Tree Growth Rate Table: Absolute Area Increase & Annual ...
Tree Gr
owth R
ate Table:
Gro
Ra
Absolute Ar
ea Incr
ease &
Area
Increase
Ann
ual P
er
centa
ge Gr
owth
Annual
Per
ercenta
centag
Gro
by Dr. Kim D. Coder, Professor of Tree Biology & Health Care
Warnell School of Forestry & Natural Resources, University of Georgia
Trees grow in diameter every year. From the farthest reach of woody roots to tips of
twigs, trees expand in girth. This annual growth increment allows trees to respond to changing
environmental conditions and react to injuries. The ability of a tree to resist strong winds, ice
storms, and major losses of woody materials, while remaining alive and erect, is a direct
consequence of annual diameter growth.
A New Annual Sheath
Trees produce a sheath of living cells, more exterior to last year¡¯s wood, every growing
season. Much of the new growth increment is composed of longitudinal transport cells. These
cells quickly die and only then become functional in transporting water, essential elements, and
growth regulators. These functional but dead cells are held within a matrix of living cells which
regulate water pressure, help correlate growth in the rest of a tree, store food, and react to injury
or attack. Only the outer few annual increments (visible as rings in a cross-section) are reactive
to short term changes inside and outside a tree.
As you examine a tree stem farther to the inside, living cells become fewer and less
active. Depending upon environmental conditions, tree health, and usable food reserves, at some
position inside a tree an inner core of living tissues are systematically shut-down. During
senescence of this inner core of wood (xylem), valuable materials still needed for tree life are
moved outward to living cells, and waste materials are stored or manufactured within each cell as
it dies. These waste materials can make the inner dead core resistant to decay. This dead inner
core is called heartwood.
Leaf Crown Production
The amount of woody increment produced each year is dependent upon proper
functioning and productivity of leaves. All leaves together make up the living crown of a tree.
Food and growth substances ultimately generated by photosynthesis and metabolic processes in
leaves determine the amount of materials available for generating annual increments. An annual
increment of xylem produced throughout a tree is a result of crown production ¡ª crown
production is a direct result of annual increment transport efficiency and volume. A growth
increment also mechanically supports the crown against dynamic forces of gravity, wind,
precipitation and the tree¡¯s own size, shape and mass.
Because the tree¡¯s crown of leaves is provided with raw materials and growth substances
collected and generated by roots, and roots are provided with food and growth substances
generated by the crown, the physical pathway and shear distance between living crown and
absorbing root is critical to tree survival. All the cells between leaf and rootlet must store,
defend, support, transport, prevent waste, and conserve precious resources needed for tree life
and survival. Trees invest heavily in woody materials applied as an annual layer of cells over the
outside of last year¡¯s structure.
Ecological Growth Summary
The annual addition of tree growth represents an approximation of specific crown vigor,
general tree health, relative whole tree growth rates, and crown volume. The more net food
(CHO) and growth substances generated by the crown of leaves, the larger a tree grows at a faster
annual pace. Each year the total annual growth increment is an ecological integration of all
genetic, environmental, and chance occurrence factors influencing whole tree survival and
growth.
Cross-Sectional Area of Growth
One measure of annual growth increments in trees can be estimated by circular crosssections showing annual radial growth (as measured with an increment core, for example).
Annual increment values in square inches using Table 1 can be determined by first estimating
tree diameter in inches at four-and-one-half feet above the ground (DBH) as measured along the
main stem on the uphill side. For this table, an estimate of generalized annual growth rate is
determined based upon the number of annual increments present in the last (outside or most
exterior) inch of wood (xylem). This measure estimates a growth rate by diameter (DBH) class.
Table 1 provides the annual xylem increment area increase based upon growth rate per tree
diameter class in square inches. Note, DBH should be estimated inside the bark.
For example ¨C if an increment core of a 20 inch DBH tree reveals 3 annual increments
(rings) per inch, the tree is growing an estimated 21 square inches of cross section (wood) per
year. Table 1.
Percent Area Growth
A second annual growth rate percent can be estimated for a tree by measuring annual
growth increment circular cross-sections and annual radial growth. Relative annual increment
values (as a percent of last year¡¯s increment) can be determined by first estimating tree diameter
in inches at four-and-one-half feet above the ground (DBH) as measured along the main stem on
the uphill side. Table 2 provides an estimate of annual growth rate based upon the number of
annual increments present within the last (outside or most exterior) inch of wood (xylem)
generated. This percent measure estimates a growth rate by tree diameter (DBH) class. Table 2
provides a percent (in decimal form) increase per year in xylem increment area based upon
growth rate per diameter class. Note, DBH should be estimated inside the bark.
For example ¨C if an increment core of a 20 inch DBH tree reveals 3 annual increments
(rings) per inch, the tree is growing at an annual rate of roughly 7%. Table 2.
Dr. Kim D. Coder, Warnell School, University of Georgia
2
Table 1: Tree area increase measured in cross-sectional
inches (square inches) for each single growth
increment by tree diameter.
Growth rate estimator ranges from 1.0 growth increment (ring) per
inch (R1) to 20 growth increments (rings) per inch (R20).
Diameter (D) ranges from 6 inches DBH to 100 inches DBH.
(D = DBH = diameter of tree in inches at 4.5 feet above ground).
R
2
R
2.5
R
3
R
4
R
5
R
7.5
R
10
R
R
12.5 15
R
R
17.5 20
6in 16in2 11
8.6
7.0
5.9
4.5
3.6
2.5
1.9
1.5
1.2
1.1
0.9
7
19
13
10
8.3
7.0
5.3
4.3
2.9
2.2
1.7
1.4
1.2
1.1
8
22
15
12
9.6
8.0
6.1
4.9
3.3
2.5
2.0
1.6
1.4
1.2
9
25
17
13
11
9.1
6.9
5.5
3.7
2.8
2.2
1.9
1.6
1.4
10
28
20
15
12
10
7.7
6.2
4.1
3.1
2.5
2.1
1.8
1.6
11
31
22
17
13
11
8.4
6.8
4.5
3.4
2.7
2.3
2.0
1.7
12
35
24
18
15
12
9.2
7.4
5.0
3.7
3.0
2.5
2.1
1.7
13
38
26
20
16
13
10
8.0
5.4
4.1
3.2
2.7
2.3
2.0
14
41
28
21
17
14
11
8.7
5.8
4.4
3.5
2.9
2.5
2.2
15
44
30
23
18
15
12
9.3
6.2
4.7
3.7
3.1
2.7
2.3
16
47
32
24
20
16
12
9.9
6.6
5.0
4.0
3.3
2.9
2.5
17
50
34
26
21
17
13
11
7.0
5.3
4.3
3.5
3.0
2.7
18
53
36
28
22
19
13
11
7.5
5.6
4.5
3.7
3.2
2.8
19
57
38
29
23
20
15
12
7.9
5.9
4.8
3.9
3.4
3.0
20
60
41
31
25
21
16
12
8.3
6.3
5.0
4.1
3.6
3.1
D
R
1
R
1.5
Dr. Kim D. Coder, Warnell School, University of Georgia
3
Table 1 (CONTINUED): Tree area increase measured in
cross-sectional inches (square inches) for each
single growth increment by tree diameter.
R
2
R
2.5
R
3
R
4
R
5
R
7.5
R
10
R
R
12.5 15
R
R
17.5 20
21in 63in2 43
32
26
22
16
13
8.7
6.6
5.3
4.3
3.8
3.3
22
66
45
34
27
23
17
14
9.1
6.9
5.5
4.5
3.9
3.4
23
69
47
35
28
24
18
14
9.6
7.2
5.8
4.8
4.1
3.6
24
72
49
37
30
25
19
15
10
7.5
6.0
5.0
4.3
3.8
25
75
51
39
31
26
19.
16
10
7.8
6.3
5.2
4.5
3.9
26
79
53
40
32
27
20
16
11
8.1
6.5
5.4
4.7
4.1
27
82
55
42
33
28
21
17
11
8.5
6.8
5.6
4.8
4.2
28
85
57
43
35
29
22
18
12
8.8
7.0
5.8
5.0
4.4
29
88
59
45
36
30
23
18
12
9.1
7.3
6.0
5.2
4.5
30
91
61
46
37
31
23
19
13
9.4
7.5
6.2
5.4
4.7
31
94
64
48
39
32
24
19
13
9.7
7.8
6.4
5.6
4.9
32
97
66
50
40
33
25
20
13
10
8.0
6.6
5.7
5.0
33
101
68
51
41
34
26
21
14
10
8.3
6.8
5.9
5.2
34
104
70
53
42
35
27
21
14
11
8.5
7.0
6.1
5.3
35
107
72
54
44
36
27
22
15
11
8.8
7.2
6.3
5.5
D
R
1
R
1.5
Dr. Kim D. Coder, Warnell School, University of Georgia
4
Table 1 (CONTINUED): Tree area increase measured in
cross-sectional inches (square inches) for each
single growth increment by tree diameter.
R
1
R
2
R
2.5
R
3
R
4
R
5
R
7.5
R
10
R
R
12.5 15
R
R
17.5 20
36in 110in2 74
56
45
37
28
23
15
11
9.0
7.5
6.4
5.6
37
113
76
57
46
38
29
23
15
12
9.3
7.7
6.6
5.8
38
116
78
59
47
39
30
24
16
12
9.5
7.9
6.8
6.0
39
119
80
61
49
41
30
24
16
12
9.8
8.1
7.0
6.1
40
123
82
62
50
42
31
25
17
13
10
8.3
7.2
6.3
45
138
93
70
56
47
35
28
19
14
11
9.3
8.1
7.1
50
154
103
78
62
52
39
31
21
16
13
10
9.0
7.8
55
170
114
86
69
57
43
34
23
17
14
11
9.9
8.6
60
185
124
94
75
62
47
38
25
19
15
12
11
9.4
65
201
135
101
81
68
51
41
27
20
16
14
12
10
70
217
145
109
88
73
55
44
29
22
18
15
13
11
75
233
156
117
94
78
59
47
31
24
19
16
13
12
80
248
166
125
100
83
63
50
33
25
20
17
14
13
85
264
177
133
106
89
67
53
36
27
21
18
15
13
90
280
187
141
113
94
71
56
38
28
23
19
16
14
95
295
197
148
119
99
74
60
40
30
24
20
17
15
100 311
208
156
125
104
78
63
42
31
25
21
18
16
D
R
1.5
Dr. Kim D. Coder, Warnell School, University of Georgia
5
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