Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student Edition

Reading Essentials and Study Guide

Student Workbook

To the Student

The Civics Today: Citizenship, Economics, and You Reading Essentials and Study Guide is designed to help you use recognized reading strategies to improve your reading-for-information skills. For each section of the student textbook, you are alerted to key terms, asked to draw from prior knowledge, organize your thoughts with a graphic organizer, and then follow a process to read and understand the text. The Reading Essentials and Study Guide was prepared to help you get more from your textbook by reading with a purpose.

Copyright ? by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to reproduce the material contained herein on the condition that such material be reproduced only for classroom use; be provided to students, teachers, and families without charge; and be used solely in conjunction with Civics Today: Citizenship, Economics, and You. Any other reproduction, for use or sale, is prohibited without written permission from the publisher. Send all inquiries to: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 8787 Orion Place Columbus, OH 43240 ISBN 0-07-860532-6 Printed in the United States of America 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 047 09 08 07 06 05 04 03

Contents

Chapter 1

Section 1: Government of the People, by the People, for the People ...................1 Section 2: The Path to Citizenship ...................................................................6 Section 3: The Diversity of Americans..............................................................9

Chapter 2

Section 1: Our English Heritage ....................................................................13 Section 2: The Birth of a Democratic Nation ...................................................17 Section 3: The Nation's First Governments .....................................................21

Chapter 3

Section 1: The Road to the Constitution .........................................................25 Section 2: Creating and Ratifying the Constitution...........................................28 Section 3: The Structure of the Constitution ...................................................32 Section 4: Principles Underlying the Constitution ............................................36

Chapter 4

Section 1: The First Amendment ...................................................................41 Section 2: Other Guarantees in the Bill of Rights ............................................44 Section 3: Extending the Bill of Rights ...........................................................48 Section 4: The Civil Rights Struggle ...............................................................51

Chapter 5

Section 1: The Duties and Responsibilities of Citizenship .................................54 Section 2: Volunteering in Your Community ...................................................58

Chapter 6

Section 1: How Congress Is Organized ...........................................................62 Section 2: The Powers of Congress................................................................67 Section 3: Representing the People ...............................................................71 Section 4: How a Bill Becomes a Law ............................................................75

Chapter 7

Section 1: The President and Vice President ...................................................79 Section 2: The President's Job ......................................................................83 Section 3: Making Foreign Policy ..................................................................86 Section 4: Presidential Advisers and Executive Agencies ..................................89

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Chapter 8

Section 1: The Federal Court System..............................................................94 Section 2: How Federal Courts Are Organized ................................................97 Section 3: The United States Supreme Court.................................................101 Section 4: Deciding Cases at the Supreme Court ...........................................105

Chapter 9

Section 1: Development of American Political Parties ....................................109 Section 2: Organization of American Political Parties ....................................114 Section 3: Role of Political Parties Today .....................................................117

Chapter 10

Section 1: Who Can Vote? ..........................................................................121 Section 2: Election Campaigns ....................................................................125 Section 3: Paying for Election Campaigns.....................................................128

Chapter 11

Section 1: Public Opinion ...........................................................................132 Section 2: The Mass Media.........................................................................136 Section 3: Interest Groups ..........................................................................140

Chapter 12

Section 1: The Federal System ....................................................................145 Section 2: The State Legislative Branch ........................................................149 Section 3: The State Executive Branch..........................................................153 Section 4: The State Judicial Branch ............................................................156

Chapter 13

Section 1: City Government ........................................................................159 Section 2: County Governments ..................................................................164 Section 3: Towns, Townships, and Villages ...................................................167

Chapter 14

Section 1: How a Community Handles Issues................................................170 Section 2: Education and Social Issues .........................................................173 Section 3: Environmental Issues..................................................................178

Chapter 15

Section 1: The Sources of Our Laws.............................................................182 Section 2: Types of Laws ............................................................................185 Section 3: The American Legal System .........................................................188

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Chapter 16

Section 1: Civil Cases.................................................................................193 Section 2: Criminal Cases ...........................................................................197 Section 3: Young People and the Courts.......................................................202

Chapter 17

Section 1: Civic Participation ......................................................................206 Section 2: Challenges for Democracy ...........................................................209 Section 3: Regulating the Internet ...............................................................212

Chapter 18

Section 1: The Fundamental Economic Problem ............................................216 Section 2: Making Economic Decisions.........................................................219 Section 3: Being an Economically Smart Citizen ............................................223

Chapter 19

Section 1: Economic Resources ...................................................................226 Section 2: Economic Activity and Productivity...............................................229 Section 3: Capitalism and Free Enterprise ....................................................232 Section 4: The Economy and You ................................................................236

Chapter 20

Section 1: What Is Demand?.......................................................................240 Section 2: Factors Affecting Demand............................................................243

Chapter 21

Section 1: What Is Supply? .........................................................................247 Section 2: Factors Affecting Supply..............................................................250 Section 3: Markets and Prices.....................................................................253

Chapter 22

Section 1: Types of Businesses....................................................................256 Section 2: Labor Unions .............................................................................261 Section 3: Businesses in Our Economy.........................................................265

Chapter 23

Section 1: The Role of Government .............................................................268 Section 2: Measuring the Economy..............................................................272 Section 3: Government, the Economy, and You .............................................277

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Chapter 24

Section 1: What Is Money? .........................................................................280 Section 2: The Federal Reserve System ........................................................283 Section 3: How Banks Operate....................................................................287

Chapter 25

Section 1: The Federal Government.............................................................291 Section 2: State and Local Governments ......................................................295 Section 3: Managing the Economy...............................................................298

Chapter 26

Section 1: International Trade and Its Benefits..............................................302 Section 2: Economic Systems ......................................................................307 Section 3: Economies in Transition ..............................................................310

Chapter 27

Section 1: Types of Government..................................................................314 Section 2: A Profile of Great Britain ............................................................318 Section 3: A Profile of China ......................................................................321

Chapter 28

Section 1: Global Developments..................................................................325 Section 2: The United Nations.....................................................................329 Section 3: Democracy and Human Rights .....................................................333

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Name

Date

Class

Chapter 1, Section 1

For use with textbook pages 6?12

Government of the People, by the People, for the People

KEY TERMS civics the study of the rights and duties of citizens (page 6) citizen a member of a community with loyalty to and protection from the government (page 6) government the ruling authority for a community (page 7) public policy a course of government action to achieve community goals (page 9) budget a plan for collecting and spending money (page 9) dictatorship a government controlled by one person or a small group of people (page 10) democracy a government in which the people rule (page 10) direct democracy a government in which all the citizens met to debate government matters and

vote firsthand (page 10)

representative democracy a government in which the citizens choose a smaller group to repre-

sent them, make laws, and govern on their behalf (page 10)

majority rule a principle of democracy in which differences of opinion are settled by what most

people want (page 11)

DRAWING FROM EXPERIENCEII What do you think of when you hear the word "citizen?" Are you a citizen? What are you a citizen of? What rights do you think you have as a citizen? In this section, you will learn the purposes of having a government. You will also learn what the characteristics of a democratic government are.

ORGANIZING YOUR THOUGHTSII Use the diagram on the next page to help you take notes. The American democratic government has several characteristics. List two important characteristics in the diagram.

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Copyright ? by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Name

Date

Class

Chapter 1, Section 1 (continued)

1.

Characteristics of an American Democracy

2.

READ TO LEARNII

? What Is Civics? (page 6)

The study of the rights and duties of citizens is called civics. The idea of citizenship goes back to ancient Greece and Rome. There, only men who owned property were considered citizens. They enjoyed privileges that common people did not have.

Today, owning property is not required for citizenship. Most people are citizens of the country in which they live. Citizens are members of a community who owe loyalty to the government and receive protection from it. Citizens of a country often share a common history, customs, and values. They also agree to follow rules and accept the government's authority.

3. What do citizens of a country often share?

Copyright ? by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

? The Need for Government (page 7)

The ruling authority for a community is a government. It has the power to make and enforce laws. People have formed governments for hundreds of years. Without governments, there would be no one to

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