Reading Essentials and Study Guide

Reading Essentials and Study Guide

Student Workbook

TO THE STUDENT

The Reading Essentials and Study Guide is designed to help you use recognized reading strategies to improve your reading-for-information skills. For each section of the textbook, you are alerted to key terms, asked to draw from prior knowledge, organize your thoughts with a graphic organizer, and then follow a process to read and understand the text. The Reading Essentials and Study Guide was prepared to help you get more from the textbook by reading with a purpose.

Copyright ? by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to reproduce the material contained herein on the condition that such materials be reproduced only for classroom use; be provided to students, teachers, and families without charge; and be used solely in conjunction with the United States Government: Democracy In Action program. Any other reproduction, for sale or other use, is expressly prohibited. Send all inquiries to: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 8787 Orion Place Columbus, OH 43240-4027 ISBN: 978-0-07-891360-0 MHID: 0-07-891360-8 Printed in the United States of America. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 079 14 13 12 11 10 09

C ONTENTS

UNIT 1 Foundations of American Government

Chapter 1

People and Government Section 1 Principles of Government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Section 2 The Formation of Governments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Section 3 Types of Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Section 4 Economic Theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Chapter 2

The Origins of American Government Section 1 The Colonial Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Section 2 Uniting for Independence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Section 3 The Articles of Confederation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Section 4 The Constitutional Convention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Chapter 3

The Constitution Section 1 Structure and Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Section 2 Three Branches of Government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Section 3 Amending the Constitution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Section 4 The Amendments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Chapter 4

The Federal System Section 1 National and State Powers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Section 2 Relations Among the States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Section 3 Developing Federalism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Section 4 Federalism and Politics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

UNIT 2 The Legislative Branch

Chapter 5

The Organization of Congress Section 1 Congressional Membership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Section 2 The House of Representatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Section 3 The Senate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Section 4 Congressional Committees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Section 5 Staff and Support Agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

Chapter 6

Development of Congressional Powers Section 1 Constitutional Powers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Section 2 Investigations and Oversight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Section 3 Congress and the President . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

Chapter 7

Congress at Work Section 1 How a Bill Becomes a Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Section 2 Taxing and Spending Bills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Section 3 Influencing Congress. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Section 4 Helping Constituents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

UNIT 3 The Executive Branch

Chapter 8

The Presidency Section 1 President and Vice President . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Section 2 Electing the President . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Section 3 The Cabinet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Section 4 The Executive Office . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

Chapter 9

Presidential Leadership Section 1 Presidential Powers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Section 2 Roles of the President . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Section 3 Styles of Leadership. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

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Chapter 10

The Federal Bureaucracy Section 1 Bureaucratic Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Section 2 The Civil Service System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 Section 3 The Bureaucracy at Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

UNIT 4 The Judicial Branch

Chapter 11

The Federal Court System Section 1 Powers of the Federal Courts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Section 2 Lower Federal Courts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Section 3 The Supreme Court. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

Chapter 12

Supreme Court Decision Making Section 1 The Supreme Court at Work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Section 2 Shaping Public Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Section 3 Influencing Court Decisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

UNIT 5 Liberty and Justice for All

Chapter 13

Constitutional Freedoms Section 1 Constitutional Rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Section 2 Freedom of Religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Section 3 Freedom of Speech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 Section 4 Freedom of the Press . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Section 5 Freedom of Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

Chapter 14

Citizenship and Equal Justice Section 1 A Nation of Immigrants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Section 2 The Basis of Citizenship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 Section 3 Equal Protection of the Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 Section 4 Civil Liberties Challenges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

Chapter 15

Law in America Section 1 Sources of American Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Section 2 Civil Law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 Section 3 Criminal Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 Section 4 The Rights of the Accused . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174

UNIT 6 Participating in Government

Chapter 16

Political Parties Section 1 Development of Parties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Section 2 Party Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 Section 3 Nominating Candidates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

Chapter 17

Elections and Voting Section 1 Election Campaigns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Section 2 Expanding Voting Rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190

Voter's Handbook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 Section 3 Influences on Voters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197

Chapter 18

Interest Groups and Public Opinion Section 1 Interest Group Organization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 Section 2 Affecting Public Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Section 3 Shaping Public Opinion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 Section 4 Measuring Public Opinion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

Chapter 19

Mass Media and the Internet Section 1 How Media Impact Government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 Section 2 Regulating Print and Broadcast Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 Section 3 The Internet and Democracy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221

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UNIT 7 Public Policies and Services

Chapter 20

Taxing and Spending Section 1 Raising Money . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 Section 2 Preparing the Federal Budget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 Section 3 Managing the Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230

Chapter 21

Social and Domestic Policy Section 1 Business and Labor Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 Section 2 Agriculture and Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 Section 3 Health and Public Assistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 Section 4 Education, Housing, and Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244

Chapter 22

Foreign Policy and Defense Section 1 Development of Foreign Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 Section 2 Shared Foreign Policy Powers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 Section 3 State and Defense Departments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 Section 4 Foreign Policy in Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257

UNIT 8 State and Local Government

Chapter 23

State Governments Section 1 State Constitutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 Section 2 The Three Branches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 Section 3 State Government Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 Section 4 Financing State Government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271

Chapter 24

Local Governments Section 1 Structure of Local Government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 Section 2 Serving Localities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 Section 3 Challenges of Urban Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281

UNIT 9 Political and Economic Systems

Chapter 25

Political Systems in Today's World Section 1 Democratic Governments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .284 Section 2 Authoritarian Governments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 Section 3 International Organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 Section 4 Global Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294

Chapter 26

Development of Economic Systems Section 1 Capitalist and Mixed Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 Section 2 Emerging Economies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 Section 3 Major Economies in Transition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 Section 4 The Global Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306

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