Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student Edition

[Pages:451]Reading Essentials and

Study Guide

Student Workbook

To the Student

The American Journey Reading Essentials and Study Guide is designed to help you use and recognize reading strategies to improve your reading-for-information skills. For each section of the students textbook, you are alerted to key terms, asked to draw from prior knowledge, organize your thoughts with a graphic organizer, and then follow a process to read and understand the text. The Reading Essentials and Study Guide was prepared to help you get more from your textbook by reading with purpose.

Copyright ? by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to reproduce the material contained herein on the condition that such material be reproduced only for classroom use; be provided to students, teachers, and families without charge; and be used solely in conjunction with The American Journey. Any other reproduction, for use or sale, is prohibited without written permission from the publisher. Send all inquiries to: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 8787 Orion Place Columbus, OH 43240 ISBN 0-07-865550-1 Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 024 09 08 07 06 05 04

Table of Contents

Study Guide 1-1 Study Guide 1-2 Study Guide 1-3

Study Guide 2-1 Study Guide 2-2 Study Guide 2-3 Study Guide 2-4

Study Guide 3-1 Study Guide 3-2 Study Guide 3-3 Study Guide 3-4

Study Guide 4-1 Study Guide 4-2 Study Guide 4-3 Study Guide 4-4

Study Guide 5-1 Study Guide 5-2 Study Guide 5-3 Study Guide 5-4

Study Guide 6-1 Study Guide 6-2 Study Guide 6-3 Study Guide 6-4

Study Guide 7-1 Study Guide 7-2 Study Guide 7-3

Study Guide 8-1 Study Guide 8-2 Study Guide 8-3

Early Peoples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 Cities and Empires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 North American Peoples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

A Changing World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 Early Exploration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 Spain in America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 Exploring North America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24

Early English Settlements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27 New England Colonies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30 Middle Colonies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33 Southern Colonies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36

Life in the Colonies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40 Government, Religion, and Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43 France and Britain Clash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46 The French and Indian War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49

Taxation Without Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52 Building Colonial Unity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55 A Call to Arms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58 Moving Towards Independence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61

The Early Years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64 The War Continues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68 The War Moves West and South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71 The War Is Won . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74

The Articles of Confederation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77 Convention and Compromise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81 A New Plan of Government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85

The First President . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89 Early Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93 The First Political Parties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97

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Study Guide 9-1 Study Guide 9-2 Study Guide 9-3 Study Guide 9-4

Study Guide 10-1 Study Guide 10-2 Study Guide 10-3

Study Guide 11-1 Study Guide 11-2 Study Guide 11-3

Study Guide 12-1 Study Guide 12-2 Study Guide 12-3 Study Guide 12-4

Study Guide 13-1 Study Guide 13-2 Study Guide 13-3 Study Guide 13-4

Study Guide 14-1 Study Guide 14-2 Study Guide 14-3

Study Guide 15-1 Study Guide 15-2 Study Guide 15-3 Study Guide 15-4

Study Guide 16-1 Study Guide 16-2 Study Guide 16-3 Study Guide 16-4 Study Guide 16-5

Study Guide 17-1 Study Guide 17-2 Study Guide 17-3 Study Guide 17-4

The Republicans Take Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100 The Louisiana Purchase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104 A Time of Conflict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107 The War of 1812 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111

Economic Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114 Westward Bound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118 Unity and Sectionalism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121

Jacksonian Democracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125 Conflicts Over Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129 Jackson and the Bank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

The Oregon Country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135 Independence for Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138 War with Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141 New Settlers in California and Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145

The North's Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148 The North's People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151 Southern Cotton Kingdom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .154 The South's People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .157

Social Reform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .161 The Abolitionists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .164 The Women's Movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168

Slavery and the West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .171 A Nation Dividing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174 Challenges to Slavery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .177 Secession and War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180

The Two Sides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183 Early Years of the War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186 A Call for Freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .190 Life During the Civil War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .193 The Way to Victory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .197

Reconstruction Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .201 Radicals in Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .204 The South During Reconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .208 Change in the South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211

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Study Guide 18-1 Study Guide 18-2 Study Guide 18-3 Study Guide 18-4

Study Guide 19-1 Study Guide 19-2 Study Guide 19-3 Study Guide 19-4

Study Guide 20-1 Study Guide 20-2 Study Guide 20-3

Study Guide 21-1 Study Guide 21-2 Study Guide 21-3 Study Guide 21-4

Study Guide 22-1 Study Guide 22-2 Study Guide 22-3 Study Guide 22-4

Study Guide 23-1 Study Guide 23-2 Study Guide 23-3 Study Guide 23-4 Study Guide 23-5

Study Guide 24-1 Study Guide 24-2 Study Guide 24-3 Study Guide 24-4

Study Guide 25-1 Study Guide 25-2 Study Guide 25-3 Study Guide 25-4

The Mining Boom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .216 Ranchers and Farmers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .220 Native American Struggles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .224 Farmers in Protest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .227

Railroads Lead the Way . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .231 Inventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .234 An Age of Big Business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .237 Industrial Workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .241

The New Immigrants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .244 Moving to the City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .248 A Changing Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .252

The Progressive Movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .256 Women and Progressives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .260 Progressive Presidents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .263 Excluded From Reform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .266

Expanding Horizons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .269 Imperialism in the Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .272 Spanish-American War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .276 Latin American Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .280

War in Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .284 America's Road to War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .288 Americans Join the Allies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .292 The War at Home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .295 Searching for Peace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .299

Time of Turmoil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .302 Desire for Normalcy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .305 A Booming Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .309 The Roaring Twenties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .313

The Great Depression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .319 Roosevelt's New Deal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .322 Life During the Depression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .326 Effects of the New Deal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .330

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Study Guide 26-1 Study Guide 26-2 Study Guide 26-3 Study Guide 26-4 Study Guide 26-5

Study Guide 27-1 Study Guide 27-2 Study Guide 27-3 Study Guide 27-4

Study Guide 28-1 Study Guide 28-2 Study Guide 28-3

Study Guide 29-1 Study Guide 29-2 Study Guide 29-3 Study Guide 29-4

Study Guide 30-1 Study Guide 30-2 Study Guide 30-3 Study Guide 30-4

Study Guide 31-1 Study Guide 31-2 Study Guide 31-3

Study Guide 32-1 Study Guide 32-2 Study Guide 32-3 Study Guide 32-4

Road to War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .334 War Begins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .338 On the Home Front . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .342 War in Europe and Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .346 War in the Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .350

Cold War Origins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354 Postwar Politics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .359 The Korean War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .363 The Red Scare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .366

Eisenhower in the White House . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .369 1950s Prosperity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .375 Problems in a Time of Plenty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .379

The Civil Rights Movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .382 Kennedy and Johnson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .385 The Struggle Continues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .388 Other Groups Seek Rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .392

Kennedy's Foreign Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .396 War in Vietnam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .400 The Vietnam Years at Home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .404 Nixon and Vietnam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .408

Nixon's Foreign Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .412 Nixon and Watergate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416 The Carter Presidency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .422

The Reagan Presidency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .427 The Bush Presidency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .431 A New Century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .435 The War on Terrorism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .442

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Name _____________________________________________ Date ____________________ Class ______________

Study Guide

Chapter 1, Section 1

For use with textbook pages 16?19

EARLY PEOPLES

KEY TERMS

archaeology The study of ancient peoples (page 17)

artifact

Objects left behind by early peoples, such as stone tools, weapons, baskets, and carvings (page 17)

Ice Age

Period of cold temperatures when part of the earth was covered with large ice sheets (page 17)

nomad

People who moved from place to place (page 17)

migration

A movement of a large number of people into a new homeland (page 17)

maize

An early form of corn (page 19)

carbon dating A method used by scientists to figure out the age of an artifact; measuring the amount of radioactive carbon that remains in something that was once alive to determine its age (page 19)

culture

A way of life of a particular group of people including customs, beliefs, and ways of protecting themselves (page 19)

DRAWING FROM EXPERIENCEII

Have you ever wondered about the first Americans? Who were they? How did they get to North and South America? How were their cultures similar to or different from yours?

This section focuses on why and how people came to the Americas and what kinds of cultures they developed.

ORGANIZING YOUR THOUGHTSII

Use the flowchart below to help you take notes as you read the summaries that follow. Think about how the Ice Age made it possible for hunters to migrate to the Americas.

Event 1

Event 2

Event 3

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Event 4

Event 5

Event 6

Final Outcome

The American Journey

1

Name _____________________________________________ Date ____________________ Class ______________

Study Guide

Chapter 1, Section 1 (continued)

READ TO LEARNII

? The Journey From Asia (pages 16?18) By A.D. 1500, millions of Native Americans lived on the continents of North and

South America. The first people probably came to the Americas because food supplies were available. Scientists and experts in archaeology, the study of people living long ago, are still trying to learn about the first Americans and why they came. They study artifacts, objects these ancient peoples left behind, to learn about the past.

The first Americans crossed a strip of land, called Beringia, which connected Asia and the Americas about 30,000 years ago during the most recent Ice Age. The temperatures were so cold that ice covered much of the earth. The land bridge is now under a body of water called the Bering Strait. Over many centuries many people crossed the land bridge from Asia into present-day Alaska and Canada. These nomads traveled from place to place hunting for food. They spread out across North America and South America. This migration brought the first Americans to their new homeland.

Early Americans hunted huge mammals, such as the saber-toothed tiger, the woolly mammoth, and the mastodon, with spears made from sharp, pointed rocks attached to poles. Every part of the animal was used for food, clothing, weapons, tools, and shelter. As the Ice Age was ending, water covered Beringia, cutting off Asia from the Americas. The large mammals began to die out, and the early Americans had to find other foods.

1. The first Americans migrated because of their nomadic lifestyle. How did being nomadic affect migration to America?

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? Settling Down (pages 18?19)

When the large mammals were gone, early Americans had to find new sources of food. They hunted smaller animals, including birds and deer. Some early Americans learned to catch fish with nets and traps. They ate wild berries and grains. Native Americans learned to plant and grow maize about 9,000 years ago in what is presentday Mexico. People could grow food without having to move from place to place. This changed the way people lived. Pumpkins, beans, squashes, and other seeds were planted. The population grew. Many Native Americans became farmers instead of hunters.

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