as roosting site; remove available food and water. Monitor nest boxes and remove starlings if present. Do not plant Bradford Pears or conifers (favored roosting trees). (See also "Solving" below.)
SOLVING STARLING PROBLEMS:
ROOSTS: harass with noise in early evening to discourage roosting: use pyrotechnics (firecracker-type noisemakers) where allowed by local ordinance; clap hands, bang on pots, spray with hose, etc. when birds are just beginning to come to roost; repeat nightly (usually 4 - 10 days) until flock is convinced to roost elsewhere. Shooting (where allowed) is also effective (see "Legal Status" above).
GARDENS: lightweight netting can be used to protect small gardens and trees; refer to MDC Wildlife Damage Biologist if damage to agricultural crops is persistent and significant.
FEEDERS / NEST BOXES: selection of seed influences attraction: whole/cracked corn, table scraps, bread, suet, peanut butter attracts; black-oil sunflower, niger thistle do not; use specialty suet feeders that force birds to hang upside-down.
Holes ( 12" diameter should exclude starlings from nest boxes designed for other species. Also, place nest boxes in more protected, less open areas to reduce their attractiveness to starlings. (See also "Preventing" above.)
MAMMALS
Armadillo, Nine-banded…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..Tab 10
Bats…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….….Tab 11
Bear, Black………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...Tab 12
Beaver…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….Tab 13
Coyote…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….Tab 14
Deer, White-tailed………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……….Tab 15
Fox, Red……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………….Tab 16
Groundhog (Woodchuck)…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..Tab 17
Mole, Eastern…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………Tab 18
Muskrat……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………..Tab 19
Opossum…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….….Tab 20
Raccoon……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………Tab 21
Skunk, Striped…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….Tab 22
Squirrel, Gray……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..Tab 23
Vole, Prairie………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..Tab 24
Otter, River……………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………..….Tab 25
Badger……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….….Tab 26
Mountain Lion…………………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………..Tab 27
Feral Hog……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….Tab 28
Guard Animals………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………Tab 29
NINE-BANDED ARMADILLO
(Dasypus novemcinctus)
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IDENTIFICATION: length = 28 - 33 inches; weight = 8 - 17 pounds (about the size of a house cat); usually grayish color; body, tail, and top of head covered with bony, plate-like "armor."
SIMILAR SPECIES: not usually confused with other species.
DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE: primarily in southern third of state, but encroaches northward during/after mild winters; has been encountered as far north as St.Louis and Jackson Co.
LEGAL STATUS: not classified as game mammal or furbearer, but protected by 3CSR10-4.110 (General Prohibition) (see Wildlife Code).
As Pets: allowed under 3CSR10-9.110(1) (General Prohibition; Applications): "A maximum of five (5) specimens of any native wildlife not listed in 3CSR10-4.110(3) or 3CSR10-9.240, except endangered species, hellbenders, and alligator snapping turtles, may be taken and possessed alive by a resident of Missouri without permit, but these animals shall not be bought or sold."
Rehabilitation: prohibited: sick or injured wildlife cannot be taken, possessed, transported, or held, except with MDC Wildlife Rehabilitation permit (see Wildlife Code).
Scientific Study: cannot be collected, possessed, mounted, or preserved for scientific purposes, except with MDC Wildlife Collector's permit (see Wildlife Code). Individuals may possibly obtain permission to keep and mount a single road-kill specimen (contact local MDC Conservation Agent or nearest MDC office).
PUBLIC HEALTH CONCERNS: none at present: typically shy and unaggressive. Armadillos are the only free-living animals in North America known to be naturally infected with leprosy (Mycobacterium leprae). However, leprosy has not been documented in specimens obtained in Arkansas (the probable source of Missouri armadillos); armadillo-to-human transmission of leprosy is not well-verified.
BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR: mostly nocturnal (night active) year round, but may be active days, especially during winter. Has poor eyesight, but keen senses of smell and touch; jumps 3 - 4 feet straight up when startled; fast runner. Feeds primarily on worms, insects (ants, centipedes, spiders, beetles, etc.), insect larvae, and small herpetiles (skinks, snakes, etc.), and some plant material. Uses strong, heavy front claws to excavate one or several 6 - 12 foot burrows (common complaint) and dig for food (common complaint in yards, golf courses, etc.). When digging for food, armadillos typically make holes that are 1 – 3” deep and 3 – 5” in circumference. Young (always same-sex quadruplets) born in burrow during March - April.
PREVENTING ARMADILLO PROBLEMS: eliminate food sources that may serve as attractant: prevent accumulations of trash, brush, or yard debris that may harbor insects or other food. Using sprays to reduce food supply (insect larvae and grubs) is effective but is extreme measure and not recommended. Fencing can be successful in excluding armadillos from specific areas. (See also "Solving" below.)
SOLVING ARMADILLO PROBLEMS: Armadillos may be shot if causing damage or can be easily captured in cage-traps: use raccoon-size trap (placed in shade if possible); camouflage is not necessary; bait with nightcrawlers in mesh bag suspended in trap, dead crickets or mealworms, applesauce, cantaloupe or bananas. Place trap close to travel pathways and/or burrows; use 1" x 6" boards, 6 - 8 feet long, spread in a wide "V" to create "funnel" to guide animal into trap entrance. (See also "Preventing" above.)
BATS
(Order Chiroptera)
[pic]
IDENTIFICATION: the only flying mammals. Fourteen species have been recorded in MO; specific identification is sometimes difficult. Refer to Schwartz & Schwartz Mammals of Missouri, MDC handout on bats, or Wildlife Damage Biologist.
SIMILAR SPECIES: some birds (chimney swifts, nighthawks) are sometimes mistaken for bats.
DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE: statewide; locally abundant. Most common and abundant around large rivers, drainages, and lakes. Some species restricted to certain areas of Missouri.
LEGAL STATUS: three species in MO are classified as Federally Endangered (Gray, Indiana, and Ozark Big-Eared) and may not be captured, harmed, or disturbed; they superficially resemble several other species of non-endangered bats, and may be mistaken for them. The Gray and Indiana bats are uncommon and restricted to certain locales of MO and only enter buildings and attics by accident. The Ozark Big-Eared bat probably no longer occurs in Missouri.
As Pets: except for endangered species, the MDC Wildlife Code allows a citizen to hold up to five (5) individuals of any species in captivity without a permit (see 3CSR10-9.110(1) General Prohibition; Applications).
Rehabilitation: prohibited: sick or injured wildlife cannot be taken, possessed, transported, or held except with MDC Wildlife Rehabilitation permit (see Wildlife Code).
Scientific Study: cannot be collected, possessed, mounted or preserved for scientific purposes except with MDC Wildlife Collector's permit. Individuals may possibly obtain permission to keep and mount a single road-killed specimen (contact local MDC Conservation Agent or office).
PUBLIC HEALTH CONCERNS: since 1991, bats have tested positive for rabies in MO more often than any other mammal (9 in 1994). Bats with rabies eventually die from it. Always wear leather gloves to handle bats; if bitten, catch and keep bat (alive if possible); call physician and local rabies control or Health Department immediately.
Attics or buildings with a history of bat occupation may have accumulations of guano (bat droppings) which can serve as fertile ground for growth of Histoplasma fungus, which may cause respiratory problems (Histoplasmosis); wear high quality respirators capable of filtering out particulates of 1 millimicron when working around guano deposits.
BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR: all Missouri bats are insect eaters, usually night-active (nocturnal); navigate by emitting high frequency sounds and picking up the "echoes" (like radar); bats hibernate during winter, often in caves, rarely in buildings; sometimes fly on warm winter/early spring days; the Little Brown bat (Myotis lucifugus) and the Big Brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus) are most likely to enter buildings; may occupy the same building year after year. Not aggressive; will "dive bomb" people to catch the insects that are attracted to people; will drink from swimming pools in flight.
PREVENTING BAT PROBLEMS: Little Brown bats, not much larger than mice, can take advantage of small openings and cracks; home and building maintenance is imperative: caulk cracks and seams on the exterior; screen vents and louvers, block holes; install chimney caps; replace or repair loose boards. Ceilings of outdoor shelters can be screened with bird netting.
SOLVING BAT PROBLEMS: bats living in a building (attic or wall) can often be "excluded" through use of a "one-way door" that allow bats to squeeze out, but prevents them from getting back in. Small mesh hardware cloth, window screen, bird netting, or similar materials are useful if a large or long area needs to be covered (high quality waterproof duct tape, staple gun, and tacks will be required); small openings can be covered with PVC pipe (available at hardware store): secure pipe to building to stabilize it, cut down a cotton shirt sleeve to about a foot in length, and tape sleeve to the end of the pipe. The bats will go into the pipe, squeeze through the sleeve and get out, but cannot get back in. They will flutter around house looking for a way in, and this can unnerve people who are not expecting it. Exclusion devices should be left up for five nights, removed, and home repairs done immediately. Exclusion and one way doors work only if all other entrances and exits have been discovered and blocked, or have exclusion devices placed over them. Exclusion can strand immature, flightless bats inside a wall or attic, where they will die, rot and smell, or perhaps get into house. Since most Missouri bats have their young in the summer (June, July) exclusions are best done in early or late summer, unless homeowner is certain no young bats are present.
Placing bright lights, talk radio, or fans in bat-occupied attics, and using naphthalene crystals (moth balls, but not the paradichlorobenzene kind) hung in
nylon stockings or bags, (This material is potentially hazardous to humans: use small amounts and only for a short time.) have not proven to be an effective method of evicting the bats.
Homeowner may also contract with a wildlife control company to do the bat exclusion or removal.
BAT LOOSE IN THE HOUSE: don't panic! Close off room and open door or window to the outside; bat will most likely find its way out. Alternatively, wait until the bat settles on the wall, and then slowly approach with a large can or glass jar. Put this over the bat, then slide a piece of thin cardboard beneath the jar or can, dislodging bat into jar or can. Quickly and carefully place lid on jar or can, and release bat. Fishing dip net with fine mesh can also be used. In some cities, Animal/Rabies Control will come and remove the bat.
BLACK BEAR
(Ursus americanus)
[pic]
IDENTIFICATION: length = 4 - 6 feet; weight = 200 - 600 pounds; usually black with brown muzzle, but may be reddish-brown, cinnamon, or honey colored. Long muzzle; short, stout legs; very short tail.
SIMILAR SPECIES: (not usually confused with other species in Missouri)
DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE: southern part of Missouri (south of Missouri river); rare, but increasing slowly.
LEGAL STATUS: protected: no hunting or trapping allowed.
As Pets: prohibited: cannot be kept captive, except with MDC Class II Wildlife Breeder permit ($250); must possess permit before acquiring animal from licensed breeder (contact local MDC Conservation Agent).
Rehabilitation: prohibited: sick or injured wildlife cannot be taken, possessed, transported, or held, except with MDC Wildlife Rehabilitation permit (see Wildlife Code).
Scientific Study: cannot be collected, possessed, mounted, or preserved for scientific purposes, except with MDC Wildlife Collector's permit (see Wildlife Code).
PUBLIC HEALTH/SAFETY CONCERNS: none at present: typically shy and unaggressive, but may appear bold around food sources; females with cubs may be dangerously aggressive.
BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR: mostly active early/late daylight but can be active day or night. Prefer large expanses of thick woods; feeds heavily during fall and spends winter in den (hollow tree, cave, and other sheltered spot) in deep sleep (but not true hibernation). Usually solitary; climbs and swims well; eats a variety of foods; may become nuisance (common complaint) at campgrounds, garbage dumps, and apiaries (bee hives). Mate in May - June; young (usually two, "cubs") born January - February; stay with mother until second year.
PREVENTING BLACK BEAR PROBLEMS: eliminate food sources that may serve as attractant: store food in bear-proof containers; protect bee hives with electric fence (contact Wildlife Damage Biologist for details); dispose of garbage properly; use metal garbage cans with tight lids, and secure lids with bungee cords. (See also "Solving" below.)
SOLVING BLACK BEAR PROBLEMS: bright lights, blaring music, pyrotechnics (fire cracker-type noisemakers), and guard dogs may be effective; electric fence may protect bee hives (see "Nebraska" manual or contact Wildlife Damage Biologist for plans). Capsaicin (concentrated red pepper) spray can be carried and used by people to repel bears.
Eliminate food sources that may serve as attractant: store food in bear-proof containers; dispose of garbage properly; use metal garbage cans with tight lids, and secure lids with bungee cords. If problems persist, or for special or sensitive cases, contact MDC Wildlife Damage Biologist immediately. (See also "Preventing" above.) Trapping and relocating is a last resort option and is recommended by a Wildlife Damage Biologist only.
BEAVER
(Castor canadensis)
[pic]
IDENTIFICATION: length = 3 - 4 feet; weight = 30 - 90 pounds; brown above and somewhat lighter below, with broad, flat, scaly, nearly black tail. Missouri's largest rodent.
SIMILAR SPECIES:
Muskrat: smaller with nearly round, scaly, nearly black, rat-like tail.
Otter: similar size but more slender and energetic with heavy, furred tail.
DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE: statewide; common.
LEGAL STATUS: protected furbearer and game animal: may be trapped during appropriate season with proper permit (see Wildlife Code).
As Pets: prohibited: cannot be kept captive, except with MDC Class I Wildlife Breeder permit ($50) or Wildlife Hobby permit ($10); must possess permit before acquiring animal from licensed breeder (contact local MDC Conservation Agent).
Rehabilitation: prohibited: sick or injured wildlife cannot be taken, possessed, transported, or held, except with MDC Wildlife Rehabilitation permit (see Wildlife Code).
Scientific Study: cannot be collected, possessed, mounted, or preserved for scientific purposes, except with MDC Wildlife Collector's permit (see Wildlife Code). Individuals may possibly obtain permission to keep and mount a single road-kill specimen (contact local MDC Conservation Agent or nearest MDC office).
PUBLIC HEALTH/SAFETY CONCERNS: none at present: typically unaggressive, but may be aggressive if cornered.
BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR: mostly nocturnal (night active) year round; occasionally seen early/late daylight. Cuts trees (common complaint), especially softwoods and ornamentals, for food and building materials. Dams streams and/or plugs culverts (common complaint) to create deep water; excavates den in high dirt bank (entrance below water), usually piles cut branches at waterline above entrance; may also attempt to burrow into dock flotation material. Mate in January/February; single annual litter of 3 - 4 "kits" born April - June; young disperse to form new colonies after two years.
PREVENTING BEAVER PROBLEMS:
TREES: protect individual trees with 36" tall rigid wire fence (mesh ( 4") or use electric fence in larger area with many trees (see "Nebraska" manual or contact nearest MDC office or Urban Wildlife Specialist for electric fence plans).
CULVERTS: discourage plugging by using Clemson Pond Leveler (10 - 12' pipe with numerous 2" holes along length), or use welded-wire panels (mesh ( 4") around overflow pipe.
DAMS: dump large quantities of rock (bowling ball size) at water line.
BOAT DOCKS: wrap foam flotation blocks with galvanized welded wire (mesh ( 4") or use flotation logs encased in hard polyethylene shell.
Giving fur trappers access to area during regular trapping season may reduce damage by keeping populations at acceptable levels. (See also "Solving" below.)
SOLVING BEAVER PROBLEMS: harassment and repellents are generally not effective; trapping (with live/lethal traps or snares) or shooting (where allowed) are effective methods. However, few suitable release areas exist, so lethal methods may be best.
Use of live/lethal traps or snares for beaver requires specialized training; caller should seek assistance from MDC Wildlife Damage Biologist.
Giving fur trappers access to area during regular trapping season may reduce damage by keeping populations at acceptable levels.
Refer to independent NWCO or experienced trapper for contract trapping assistance. (See also "Preventing" above.)
NOTE: Much of the above information was obtained from MDC publication Missouri's Beaver; A Guide to Management, Nuisance Prevention, and Damage Control by Ron McNeely. Copies may be obtained from nearest MDC office.
COYOTE
(Canis latrans)
[pic]
IDENTIFICATION: resembles German Shepard but lighter in color, long-legged, with more pointed nose and ears. Adults average 20 - 30 pounds, males larger - some individuals 40 pounds, rarely more. Vocalizations unique - very high-pitched wailing, sharp howls and "screams", up and down scale very rapidly. Often reported as "a sound like something being killed."
SIMILAR SPECIES:
Gray Fox: smaller, shorter nose and ears, rarely seen.
Red Fox: usually red, sometimes other colors, always with white tip on tail (absent in coyote). Wolves: not present in Missouri except in captivity; hybrid wolves sometimes kept as pets and may be mistaken for coyote, or vice-versa.
"Coydogs": (cross between coyote & dog) apparently uncommon in Missouri.
DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE: statewide; common and abundant in most habitats.
LEGAL STATUS: protected furbearer and game animal. Hunting season open most of the year except April and spring turkey season; trapping open late fall and winter (see Wildlife Code for specific dates).
As pets: prohibited: cannot be kept captive, except with MDC Class I Wildlife Breeder permit ($50); must possess permit before acquiring animal from licensed breeder (contact local MDC Conservation Agent).
Rehabilitation: prohibited: sick or injured wildlife cannot be taken, possessed, transported, or held except with MDC Wildlife Rehabilitation permit (see Wildlife Code).
Scientific Study: cannot be collected, possessed, mounted, or preserved for scientific purposes, except with MDC Wildlife Collector's permit (see Wildlife Code). Individuals may possibly obtain permission to keep and mount a single road-killed specimen (contact local MDC Conservation Agent or office).
PUBLIC HEALTH CONCERNS: typically shy and unaggressive, but those in urban areas can be bold, even approaching people in daylight. Occasionally kill and eat cats and small dogs. No documented cases of coyotes attacking people in MO, but a few incidences of human attacks have been documented elsewhere in U.S. in recent years.
No incidence of rabies in MO coyotes in recent years. Canine distemper virus does occur and somewhat mimics neurological symptoms of rabies (convulsions, tremors, loss of fear); distemper not transmissible to humans, but pets should be vaccinated.
BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR: urban and rural coyotes often behave differently: urban coyotes abroad frequently in daylight, relatively unafraid of people; rural coyotes more wary, more night-active. Coyotes have large home range (several square miles), smaller defended territory. Mate in late winter; 2 - 7 young ("pups") born April - May in underground den, which may be in open area or concealed (occasionally above ground in brush pile). Male and female cooperate in raising young. Opportunistic feeders; diet mostly small mammals with occasional carrion, fruits and other plant material. Usually seen alone or in pairs, sometimes in sibling or family group of 5 or rarely more. Some coyotes develop the habit of preying on livestock and captive animals.
PREVENTING COYOTE PROBLEMS:
RURAL AREAS: secure chickens, waterfowl and other small stock at night in pen and corral larger stock; purchase guard dogs that stay with stock; dispose of livestock or other carcasses properly or they will attract coyotes to the area; invite coyote hunting and trapping in season.
URBAN AREAS: do not let cats and small dogs out at night unless accompanied by a person; do not intentionally or unintentionally feed coyotes (bring in pet food, secure garbage); encourage coyote hunting and trapping in season (if permitted by local ordinances).
SOLVING COYOTE PROBLEMS: coyotes preying on domestic animals can be shot, or trapped with foothold traps (usually No. 3). In some instances, permits can be issued to allow the use of snares (contact local MDC Conservation Agent or Wildlife Damage Biologist). Poisons may not be used because of the potential for killing non-target wildlife. In many urban areas, firearms discharge is not allowed, or requires special permission; use of traps or snares requires skill to avoid catching free-roaming pets. Cage traps are usually avoided by coyotes. In most parts of the state, lists of "trappers-for-hire" are available from local MDC Conservation Agent or nearest MDC office; trappers may charge a fee for this service.
Fences over 6 feet high usually are too much for a coyote to jump, and may keep them out of an area if the fence is buried to prevent them from digging under. Landowners wanting to learn how to trap or snare coyotes and solve their own
Problems, should be referred to the nearest MDC office or Wildlife Damage
Biologist.
WHITE-TAILED DEER
(Odocoileus virginianus)
[pic]
IDENTIFICATION: usually unmistakable; males (bucks) have antlers (not horns) that begin growth during summer, shed ("drop") antlers each winter; females (does) lack antlers.
SIMILAR SPECIES: whitetails are Missouri’s only native deer (although mule deer sometimes occur in western MO); exotic deer species and elk occasionally escape from captivity.
DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE: statewide; abundant.
LEGAL STATUS: protected game animal: may be hunted during fall and winter firearms, archery, and special seasons with appropriate permit (see Wildlife Code).
As Pets: prohibited: cannot be kept captive, except with MDC Class I Wildlife Breeder permit ($50); must possess permit before acquiring animal from licensed breeder (contact local MDC Conservation Agent).
Rehabilitation: prohibited: sick or injured wildlife, including "orphaned" fawns, cannot be taken, possessed, transported, or held, except with MDC Wildlife Rehabilitation permit (see Wildlife Code).
Scientific Study: cannot be collected, possessed, mounted, or preserved for scientific purposes, except with MDC Wildlife Collector's permit (see Wildlife Code). Individuals may possibly obtain permission to keep and mount a single road-killed specimen (contact local MDC Conservation Agent or nearest MDC office).
PUBLIC HEALTH CONCERNS: Bucks, both wild and captive, have attacked people during the "rut" (fall/early winter mating season). Deer/car collisions are a serious concern, especially in urban areas; possible early/late daylight all year, peak in October - December; exercise caution: if one deer crosses the road, expect others to follow. Final host for adult deer tick (primary vector of Lyme disease), but deer do not appear to be a significant reservoir of disease (young ticks acquire the disease bacteria from rodents, not deer).
BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR: herbivores; feed on a variety of plants (leaves, twigs, nuts, fruits, gardens, landscaping, crops); lack upper incisors - "tug" at plants (do not bite cleanly). Home range fairly small, but bucks may range widely in pursuit of does during "rut". Bucks may damage saplings/small trees (< 3" diameter) by rubbing with antlers. Young (2 - 3 "fawns") born May - June; left alone for long periods when very young (hidden in field, woods, etc.); female returns to nurse periodically; stay with female until fall breeding season. A small percentage of female fawns are bred their first year; usually rejoin and stay with female into the following spring after breeding season.
PREVENTING DEER PROBLEMS:
AGRICULTURAL AREAS: depending on acreage and value of the crop(s), fencing (either electric, woven wire or equivalent) may be the only effective method. Fencing can be expensive, but benefits may outweigh costs if crop is valuable and/or long-term (orchard, etc.). An aggressive hunting program on-and-around the landowner's property is essential.
URBAN AREAS: avoid plants that are preferred by deer: hostas, day lilies, most evergreens, others (plant lists are included in the following section and are available from Metro Offices or Wildlife Damage Biologist). DO NOT put out salt/mineral blocks; DO NOT feed deer at any time of the year. Investigate potential for hunting (on property or in area) by contacting municipal or county government regarding archery or firearms discharge.
SOLVING DEER PROBLEMS:
AGRICULTURAL AREAS: chemical repellents are generally not effective: may reduce, but will not eliminate damage; tend to be costly and require repeated applications. Lists of repellents are available from local MDC office or Wildlife Damage Biologist. Fencing is effective (see "Preventing" above); contact MDC Wildlife Damage Biologist for advice. In some areas of severe damage, permits to kill deer out-of-season may be issued (contact local MDC Conservation Agent). Recent research has shown that dogs confined electronically ("invisible fence") may reduce deer damage to orchards/nurseries. Propane cannons or other devices that explode at intervals may frighten deer for a period of time, especially if moved daily. Ask MDC Wildlife Damage Biologists for sources.
URBAN AREAS: repellents may be useful in small gardens or landscaped settings to reduce (but not eliminate) damage for a time. Commercial repellents include: Deer Away™, Hinder™, Plant Skid™ and Ro-pel™. Read and follow label instructions. Less effective "Folk" repellents include: mesh bags of human hair, blood meal, and bar/bath soap hung on limbs or posts. Ground covers (ivy, etc.) can be covered with bird netting (available at garden and feed stores) in fall and winter months, and even temporarily in the growing season. Fencing is only sure way to keep deer from getting to plants. Plastic "construction" fencing (4' high, orange or green) may protect small gardens. Small-scale electric fences are available and suitable for urban areas; contact MDC Wildlife Damage Biologist (see also "Preventing" above).
BUCK RUBS ON TREES: may occur August - January; place triangle of 5' posts around valuable saplings (4" diameter or less) or angling posts on each side of the tree in opposite directions to prevent buck from reaching tree; do not wrap trees with wire fencing.
INJURED DEER ON ROADWAY: public safety is primary concern. If deer is in median of roadway, police should stop traffic and allow deer to escape, even if only on three legs. If down and immobile, authorize police to destroy with firearm. Meat can be taken by any interested party, but MDC Wildlife Disposition Form is required (obtain from local MDC Conservation Agent or office). Injured deer are not rehabilitated.
RED FOX
(Vulpes vulpes)
[pic]
IDENTIFICATION: length = 36 - 46 inches; weight = 8 - 15 pounds; usually reddish above with white on belly and tip of bushy tail; black ears, legs, and feet; pointed, dog-like muzzle.
SIMILAR SPECIES:
Gray Fox: slightly smaller; gray and black color; tail tipped in black.
Coyote: larger, usually with gray, black-tipped fur.
DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE: statewide; common.
LEGAL STATUS: protected furbearer and game animal: may be hunted or trapped during appropriate season with proper permit (see MDC Wildlife Code).
As Pets: prohibited: cannot be kept captive, except with MDC Class I Wildlife Breeder permit ($50) or Wildlife Hobby permit ($10); must possess permit before acquiring animal from licensed breeder (contact local MDC Conservation Agent).
Rehabilitation: prohibited: sick or injured wildlife cannot be taken, possessed, transported, or held, except with MDC Wildlife Rehabilitation permit (see Wildlife Code).
Scientific Study: cannot be collected, possessed, mounted, or preserved for scientific purposes, except with MDC Wildlife Collector's permit (see Wildlife Code). Individuals may possibly obtain permission to keep and mount a single road-killed specimen (contact local MDC Conservation Agent or nearest MDC office).
PUBLIC HEALTH/SAFETY CONCERNS: none at present: typically unaggressive, but may be aggressive if cornered; may appear bold because of curious and adaptable nature. Rabies is not currently a problem in foxes in Missouri.
BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR: mostly nocturnal (night-active), but may be seen early/late daylight, especially in late spring/early summer when hunting to feed young. Den in modified groundhog hole, or may excavate under concrete slab, porch, etc. Adapts well to urban/suburban environment (concern over presence is common complaint). Mate in January - February; single annual litter of 4 - 6 "kits" born March - April; male and female cooperate in raising young; weaned and accompanying parents on hunts at 8 - 10 weeks; independent at 18 - 20 weeks.
PREVENTING FOX PROBLEMS: eliminate food sources that may serve as attractant: remove outside pet food/water at night; seal garbage in animal-proof containers; prevent accumulations of trash or yard debris that may harbor insects, mice, or other food. Install underground barrier or fence around concrete slab porches, patios, etc. Secure outdoor pets (rabbits, etc.) in sturdy cages; small dogs and cats may be at risk if left outside unattended. Harass inquisitive foxes with noise, water hose, large dogs, etc. (See also "Solving" below.)
SOLVING FOX PROBLEMS: guard dog may be effective in small area; trapping (with live or lethal traps) or shooting (where allowed) are effective methods.
Bright lights, constant noise (radio), ammonia, dirty gym socks, or water poured into den may evict adults from den before young are born. If den is established, allow young to mature if possible: adults and young will then disperse from den area; cage-trap and relocate if necessary. Bait cage-traps with canned dog or cat food. Use of snares in above-water sets or lethal (Conibear-type) traps with a jaw spread greater than five inches (5") in ground sets is prohibited without special permit from Wildlife Damage Biologist. Following removal, install underground hardware cloth barrier to prevent burrowing under concrete slabs (patio, sidewalk, driveway, etc.) the following season.
Refer to independent NWCO or experienced trapper for contract trapping assistance. (See also "Preventing" above.)
GROUNDHOG (WOODCHUCK)
(Marmota monax)
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IDENTIFICATION: length = 12 - 24 inches; weight = 4 - 14 pounds; usually "grizzled" grayish brown but may be lighter or darker; stout body with short legs and short, haired tail.
SIMILAR SPECIES:
Badger: usually larger with broader, flatter body and lighter color, with white stripe from nose to top of head, and white patches around mouth and cheeks.
Beaver: usually larger with broad, flat tail; usually found around water.
Ground Squirrel: smaller with more slender body; usually lighter color with numerous stripes down back.
Otter: longer, more slender body with long, heavy, furred tail.
DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE: statewide; abundant (except rare in Mississippi Lowland region (bootheel area)).
LEGAL STATUS: protected game mammal: may be hunted during appropriate season with proper permit (see MDC Wildlife Code).
As Pets: prohibited: cannot be kept captive, except with MDC Class I Wildlife Breeder permit ($50) or Wildlife Hobby permit ($10); must possess permit before acquiring animal from licensed breeder (contact local MDC Conservation Agent).
Rehabilitation: prohibited: sick or injured wildlife cannot be taken, possessed, transported, or held, except with MDC Wildlife Rehabilitation permit (see Wildlife Code).
Scientific Study: cannot be collected, possessed, mounted, or preserved for scientific purposes, except with MDC Wildlife Collector's permit (see Wildlife Code). Individuals may possibly obtain permission to keep and mount a single road-killed specimen (contact local MDC Conservation Agent or nearest MDC office).
PUBLIC HEALTH/SAFETY CONCERNS: none at present: typically unaggressive, but may be aggressive if cornered.
BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR: mostly diurnal (day-active); excavates extensive underground tunnel/den system with one or more 6 - 12" openings; may burrow under buildings, concrete slabs, walls, etc.; main entrance identified by large mound ("porch") of excavated earth. Primarily vegetarian (eating gardens/ burrowing are common complaints); climbs and swims well; adapts well to suburban environment. Hibernates during winter months; mates after spring emergence. Single annual litter of 2 - 6 young born March - April, disperses mid-to-late summer to establish own homes.
PREVENTING GROUNDHOG PROBLEMS: fencing gardens may reduce damage (bury fence 10 - 12" below ground to prevent tunneling); electric fence outside of regular fence and 4 - 5" above ground prevents tunneling or climbing, or may be effective alone (see "Nebraska" manual or contact nearest MDC office or Wildlife Damage Biologist for electric fence plans). (See also "Solving" below.)
SOLVING GROUNDHOG PROBLEMS: commercial repellents to be sprayed on plants are available but results are mixed; guard dog may protect small gardens; trapping (with cage-traps) or shooting (where allowed) are effective methods. However, few suitable release areas exist, so lethal methods may be best. Use of snares in above-water sets or lethal (Conibear-type) traps with a jaw spread greater than five inches (5") in ground sets is prohibited without special permit from MDC Conservation Agent or Wildlife Damage Biologist.
Place clean cage-trap close to den opening, adjacent to, but not in, travel pathways; face door toward den; use fresh bait: cut apple, broccoli, or preferred garden produce.
Smoke bombs/gas cartridges ignited and placed in burrow opening(s) produce killing carbon monoxide gas (may need to use more than one cartridge per hole); fill-in all holes with dirt to prevent gas from escaping (note: gas may not circulate throughout entire tunnel system to kill all animals). If holes remain closed after three days, effort was probably successful (EXERCISE CAUTION!! POTENTIAL FIRE HAZARD).
Refer to independent NWCO or experienced trapper for contract trapping assistance. (See also "Preventing" above.)
EASTERN MOLE
(Scalopus aquaticus)
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IDENTIFICATION: hand-sized mammal with no apparent eyes or ears; pointed snout; short tail; charcoal-gray fur; large, shovel-like front feet. Rarely seen due to its subterranean habits. Identification usually based on surface tunnels ("runs") and mounds of dirt.
SIMILAR SPECIES:
Short-tailed Shrew and Prairie Vole: both are smaller, with visible eyes and ears, and with front and hind feet of equal size and shape.
Pocket Gopher: light-colored subterranean mammal with conspicuous eyes and ears; large "buck teeth" (incisors); enormous front claws. May create mounds of earth similar to moles (especially during dry periods), but do not produce surface runs. To identify, water lawn thoroughly at night for two days (water will draw earthworms to surface); if moles are present, surface runs should appear within 12 - 24 hours.
DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE: statewide; abundant. Most abundant in and around bottomland, and fertilized, watered lawns; less common in dry and/or rocky soils.
LEGAL STATUS: not classified as game animal or furbearer, but protected by 3CSR10-4.110 (General Prohibition) (see MDC Wildlife Code).
As Pets: allowed under 3CSR10-9.110(1) (General Prohibition; Applications): "A maximum of five (5) specimens of any native wildlife not listed in 3CSR10-4.110(3) or 3CSR10-9.240, except endangered species, hellbenders, and alligator snapping turtles, may be taken and possessed alive by a resident of Missouri without permit, but these animals shall not be bought or sold."
Rehabilitation: prohibited: sick or injured wildlife cannot be taken, possessed, transported or held, except with MDC Wildlife Rehabilitation permit (see Wildlife Code).
Scientific study: cannot be collected, possessed, mounted, or preserved for scientific purposes, except with MDC Wildlife Collector's permit (see Wildlife Code). Individuals may possibly obtain permission to keep and mount a single specimen (contact local MDC Conservation Agent or nearest MDC office).
PUBLIC HEALTH CONCERNS: none at present.
BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR: generally solitary; home range of 2 to 4 acres; feeds primarily on soil invertebrates (earthworms, beetle grubs, other insects, etc.), but eats some plant matter. Surface feeding-tunnel runs (winding ridges of pushed-up grass or soil on ground surface) are used only once or twice; are most apparent after a rain, or after winter/spring thaw. Digging activity sometimes dislodges plants; roots may then desiccate, causing plant to die (especially in summer). Does not hibernate; excavates deeper tunnels during dry spells and to over-winter; leaves mounds of dirt on surface as evidence; number of dirt mounds and feeding tunnels are not indicative of number of moles in area. Nest is under-ground; single annual litter of 3 - 5 young born March - May; independent at one month. Moles are valuable natural "roto-tillers" in ecosystems and consume numerous insect pests.
PREVENTING MOLE PROBLEMS: Moles enter yards in search of food; if food is found, they may stay. Fertilized lawns with in-ground watering systems are ideal habitat for insects and earthworms, and attract insectivorous predators (moles, robins, etc.). Repellents are not effective. Removal of food source through use of chemical or bacterial insecticides (follow label instructions) can be effective in the short term, but may adversely affect other species (songbirds, etc.) Discontinue water and fertilizer to make lawn less attractive to insects. Install underground barrier (hardware cloth or sheet metal) around perimeter of yard, flower bed, etc. (dig 12" deep x 12" wide trench; bury "L-shaped" section of cloth or metal, then backfill) - CAUTION: protect bare feet).
SOLVING MOLE PROBLEMS: Many imaginative "solutions" have been offered; however, chewing gum, moth balls, smoke bombs, broken glass, poison peanuts, and castor bean plants have not proven effective.
Lethal traps are effective; Victor "harpoon-type" or Mole Pro body grip traps are commonly used; several other types are available. Harpoon traps are set over surface runs (not dirt mounds). To determine which runs are used most consistently, "tamp down" and mark small sections of several runs; check in 12 - 24 hours. If pushed up, tamp down again (or tamp additional runs if no results). After several days observation, set traps on most active runs. To set trap: tamp down small section of run, place trap over tamped section; plunge spears into run several times before setting trigger to ensure smooth operation (avoid areas with roots or rocks); trap is sprung when mole attempts to re-open blocked passage. When checking sprung trap, dig around trap before removal to make sure mole is dead. If necessary, protect traps from children/pets by covering with 5 gallon bucket. Information on moles and the Mole Pro body grip trap is available at .
Battery-powered sonic devices (such as "The Mole Chaser") may be somewhat effective in small areas (50 - 100' radius).
Companies that specialize in mole removal operate in various areas throughout the state; consult local telephone directory or MDC Wildlife Damage Biologist.
MUSKRAT
(Ondatra zibethicus)
[pic]
IDENTIFICATION: length = 1 - 2 feet; weight = 1 - 4 pounds; brown above, somewhat lighter below, with nearly round, scaly, nearly black, rat-like tail almost equal to body length.
SIMILAR SPECIES:
Beaver: larger with broad, flat, scaly, nearly black tail.
Otter: larger with slender body and heavy, furred tail.
Norway ("sewer") Rat: smaller with more pointed snout.
DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE: statewide; locally abundant.
LEGAL STATUS: protected furbearer and game animal: may be trapped during appropriate season with proper permit (see MDC Wildlife Code).
As Pets: prohibited: cannot be kept captive, except with MDC Class I Wildlife Breeder permit ($50) or Wildlife Hobby permit ($10); must possess permit before acquiring animal from licensed breeder (contact local MDC Conservation Agent).
Rehabilitation: prohibited: sick or injured wildlife cannot be taken, possessed, transported, or held, except with MDC Wildlife Rehabilitation permit (see Wildlife Code).
Scientific Study: cannot be collected, possessed, mounted, or preserved for scientific purposes, except with MDC Wildlife Collector's permit (see Wildlife Code). Individuals may possibly obtain permission to keep and mount a single road-killed specimen (contact local MDC Conservation Agent or nearest MDC office).
PUBLIC HEALTH/SAFETY CONCERNS: none at present: typically unaggressive, but may be aggressive if cornered.
BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR: mostly nocturnal (night-active) year round, but may be seen during daylight, especially during rain. Primarily vegetarian but may eat some animal foods, especially fresh-water mussels. Defecates on above-water logs or rocks. Excavates tunnels for dens in dirt banks or pond dams (common complaint); entrance just below-or-at waterline. Usually solitary or with mate and current young. Mating begins in late winter; two annual litters (spring, mid-summer) of 4 - 7 young each; young are adult size and independent at 6 months; may reproduce in first year.
PREVENTING MUSKRAT PROBLEMS: Dump large quantities of rock at waterline on pond dam; 1' above and 3' below waterline, 6" thick.
Allow fur trappers access to area during regular fur season to reduce damage by keeping populations at acceptable levels. (See also "Solving" below.)
SOLVING MUSKRAT PROBLEMS: harassment and repellents are generally not effective; trapping (with live/lethal traps or snares) or shooting (where allowed) are effective methods. However, few suitable release areas exist, so lethal methods may be best.
Affix cage-traps to half-submerged logs or floating platform, face door toward water; bait with piece of apple or carrot, smeared with muskrat lure, suspended at back of trap.
Giving fur trappers access to area during regular trapping season may reduce damage by keeping populations at acceptable levels.
Use of lethal (Conibear-type) traps or snares requires specialized training; caller should seek assistance from experienced/professional trapper or MDC Wildlife Damage Biologist.
Refer to independent NWCO or experienced trapper for contract trapping assistance. (See also "Preventing" above.) Also see MDC publication, Controlling Nuisance Muskrats.
OPOSSUM
(Didelphis virginiana)
[pic]
IDENTIFICATION: length = 2 - 3 feet; weight = 4 - 15 pounds; usually with long, coarse, grayish-white fur, but may be lighter or darker. Sharp pointed muzzle; prominent naked ears; long, round, naked, pink, rat-like tail.
SIMILAR SPECIES: (occasionally mistaken for large rat (Rattus norvegicus))
DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE: statewide; abundant.
LEGAL STATUS: protected furbearer and game animal; may be hunted or trapped during appropriate season with proper permit (see MDC Wildlife Code).
As Pets: prohibited: cannot be kept captive, except with MDC Class I Wildlife Breeder permit ($50) or Wildlife Hobby permit ($10); must possess permit before acquiring animal from licensed breeder (contact local MDC Conservation Agent).
Rehabilitation: prohibited: sick or injured wildlife cannot be taken, possessed, transported, or held, except with MDC Wildlife Rehabilitation permit (see Wildlife Code).
Scientific Study: cannot be collected, possessed, mounted, or preserved for scientific purposes, except with MDC Wildlife Collector's permit (see Wildlife Code). Individuals may possibly obtain permission to keep and mount a single road-killed specimen (contact local MDC Conservation Agent or nearest MDC office).
PUBLIC HEALTH/SAFETY CONCERNS: none at present: typically unaggressive, but may be aggressive if cornered.
BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR: North America's only marsupial (pouched mammal). Mostly nocturnal (night-active) year round, but may "hole-up" during periods of extreme cold. Solitary, omnivorous scavenger; shy, unaggressive, secretive; nomadic with no fixed home range; climbs well. Uses den holes of other animals or takes refuge under decks, porches, etc. Adapts well to urban/suburban environment; causes no real damage: distress over presence is common complaint. Mating begins in February; two annual litters (late February, late May) of 6 - 12 young begin to leave pouch at 80 days, but stay with mother continuously for about 100 days.
PREVENTING OPOSSUM PROBLEMS: eliminate food sources that may serve as attractant: remove outside pet food/water at night; seal garbage in animal-proof containers; prevent accumulations of trash, brush, or yard debris that may harbor insects or other food; do not put bird seed directly on ground. Close-off areas under decks, porches, etc. to prevent use as temporary den site. (See also "Solving" below.)
SOLVING OPOSSUM PROBLEMS: harassment and repellents are generally not effective; guard dog may be effective in small area. Because of nomadic nature, problem may "go away", especially if food sources are removed. Eliminate food sources that may serve as attractant: remove outside pet food/water at night; seal garbage in animal-proof containers; prevent accumulations of trash or yard debris that may harbor insects or other food.
Trapping (with live or lethal traps) or shooting (where allowed) are effective methods. Cage-trapping/relocation is preferred; opossums readily enter cage-traps; choice of bait is not critical, almost any food will do. Use of snares in above-water sets or lethal (Conibear-type) traps with a jaw spread greater than five inches (5") in ground sets is prohibited without special permit from MDC Wildlife Damage Biologist. Use of Conibear-type traps requires specialized training; caller should seek assistance from experienced/professional trapper.
Close-off areas under decks, porches, etc. to prevent use as temporary den site.
Refer to independent NWCO or experienced trapper for contract trapping assistance. (See also "Preventing" above.)
RACCOON
(Procyon lotor)
[pic]
IDENTIFICATION: size of a small dog (10-30 pounds); black face mask; distinctive black rings around fluffy tail; awkward waddling gait.
SIMILAR SPECIES: easily recognized by sight; noises in an attic or building may be mistaken for squirrels, etc. If visual I.D. has not been made but noises are heard, look for tracks on roof or side of house, feces on roof or alcoves or in attic (resemble those of small dog). Pictures of tracks available from local MDC offices, or refer to mammal field guides.
DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE: statewide; common and abundant, especially near rivers and other water adjacent to woodlands. May use sewers as cover and travel ways in urban areas.
LEGAL STATUS: protected furbearer and game animal: may be hunted or trapped during appropriate season with proper permit (see MDC Wildlife Code).
As Pets: prohibited: cannot be kept captive, except with MDC Class I Wildlife Breeder permit ($50) or Wildlife Hobby permit ($10); must possess permit before acquiring animal from licensed breeder (contact local MDC Conservation Agent).
Rehabilitation: prohibited: sick or injured wildlife cannot be taken, possessed, transported, or held, except with MDC Wildlife Rehabilitation permit (see Wildlife Code).
Scientific Study: cannot be collected, possessed, mounted, or preserved for scientific purposes, except with MDC Wildlife Collector's permit (see Wildlife Code). Individuals may possibly obtain permission to keep and mount a single road-killed specimen (contact local MDC Conservation Agent or nearest MDC office).
PUBLIC HEALTH CONCERNS: typically unaggressive, but may be aggressive if cornered; may appear bold and unafraid if accustomed to people. The rabies strain specific to raccoons is not currently found in MO. Canine distemper affects and kills many raccoons (but does not affect humans); many symptoms (convulsions, lack of fear, disorientation) are similar to rabies. Raccoon roundworm (Baylisascaris) can affect people (sometimes seriously). Roundworm eggs are passed in raccoon feces: avoid handling feces or breathing fecal dust; wear respirator if working in raccoon-infested attic, room, etc.
BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR: eats a wide variety of foods. May enter homes through screens, pet doors, etc.; excellent climber. Den usually a protected cavity (in tree, attic, chimney, abandoned building); single annual litter of 3 - 4 ("kits") born April - May. Young begin to accompany female at 2 months; may remain with female through winter into spring. Do not hibernate but may "hole-up" during periods of cold weather.
PREVENTING RACCOON PROBLEMS: do not feed or allow access to pet food/water or garbage; secure garbage in metal cans with tight lid (bungee cord). Birdseed (especially sunflower) may attract raccoons: keep seed off table or ground; use feeders with weight-sensitive treadle; or suspend feeder on wire, or isolate feeder with large (2' dial.) cylinder or cone.
HOME MAINTENANCE: identify and block-off or repair any potential entry points; BE CERTAIN no animals are trapped inside: install quality chimney cap, check for rotted wood around gutters and roof, fasten 2“x 2" hardware cloth on inside of attic vents; trim tree limbs 8 - l0' back from house.
SOLVING RACCOON PROBLEMS: raccoons in attics/walls/chimneys are common complaints. They can sometimes be forced from attic, etc. by drastically changing environment: loud talk-radio, bright or flashing lights, fans, and rags soaked in ammonia may be effective. Raccoon may return quickly, so make immediate repairs. Be certain all raccoons have left before sealing entry/exit points. NOTE: animal may force re-entry if it is not removed.
Set cage-trap (with plywood board under) on roof (in shade) or inside attic; fasten securely. Bait with cat food, sardines, or bread/jelly, marshmallows, etc. Check trap morning and evening. During April - August, nursing young may be present: if female is removed, young may get into house or die and stink.
DO NOT RELOCATE OR DESTROY NURSING FEMALE unless young are removed also. Stand cage-trap "on end" to check captured animal for evidence of nursing (naked, swollen teats); release nursing female if location of young is unknown; males do not assist in raising young so can be relocated (10+ miles away) or destroyed. Make necessary repairs immediately after removal. NWCOs will remove raccoons for a fee: obtain local list from nearest MDC office, Wildlife Damage Biologist, or Conservation Agent.
Lethal methods may be necessary for trap-shy or persistent individuals. Conibear-type traps (use #220s) can be set directly over entrance points to target specific problem individuals. Setting conibear-type traps requires specialized training; caller should seek assistance from experienced/ professional trapper, or MDC Wildlife Damage Biologist.
RAIDING FISH PONDS/REFLECTING POOLS: provide additional hiding places for the fish. Foothold traps, shooting, or electric fence may be feasible in some areas; bait cage-traps with sweet baits (bread with grape jelly, marshmallows) to exclude cats.
ON PORCHES, DECKS, OR LOOKING IN WINDOWS: these animals are probably accustomed to being fed by people - DO NOT FEED THEM! (talk to neighbors to find out if anyone is feeding them). Remove pet food/water, garbage, etc. at night. Cage-trap if problem persists.
IN GARDENS, CROPS: cage-traps and electric fencing are best options; repellents are generally ineffective.
STRIPED SKUNK
(Mephitis mephitis)
[pic]
IDENTIFICATION: length = 20 - 30 inches; weight = 3 - 10 pounds; black with characteristic white stripe down center of face and down back.
SIMILAR SPECIES:
Spotted Skunk: smaller, less common; white spots and stripes on body.
DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE: statewide; common.
LEGAL STATUS: protected furbearer and game animal: may be hunted or trapped during appropriate season with proper permit (see MDC Wildlife Code).
As Pets: prohibited: cannot be kept captive.
Rehabilitation: prohibited: sick or injured wildlife cannot be taken, possessed, transported, or held, except with MDC Wildlife Rehabilitation permit (see Wildlife Code).
Scientific Study: cannot be collected, possessed, mounted, or preserved for scientific purposes, except with MDC Wildlife Collector's permit (see Wildlife Code). Individuals may possibly obtain permission to keep and mount a single road-killed specimen (contact local MDC Conservation Agent or nearest MDC office).
PUBLIC HEALTH/SAFETY CONCERNS: none at present: typically unaggressive, but may be aggressive if cornered; recent (1994) indices of skunk rabies in Missouri is very low.
BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR: mostly nocturnal (night-active) year round, but may be seen early/late daylight; does not hibernate, but may "hole-up" during periods of very cold weather. Solitary, but may use communal winter dens for warmth. Dens in abandoned groundhog or other hole, or may dig own den under concrete slabs/porches (common complaint). Adapts well to suburban environment. Digs and roots for insects, grubs, etc. (common complaint: evidenced by small (1" - 2") shallow holes), but also eats mice, moles, etc. Mate in February - March; single annual litter of 4 - 6 usually born in May; young follow female to forage at age 7 weeks; weaned at 8 weeks; may stay with female until fall.
PREVENTING SKUNK PROBLEMS: eliminate food sources that may serve as attractant: remove outside pet food/water at night; seal garbage in animal-proof containers; prevent accumulations of trash, brush, or yard debris that may harbor insects, mice, or other food. To deter "grubbing" in small areas, stake hardware cloth on top of ground; chemical control of grubs is usually not effective and may adversely affect other wildlife species. Fences (small-mesh) generally exclude effectively (skunks are poor climbers). To prevent burrowing under concrete slabs, etc.: dig 12" deep trench around slab and bury "L-shaped" piece of heavy-duty hardware cloth (wire screen); replace dirt. (See also "Solving" below.)
SOLVING SKUNK PROBLEMS: harassment and repellents are generally not effective; trapping (with cage or lethal traps) or shooting (where allowed) are effective methods. Because of concern for spread of rabies, lethal methods may be best.
Bait cage-traps with over-ripe bananas or peanut butter on bread (canned dog/cat food will work, but will also attract cats). To prevent spraying: approach live-trap slowly and deliberately; avoid sudden movements; cover trap with tarp/towel/cloth to keep animal calm.
Do not use lethal (Conibear-type) traps in areas where odor is a concern because captured animal will probably spray. Use of snares in land sets is prohibited without permit from MDC Wildlife Damage Biologist. Use of lethal (Conibear-type) traps (those with jaw spread less than five inches (5") are permitted in land sets) requires specialized training; caller should seek assistance from experienced/professional trapper.
Refer to independent NWCO or experienced trapper for contract trapping assistance. (See also "Preventing" above.)
Skunk odor on clothing, pets, structures, etc. can be neutralized by using available commercial products or the following home-made formulation:
combine: one quart 3% hydrogen peroxide
1/4 cup baking soda
one teaspoon liquid soap
use immediately; cannot be stored
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GRAY SQUIRREL
(Sciurus carolinensis)
[pic]
IDENTIFICATION: 1 - 1 1/2 foot long, gray above and white below, with bushy tail.
SIMILAR SPECIES:
Fox Squirrel: slightly larger, yellow-brown.
Flying Squirrel: smaller with very large eyes; nocturnal.
DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE: statewide; abundant.
LEGAL STATUS: protected game animal; may be hunted or cage-trapped during appropriate season with proper permit (see Wildlife Code).
As Pets: prohibited: cannot be kept captive except with MDC Class l Wildlife Breeder permit ($50) or Wildlife Hobby permit ($10); must possess permit before acquiring animal from a licensed breeder (contact local MDC Conservation Agent).
Rehabilitation: prohibited: sick or injured wildlife cannot be taken, possessed, transported or held, except with MDC Wildlife Rehabilitation permit (see Wildlife Code).
Scientific Study: cannot be collected, possessed, mounted, or preserved for scientific purposes, except with MDC Wildlife Collector's permit (see Wildlife Code). Individuals may possibly obtain permission to keep and mount a single road-killed specimen (contact local MDC Conservation Agent or nearest MDC office).
PUBLIC HEALTH/SAFETY CONCERNS: none at present: typically unaggressive; may bite if handled.
BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR: day-active; have 2 - 4 young twice a year (typically spring and fall) inside a cavity such as attic, wall, tree hole, occasionally in leaf nest in tree; do not hibernate; enter attics and walls in fall, winter, and spring for shelter and reproduction; do not store food in attics or walls; usually leave attics during summer due to heat; will occupy same attic or wall year after year if not removed; females will defend attics, walls, holes against other squirrels; chew on anything including wood, wires, plastic to keep teeth in shape.
PREVENTING SQUIRREL PROBLEMS: bird feeding attracts squirrels: reduce or discontinue bird feeding, do not place feed directly on ground, switch to safflower seed, or squirrel-proof feeder; check buildings for holes or entry points, especially around eaves, attics; trim tree branches 10' away from house; install quality chimney cap; use metal trash cans.
SOLVING SQUIRREL PROBLEMS:
IN BUILDINGS: cage-trap and remove then repair damage and entry holes (if hole is repaired but squirrel not removed, it may chew back in/out). Cage-traps should be placed inside attic, or on roof near entrance hole to avoid catching non-target squirrels or other wildlife. Trap should be fastened-down and in shade if possible. Bait with pecans, walnuts, apple slice, peanut butter, etc. If cage-trapping outside of building on ground, shut or remove trap at night to avoid catching opossum, skunk, etc. (squirrels are day-active only); relocate at least 10 miles away. If young are present and female is trapped and removed, unexpected problems can result (young may chew through wall into house, or young may die and stink). To check captured animal for evidence of nursing (naked, swollen teats), hold trap above head or set on glass table and look beneath; release nursing female if location of young is unknown, address problem later when young are grown (begin venturing outside at 8 - 10 weeks). Or, locate and remove young squirrels/nest with female.
Lethal methods may be necessary for trap-shy or persistent individuals. Commercially available "Tunnel" traps look like a 15" long, 5" diameter section of stove pipe with a "snap-trap"-like mechanism inside. They are very effective, discrete, and easy to set; can be affixed to roof, gutter, deck-railing, etc.; bait with nuts or birdseed.
Conibear-type traps (use #60s or #120s) can be set directly over entrance points to target specific problem individuals. Setting conibear-type traps requires specialized training; caller should seek assistance from experienced/ professional trapper or Wildlife Damage Biologist.
Squirrels can be shot in areas where firearms discharge is allowed. Independent Nuisance Wildlife Control Operators (NWCOs) will do live or lethal trapping for a fee. Local MDC offices should have lists of NWCOs and trappers; or contact Wildlife Damage Biologist or local MDC Conservation Agent.
IN GARDENS: repellents and scare tactics generally ineffective. Cage-trap and relocate or destroy, or shoot (if legal locally). Protect vegetable plants with wire cage completely covering plant. Pans of water may reduce damage to tomatoes (squirrels may eat tomatoes for water, not for food).
AT BIRDFEEDER: buy or construct squirrel-proof feeder; experiment with commercial repellents (e.g. Squirrel AwayTM, others); use safflower seed instead of sunflower (is unattractive to squirrels, blackbirds, and pigeons but will be eaten by cardinals, finches, etc.).
PRAIRIE VOLE
(Microtus ochrogaster)
IDENTIFICATION: length = 4 - 7 inches; weight = 3/4 - 2 ounces; gray to blackish brown mixed with white or yellow ("grizzled") above, with tan or gray or white below. Small, stocky body with short, moderately-furred tail. Lips close tightly behind the upper incisors.
SIMILAR SPECIES:
Meadow Vole: longer tail; yellowish or rusty fur below.
White-footed Mouse: much longer tail; white or gray fur below.
Short-tailed Shrew: distinctly long pointed snout.
Eastern Mole: more "stocky"; very small eyes; large paddle-like front feet.
DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE: statewide; locally abundant; population fluctuates in four-year cycle.
LEGAL STATUS: not classified as game mammal or furbearer, but protected by 3CSR10-4.110 (General Prohibition) (see MDC Wildlife Code).
As Pets: allowed under 3CSR10-9.110(1) (General Prohibition; Applications): "A maximum of five (5) specimens of any native wildlife not listed in 3CSR10-4.110(3) or 3CSR10-9.240, except endangered species, hellbenders, and alligator snapping turtles, may be taken and possessed alive by a resident of Missouri without permit, but these animals shall not be bought or sold."
Rehabilitation: prohibited: sick or injured wildlife cannot be taken, possessed, transported, or held, except with MDC Wildlife Rehabilitation permit (see Wildlife Code).
Scientific Study: cannot be collected, possessed, mounted, or preserved for scientific purposes, except with MDC Wildlife Collector's permit (see Wildlife Code). Individuals may possibly obtain permission to keep and mount a single road-kill specimen (contact local MDC Conservation Agent or nearest MDC office).
PUBLIC HEALTH/SAFETY CONCERNS: none at present: Hantavirus: there is no current indication of danger, but exercise caution when dealing with any rodent species: wear face-mask to avoid inhalation of virus-contaminated excreta; use household disinfectant to clean traps and other equipment.
BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR: can be active day or night, but most active during midday. Build well-defined network of runways and trails (1 - 2" diameter) above and below ground; 2" holes lead below-ground (runways/holes are common complaint). Clips grass or other vegetation close to ground; also eats stems, leaves, roots, tubers, flowers, and seeds. Generally sociable; many may be present in small area. Produce up to 15 litters of 3 - 5 young annually.
PREVENTING VOLE PROBLEMS: keep lawn close-cropped; prevent bird seed from accumulating on ground below feeders; use hardware cloth (1/4" mesh) barrier 18" tall to protect saplings in winter; bury cloth to exclude from under concrete slabs, porches, etc. Encourage natural predators (cats, owls, snakes, etc.) (See also "Solving" below.)
SOLVING VOLE PROBLEMS: repellents are generally not effective. Mouse-type snap-traps baited with peanut butter/oatmeal mixture are effective. Poisons can kill non-target animals and should be avoided. Pitfall traps (large coffee or food cans buried to ground level in runways) are also effective.
Refer to independent NWCO or professional trappers for contract trapping assistance. (See also "Preventing" above.)
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