A review of the Social Impacts of Culture and Sport

A review of the Social Impacts of Culture and Sport

Peter Taylor, Larissa Davies, Peter Wells, Jan Gilbertson and William Tayleur

March 2015

The Social Impacts of Engagement with Culture and Sport

The Culture and Sport Evidence (CASE) programme is a joint programme of strategic research led by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) in collaboration with the Arts Council England (ACE), English Heritage (EH) and Sport England (SE).

The Sport Industry Research Centre and Centre for Regional Economic and Social Research (Sheffield Hallam University) and Business of Culture (BOC) were commissioned to produce this report. The views expressed do not necessarily represent those of CASE.

SIRC Research team: Peter Taylor Larissa Davies Elizabeth Christy Eleanor Cooley Anderson Taylor Rebecca Jones

CRESR Research team: Peter Wells Jan Gilbertson

BOC Research team: William Tayleur Virginie Dumas

3 The Social Impacts of Engagement with Culture and Sport

Contents

Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................... 8 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 11

1.1 Scope and Definitions.................................................................................................. 11 1.1.1 Social impacts and costs............................................................................... 11 1.1.2 Sport and culture........................................................................................... 12 1.1.3 Engagement ................................................................................................. 12

1.2 Objectives of the study ................................................................................................ 13 1.3 Structure of This Report............................................................................................... 14 2. Literature Methodology: Systematic Review ........................................................................ 15 2.1 Search strategy ........................................................................................................... 15 2.2 Quality of evidence ...................................................................................................... 15 2.3 Strengths and limitations of the systematic review....................................................... 16 3. Literature Review: Sport and Exercise .................................................................................. 18 Summary of Social Impacts of Sport.................................................................................. 18 3.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................. 19 3.2 Sport and Health ......................................................................................................... 21

3.2.1 Conceptual issues: Health............................................................................. 21 3.2.2 Evidence of Effects ....................................................................................... 24 3.2.3 Physical Health ............................................................................................. 24 3.2.4 Mental Health................................................................................................ 26 3.2.5 Valuing health care impacts and costs .......................................................... 28 3.2.6 Conclusions on Sport and Health .................................................................. 31 3.3 Sport and Wellbeing .................................................................................................... 33 3.3.1 Conceptual issues: Wellbeing ....................................................................... 33 3.3.2 Subjective wellbeing...................................................................................... 35 3.3.3 Valuing subjective wellbeing ......................................................................... 35 3.3.4 Conclusions on Sport and Wellbeing............................................................. 36 3.4 Sport and Crime .......................................................................................................... 38 3.4.1 Conceptual issues: Crime ............................................................................. 38 3.4.2 Criminal Behaviour........................................................................................ 42 3.4.3 Drug Taking .................................................................................................. 43 3.4.4 Alcohol .......................................................................................................... 43

4 The Social Impacts of Engagement with Culture and Sport

3.4.5 Violence ........................................................................................................ 43 3.4.6 Pro-social and Anti-social Behaviour ............................................................. 44 3.4.7 Intervention Programme Design.................................................................... 44 3.4.8 Other Considerations .................................................................................... 46 3.4.9 Conclusions on Sport and Crime................................................................... 46 3.5 Social Capital .............................................................................................................. 47 3.5.1 Conceptual Issues: Social Capital ................................................................. 47 3.5.2 Social Inclusion ............................................................................................. 50 3.5.3 Disabled People ............................................................................................ 51 3.5.4 Volunteering.................................................................................................. 51 3.5.5 Ethnic Integration .......................................................................................... 51 3.5.6 Political Engagement .................................................................................... 51 3.5.7 Programme Design Implications.................................................................... 51 3.5.8 Programme Evidence.................................................................................... 52 3.5.9 Conclusions on Sport and Social Capital....................................................... 52 3.6 Sport and Education .................................................................................................... 53 3.6.1 Conceptual Issues: Education ....................................................................... 53 3.6.2 Intermediate outcomes.................................................................................. 55 3.6.3 Educational Attainment ................................................................................. 55 3.6.4 College aspirations ....................................................................................... 56 3.6.5 Conclusions on Sport and Education ............................................................ 56 3.7 Sport and Multiple Impacts .......................................................................................... 58 3.7.1 Conceptual Issues: Multiple Impacts ............................................................. 58 3.7.2 Joint Outcomes ............................................................................................. 60 3.7.3 Separate Outcomes ...................................................................................... 61 3.7.4 Value ............................................................................................................ 62 3.8 Differences in the Social Impacts of Sport for Different Population Sub-groups ........... 65 3.8.1 Age ............................................................................................................... 65 3.8.2 Gender.......................................................................................................... 65 3.8.3 Ethnicity ........................................................................................................ 65 3.8.4 Disability ....................................................................................................... 66 4. Literature Review: Arts ........................................................................................................... 67 Summary of Social Impacts of the Arts .............................................................................. 67 4.1 Arts and Health............................................................................................................ 69 4.1.1 Conceptual Issues: Arts and Health .............................................................. 69 4.1.2 Evidence on Arts and Health......................................................................... 71 4.1.3 Conclusions on Arts and Health .................................................................... 71 4.2 Arts and Wellbeing ...................................................................................................... 73

5 The Social Impacts of Engagement with Culture and Sport

4.2.1 Conceptual Issues: Wellbeing and Quality of Life.......................................... 73 4.2.2 Evidence of Effects ....................................................................................... 75 4.2.3 Wellbeing and Health .................................................................................... 75 4.2.4 The Transformative Power of the Arts ........................................................... 75 4.2.5 Conclusions on Arts and Wellbeing............................................................... 76 4.3 Arts and Crime ............................................................................................................ 77 4.3.1 Conceptual Issues ........................................................................................ 77 4.3.2 Evidence of Effects ....................................................................................... 79 4.3.3 Conclusions on Arts and Crime ..................................................................... 80 4.4 The Arts and Social Capital ......................................................................................... 81 4.4.1 Conceptual Framework and Issues ............................................................... 81 4.4.2 Evidence of Effects ....................................................................................... 83 4.4.3 Volunteering.................................................................................................. 84 4.4.4 Conclusions on the Arts and Social Capital ................................................... 84 4.5 The Arts and Education ............................................................................................... 86 4.5.1 Conceptual Framework and Issues ............................................................... 86 4.5.2 Intermediate Outcomes ................................................................................. 88 4.5.3 Educational Attainment ................................................................................. 88 4.5.4 Conclusions on Arts and Education............................................................... 88 4.6 Arts and Multiple Impacts ............................................................................................ 90 4.6.1 Conceptual Issues ........................................................................................ 90 4.6.2 The Arts as a Catalyst for Social Change...................................................... 92 4.6.3 Multiple Impacts:Issues with Evidence .......................................................... 92 4.6.4 Multiple Impacts: Evidence............................................................................ 92 4.6.5 Social Inclusion ............................................................................................. 93 4.6.6 Regeneration ................................................................................................ 93 4.7 Differences in the Social Impacts of the Arts for Different Population Sub-groups ....... 95 5. Literature Review: Heritage.................................................................................................... 96 Summary of Social Impacts of Heritage............................................................................. 96 5.1 Heritage and Social Capital ......................................................................................... 97 5.1.1 Social Inclusion ............................................................................................. 97 5.1.2 Conclusion on Heritage and Social Capital ................................................... 97 5.2 Heritage and Multiple Impacts ..................................................................................... 98 5.2.1 Evidence of Heritage and Impacts................................................................. 98 5.2.2 Conclusion on Heritage and Multiple Impacts ............................................... 99 6. Literature Review: Museums, Libraries and Archives........................................................ 100 Summary of Social Impacts of Museums, Libraries and Archives .................................... 100 6.1 Museums, Libraries and Archives and wellbeing ....................................................... 101

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