Final Exam Review Guide



Name ____________KEY______________________ Period ______________

Chemistry Final Exam STUDY/ Review Guide

MATTER:

Fill in the following chart for TYPICAL Solids, Liquids and Gases (not water)

|State of Matter |Particle Arrangement |Shape |Density Rank |Energy Rank |Compressibility |

| |Regular or Irregular |Definite or Indefinite |1 = highest |1 = highest |Yes or No |

| | | |3 = lowest |3 = lowest | |

| | | | | | |

|Gas |irreg |Indef |3 |1 |Y |

| | | | | | |

|Liquid |irreg |Def |2 |2 |N |

| | | | | | |

|Solid |reg |Def |1 |3 |N |

Atoms – draw a diagram of an atom of Lithium (mass number 7), labeling the following parts – nucleus, electron cloud, protons, neutrons, electrons

[pic]

Label as: molecule, atom, compound, substance, homogeneous mixture, heterogeneous mixture

• Substance/Molecule - H2O

• Substance / atom - A single particle of pure potassium

• Heterogeneous mixture - A sample of sand scooped from a beach

• Substance / ionic compound - Sodium chloride

• Homogeneous mixture - Iced tea

• Atom - The smallest particle of an element that retains all of its chemical properties

• Heterogeneous mixture - Chicken soup

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES AND PROPERTIES

Classify the following as a chemical or physical property or chemical or physical change

1. PC - Liquid collects on the side of a cold drink glass

2. CP - Hexane is flammable

3. CC - Baking soda decomposes in the cake, releasing CO2 to make it fluffy.

4. PP - Copper II sulfate is blue.

5. PC - Ice is melting

6. PP - Pure water has a density of 1 g/cm3

STATES OF MATTER:

Mark the statements as true or false. If false, make changes to correct the statement.

1. Liquids have the greatest amount of kinetic energy among the phases of matter – FALSE, gases do.

2. In general, a solid is the densest phase of matter. - TRUE

3. Particles in a solid demonstrate rotation, vibration and translation. FALSE – no translation

4. The particles of liquids have low amounts of translation unless they are stirred. - TRUE

5. When a solid is melting, its temperature is still rising as it melts. – FALSE – holds steady

6. Both solids and liquids can flow. – FALSE – only liquids can flow

7. Translation is the type of kinetic energy in which a particle moves from place to place. - TRUE

DENSITY CALCULATIONS

Solve the following problems involving density calculations. Show all work.

What is the formula for density? D= m/v

A cube is 17 cm3 in volume with mass of 4.0 grams. Calculate its density. 0.24g/cm3

If a ball has a density of 27.5 g/cm3, determine its volume if its mass is 626 g. 22.8g

METRIC UNITS

Perform the following determinations.

1. 1 kilometer (km) = _____1000____ meters (m)

2. 1 milligram (mg)= _____.001___ grams (g)

3. 1 liter (L) = __1000____ milliliters (mL)

4. 2.3 kilograms (kg)= ____2300_______ grams (g)

5. 12 meters (m) = ___________1200_______ centimeters (cm)

ATOMIC STRUCTURE:

Fill in the following table with the appropriate information

|Subatomic Particle |Charge |Location |Relative Mass |Order of Size |

| | |Nucleus or electron cloud | |1= largest |

| | | | |3 = smallest |

|Proton |+1 |Nucleus |1 amu |1 |

|Neutron |O |Nucleus |1 amu |1 |

| | | | |(same!) |

|Electron |-1 |Electron cloud |1/1640th amu |3 |

PERIODIC TABLE:

Answer the following questions

What number of valence electrons indicates the most stable arrangement? Which group on the periodic table fits this description without forming ions? 8 valence e-; noble gases

Elements on the periodic table are organized in order of increasing ____atomic number________.?

Elements are identified by the number of ___protons_____ in their nucleus. The number of ___electrons_______ and ____neutrons_______ may vary.

ORGANIZATION OF THE PERIODIC TABLE

Label the following on the diagram below. Then, label the number of valence electrons inside the space for each group.

s-block p-block d-block f-block

metals non-metals alkali metals alkali earth metals

Aluminum group Carbon group Nitrogen group Oxygen Group

Halogens Noble Gases transition metals inner transition metals

[pic]

ELECTRON CONFIGURATION:

Write the full electron configuration for the following elements. Circle the valence electrons.

Helium 1s2

Barium 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10

5p6 6s2

Fluorine 1s2 2s2 2p5

Strontium 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2

Oxygen 1s2 2s2 2p4

Neon 1s2 2s2 2p6

BONDING

Draw the covalent structure for the following chemical formulas. Name the shape of the molecule.

a) PBr3

b) SO2

c) SO3

d) PO43-

Indicate the correct word(s) to complete each sentence.

1. Ionic bonds are formed between metals and non-metals

2. Covalent bonds are formed between non-metals and other non-metals.

3. Metals do not form bonds with other metals

4. The transition metals lose electrons to form ions.

5. When comparing degree of polarity between two bonds, the bond with the greatest polarity has the largest difference between the two atoms in the bond.

ELECTRON DOT STRUCTURES

Draw the electron dot structure of the valence electrons for the following elements. Indicate which, if any, fulfill the “octet rule” when neutral. If they do not fulfill the octet rule when neutral, indicate the number of electrons gained or lost for the atom to fulfill the rule.

Sodium

Magnesium Mg

Aluminum Al

Silicon Si

Phosphorus P

Sulfur S

Chlorine Cl

Argon Ar

ION FORMATION

Fill in the following table regarding ions

|Element |Group Name |Ion Type cation/anion |Charge |Metal / |

| | | |# and +/- |Non-Metal |

|Sodium |Alkali metals |cation |+1 |Metal |

|Selenium |Oxygen group |anion |-2 |Non-metal |

|Boron |B/Al group |cation |+3 |Metalloid |

|Phosphorus |Nitrogen group |anion |-3 |Non-metal |

|Calcium |Alkaline Earth |cation |+2 |Metal |

|Fluorine |Halogens |anion |-1 |Non-metal |

|Radon |Noble Gases |none |none |Non-metal |

|Phosphorus |Nitrogen group |anion |-3 |Non-metal |

BONDING

Fill in the following table regarding ionic bonding

|Cation |Charge |Anion |Charge |Balanced Formula |Chemical Name |

|Calcium |+2 |Sulfur |-2 |CaS |Calcium sulfide |

|Strontium |+2 |Chlorine |-1 |SrCl2 |Strontium chloride |

|Aluminum |+3 |Iodine |-1 |AlI3 |Aluminum iodide |

|Cesium |+1 |Nitrogen |-3 |Cs3N |Cesium nitride |

|Magnesium |+2 |Oxygen |-2 |MgO |Magnesium oxide |

|Boron |+3 |Phosphorus |-3 |BP |Boron phosphide |

|Sodium |+1 |Fluorine |-1 |NaF |Sodium fluoride |

POLYATOMIC IONS

Fill in the following chart

|Cation |Formula and Charge |Anion |Formula and Charge |Balanced Formula |Chemical Name |

|Calcium |Ca +2 |Hydroxide |OH -1 |Ca(OH)2 |Calcium hydroxide |

|Strontium |Sr +2 |Nitrate |NO3 -1 |Sr(NO3)2 |Strontium nitrate |

|Ammonium |NH4 +1 |Acetate |C2H3O2 -1 |NH4C2H3O2 |Ammonium acetate |

|Cesium |Cs +1 |Chlorate |ClO3 -1 |CsClO3 |Cesium chlorate |

|Magnesium |Mg +2 |Cyanide |CN -1 |Mg(CN)2 |Magnesium cyanide |

|Boron |B +3 |Sulfate |SO4 -2 |B2(SO4)3 |Boron sulfate |

|Sodium |Na +1 |Nitrite |NO2 -1 |NaNO2 |Sodium nitrite |

balancing equations and REACTION SYMBOLS

Balance all equations. Label reaction type for all reactions.

1. N2(g) + 3H2(g) ( 2NH3(g) SYNTHESIS

2. 2KClO3(s) ∆( 2KCl(aq) + 3O2(g) DECOMPOSITION

3. 2NaCl(s) + F2(g) ( 2NaF(aq) + Cl2(g) SINGLE REP.

4. 2AgNO3(aq) + MgCl2(aq) ( 2AgCl↓ + Mg(NO3)2(aq) DOUBLE REP.

5. C3H8(l) + 5O2(g) ( 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(l) COMB.

Answer the following questions based upon the formulas above.

1. Rewrite #4 as a word equation. Dissolved silver nitrate and dissolved magnesium chloride react to form solid solver chloride and dissolved magnesium nitrate.

2. What does the subscript “(g) “in #1 and subscript “(s)” indicate in equation 2? Gas; solid

3. Does equation 3 take place in water? How do you know? Yes; the NaF is dissolved

4. Write the formula for the precipitate in equation 4. Rewrite its name in word format. AgCl↓, silver chloride

5. Write the 3 criteria for identifying a combustion reaction. Hydrocarbon and oxygen are reactants; products are always CO2 and H2O

6. What does “∆” indicate in equation 2? How can you indicate a catalyst in a reaction? Heat; symbol will be written over the arrow.

REACTIONS STOCHIOMETRY and Limiting Reactants:

Perform the following stochiometric calculations. Make sure you have a balanced equation first!

CH4 + 2O2 ( CO2 + 2H2O

How many grams of O2 are needed to react with 9.02 g of CH4? 36.1 g O2

2. N2 + 3H2 ( 2NH3

How many grams of NH3 are formed when 11.7 g of H2 react? 65.9 g H2

3. 2C + O2 ( 2CO

How many grams of carbon are needed to produce 0.98 g of CO? 0.82 g C

4. Silicon dioxide (quartz) reacts with hydrogen fluoride to produce silicon(IV)fluoride and water by the reaction SiO2 + 4HF ( SiF4 + 2H2O. Determine which is the limiting reactant if 2.0 mol HF is combined with 4.5 mol SiO2? 2.0 mol HF is limiting

5. Using the reaction above, determine which is limiting and which is excess when 46.3 g of SiO2 react with 25.0 g of HF. 25.0 g HF is limiting

[pic]Phase Changes – temperature vs. time:

Phase changes (step diagram)

Indicate the following on the graph above.

melting, vaporization, solid being heated, liquid being heated, gas being heated, freezing, condensation

Answer the following questions based upon the diagram above.

1. Which interval(s) on the graph above indicate a change in kinetic energy? A—B; C-D and E above

2. Which intervals on the graph above indicate a change in potential energy? B-C and D-E

3. At lines A-B and C-D the graph shows plateaus - the temperature is not changing while heat energy is still being added. Describe what the heat is doing to particles of the substance. Breaking bonds

4. Explain the difference between vaporization and evaporation. Give an example for each. Vaporization (boiling) is where the substance becomes liquid from inside and the surface. Evaporation is vaporization from the surface only.

GASES:

Name and describe the three types of particle motion. Indicate the phases of matter that exhibit each.

Rotation (spinning in place) – all phases

Vibration (shaking in place) – all phases

Translation (moving from place to place) – Liquid and Gas only

Describe the “Kinetic Theory of Gases” and list the three assumptions associated with it. What volume does one mole of any gas occupy at STP? 22.4 L

Kinetic theory states that all matter is composed of particles and the particles are in constant motion. Particles are small hard spheres which are not attracted or repelled from each other. They move in straight lines until they impact with something. Between the particles is empty space.

Define “phase change.” This is a physical change which involves changes in the bonds between particles, types of particles, and the types of particle motion. No chemical bonds are made or broken.

Define these types of phase changes. Give an example of where you might experience each.

Melting - solid to liquid

Freezing - liquid to solid

Evaporation - liquid to gas (surface only)

Vaporization - liquid to gas

Condensation - gas to liquid

Sublimation - Solid to gas

GAS LAWS:

Solve the following problems using the gas laws

1. A gas with volume of 5.3 L at 17°C decreases to -3°C. Find the new volume.

2. A 2.1 L sample of gas a standard pressure is moved to a 5.2 L container. Find the new pressure.

3. An aerosol can contains gas at 15 atm and 25°C. Find the pressure inside the can at 100.°C

4. Find the number of moles of gas in a container at the following conditions – 6.0 atm, 3.6 L, and 118°C.

5. A gas at 742 mmHg and -18°C occupies 1.7 L. Find the volume of the gas at STP.

6. Define absolute zero. Give the temperature for it in both °C and K. -273°C and 0K; temp at which all particle motion ceases

7. A mixture of four gases is stored at 1187.3 mmHg. H2 is 127 mmHg, O2 is 350 mmHg and CO2 is 642 mmHg. Find the partial pressure of the Helium in the mixture. 68.3 mmHg

8. Under what conditions does a gas stop acting “ideal” and begin acting “real?” low temps / high pressure

9. What volume does one mole of any gas occupy at STP? 22.4L

CONVERSIONS

Perform the following conversions.

1. 26(C to K 299K

2. -52(C to K 325K

3. 89 K to (C 184°C

4. 304 K to (C 31°C

5. 23.5 atm to mmHg 17900 mmHg

6. 89 kPa to Torr 670 Torr

7. 768 mmHg to atm 1.01 atm

8. 11.2 atm to kPa 1130 kPa

WATER AND SOLUTIONS:

Draw a picture of a water molecule. Indicate the poles on this polar molecule.

Write a definition and example for each of the following.

Polar – charges on the water molecules (O is slight negative while H is slight positive)

Surface tension – “skin” on water (water strider)

Surfactant - breaks H-bonds (soap)

Specific heat – amount of energy required to raise one g of water by 1°C (1 cal)

Hydrogen bonds – bond b/w adjacent water molecules b/w – O and + H (drops on a penny)

a) Why does solid ice float on liquid water? H-bonds hold water molecules apart; increases spaces between molecules

b) How does soap help to clean dirty dishes? Soap is a surfactant which breaks H-bonds and allows the soap and oil to mix

MOLAR MASS AND PERCENT COMPOSITION

Find the gram formula mass for the following formulas

BaCl2 208.236 g/mol CuSO4 159.608 g/mol

NaNO3 84.994 g/mol Ba(OH)2 171.3438 g/mol

Determine the percent composition of the following

S in CuSO4 20.1%

NO3 in NaNO3 72.9%

H2O in CuSO4 * 5 H2O 36.1%

Empirical and Molecular Formulas

A compound sample is made of 40.68 g C, 5.08 g H and 54.24 g O. Its molar mass is 118.1 g/mol. Determine the empirical and molecular formula.

A compound sample contains 174.86 g iron and 75.14 g oxygen. Molar mass is 160.0 g mole. Determine the molecular formula.

Acids and Bases

What helps you to recognize an acid when you look at a chemical formula? What are the general characteristics of acids? H (hydrogen) ion; smell strongly, corrosive, react with bases and metals; conduct electricity

What helps you to recognize a base when you look at a chemical formula? What are the general characteristics of bases? OH (hydroxide) ion; slippery corrosive; react with acids

What two products are always formed from the neutralization of an acid and base? Water and salt

Write the chemical equation for the neutralization of hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide

HCl + NaOH ( NaCl + H2O

Write the chemical equation for the neutralization of sulfuric acid and potassium hydroxide

H2SO4 + 2 KOH ( K2SO4 + 2 H2O

Data Analysis, Significant Figures and Sources of Error:

Students want to determine the percent of water in a compound. They heat the substance in a watch glass in order to drive off the water. The raw data they collected is found below. Use this information to answer the questions.

|Item |CuSO4(5H2O |

|Mass of Empty Watch Glass |46.25 g |

|Mass of Watch Glass and Compound before heating |70.65 g |

|CuSO4(5H2O | |

|Mass of Watch Glass and Compound after heating |63.33 g |

|CuSO4 | |

a. What is the mass of the sample of CuSO4(5H2O they started with?

24.40g

b. What is the mass of the water lost?

7.32g

c. From the given data, calculate the percent water in the compound.

30.%

d. What is the mass of one mole of this entire compound?

249.684 g/mol

e. What is the mass of just the water that is trapped in 1 mole of this compound?

90.074 g/mol

f. From the two previous questions, determine the actual percent (accepted value) of water that makes up this compound.

36.1%

g. Assuming that the accepted value of % water should be 36.1%, determine the % error for this lab group’s results.

16.9 %

h. If their experiment showed the percentage of water to be too low, how might this error have occurred?

Incomplete evaporation

Determine the number of significant figures in each of the following numbers.

a. 13,000 2

b. 13,000. 5

c. 0.00013 2

d. 9.0 x 109 2

Solve the following correctly, and include the correct label and number of significant figures in your response.

a. A box measures 1.613 m by 6.213 m by 5.15 m. Determine the volume of the box.

51.6 m3

b. You measured the mass of a beaker as 16.255 g. When you added water to the beaker, you measured the mass as 36.04g. Determine the mass of the water in the beaker.

19.79g

c. In B above, what should you have done to allow you to record the mass of the water to the thousandth of a gram?

Read your mass decimal measurement to a thousandth of a gram. (0.001g)

State the rules for use of significant figures within calculations:

For addition and subtraction?

Round to the same number of decimal places as the addend with the fewest decimals

For multiplication and division?

Round to the same number of significant figures as the multiplicand or divisor with the fewest significant figures.

That’s it! If you would like additional practice for any of the topics covered on this exam – see me!

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Nucleus – center of atom

Electron cloud – outside of nucleus

Protons – in nucleus with (+) symbol

Neutrons – in nucleus with no symbol

Electrons – in energy levels outside of nucleus

s - block

d – block

Transition Metals

p - block

f – block

Inner Transition Metals

(Metals

Non-metals (

Metalloids Border stairstep

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TIME (seconds)

Graph of Temperature vs. Time for a Substance Being Heated

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