STUDY GUIDE TO CHAPTER 19



Study Guide Aquatic EcologyName________________________Water by the Numbers: p.236_________% of the Earth is covered by water - which is: ________ % saltwater and _______% freshwater Fresh water: _______% polar ice /glaciers, __________% groundwater, _________ % surface water% liquid fresh water in available to us: ___less than 1% of all earth's water (0.024%)_________Florida Everglades p.47Why is the Florida Everglades ecosystem importantWhy is it called the "river of grass"What has caused a 30% reduction in the water flowWhat is the water polluted with & what does this causeList the 3 steps of The Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan of 2000Mono Lake p.27What is a terminal lake? Why is Mono Lake saltier than the ocean?Describe what happened when Los Angeles began to divert water from Owens & Mono LakesProperties of Water p.32-33Describe the unique physical and chemical properties of water Chapter 4 p. 108-112Aquatic biomes are categorized by:Based upon salinity - 2 main types: list the biomes in each typeFreshwater Saltwater or marineIdentify the environmental factors that affect aquatic ecosystems and divide them into layers: Temperature, amount of sunlight for photosynthesis, dissolved Oxygen, availability of nutrientsRivers & Streams (Lotic = flowing) Describe changes/differences between fast and slow moving biomesLakes & Ponds (Lentic = standing water) Describe each of the different zones LittoralLimneticProfundalBenthicWhat are phytoplankton, what do they do, & where are they locatedFreshwater WetlandsGeneral definitionSwampsMarshesBogsAre one of the [ most or least ] productive biomes on the planetDescribe the critical ecosystem (ecological) services they provideWetlands make up _______% of land in USMore than ___________ have been drained, mainly for agricultureSalt Marshes: DescribeEstuaries: define & why are they importantMangrove Swamps (Forests): Describe & explain why are the mangrove trees so importantIntertidal Zone: DescribeCoral Reefs: Where locatedWhat are they made of Describe symbiotic relationship with algae (zooxanthellae)Why are they importantList some challenges to survivalCoral bleaching: describe what happens, why are the algae dyingIdentify & describe the FOUR zones of the ocean:Coastal Photic (Euphotic) Aphotic (Bathyal)Benthic (Abyssal)Describe and identify in which layer of the ocean they would occurChemosynthesisBioluminescenceIdentify & describe the following types of aquatic organisms: Nekton -Strong swimmers: fish, turtles, whalesBenthos - bottom dwellers: oysters, lobsters, barnaclesZooplankton - drifting animals: protozoa, jellyfishIdentify the ecological and economic services provided by the ocean:Ecological: climate moderation, CO2 absorption (carbon sink), nutrient cycling, waste treatment, habitat, genetic resources & biodiversity, Reduced storm impact & erosion (mangroves, wetlands, estuaries)Economic: food, pharmaceuticals, harbors & transportation routes, coastal habitats for humans, recreation, employment, oil & gas, minerals, building materials The Coastal Zone makes up less than _10___% of the ocean, but contains __90__% of marine lifeChapter 9 p 235 -259What caused the drop in Salmon populations in the Klamath River?Who are the major interest groups competing over the Klamath River, and what does each one want?How was the conflict over Salmon and water in the Klamath River resolved?Groundwater - Define:AquiferUnconfined aquiferConfined aquiferWater tableGroundwater rechargeRecharge areaArtesian wellCone of depressionWhich aquifer is more likely to contaminated: confined or unconfined Which aquifer is more like to be depleted: confined or unconfined Describe the unique issues associated with the Ogallala AquiferIncluding: define/describe what it is, its uses, location, advantages, disadvantages Describe the process of saltwater intrusion. What is cause, where does it happenList 3 largest riversWhat is a floodplain. Why is it usually very fertileList 4 largest lakesEutrophication is a natural aging process for lakes, but when humans cause it, it is called cultural eutrophication. What is occurring and what are the problems associated with cultural eutrophication?Match the name to each description. Choices: oligotrophic lake, mesotrophic lake, eutrophic lake_________________________________ - Highly productive ecosystem with high levels of organic matter, murky water and thick mud on the bottom. Oxygen levels may be depleted and desirable fish populations are often low._________________________________ - A deep lake with clear water that has low productivity, little organic matter and high oxygen levels. Desirable fish populations are usually abundant and the lake is visually attractive._________________________________ - A productive ecosystem that has some organic matter, medium nutrient levels and somewhat clear water. A thick layer of decomposing organic matter is forming on the bottom of the lake and plants may be growing in the shallow zones near the lake boundaries. On particularly hot sunny days, oxygen levels may drop, but in general the lake has the oxygen to support desirable fish populations.List the negative impacts of a drought.Describe some ways that humans contribute to droughts. How do humans contribute to flooding?Fill in the chart below for ways humans alter waterways.Engineered StructureDescriptionPurposeBenefitsDrawbacksLeveeDikeDamAqueductSummarize each of the following water related case studies. Include what happened, where and why, the environmental impacts and any human health or economic impacts.Hurricane Katrina and the New Orleans LeveesThree Gorges DamColorado RiverAral Sea Describe desalinization of ocean water, the 2 methods, its benefits and drawbacks, and identify where desalinization is used:The United Nations estimates that nearly __________________ people live in regions with water scarcity.Using a map, be able to identify water rich and water poor areas.Identify the main use and the percentage usage of: ___________% Agriculture ____________% Industry ________% Cities/residence (Municipalities):Identify 4 methods of irrigation.a. _____________________, b. _______________________, c. _______________________ d._________________Describe the importance of drip irrigation:How does hydroponic agriculture works? What are the benefits and drawbacks? Describe 3 different ways industry uses water. What three household activities have the largest impact of water consumption in the United States?In the US, we rarely think about our drinking water. Why would someone in a less developed country think about drinking water on a daily basis?Water ownership is complicated.Why is it harder to determine ownership of water than for many other resources? Briefly describe 3 water conflicts How do economists suggest that we resolve these conflicts?What methods have wealthier, developed countries made to conserve water? Describe one option for each of the following activities: toilet flushing - bathing - laundry -outdoor usage -industry -runoff -How do recent trends in global water consumption compare with recent trends in US water consumption? Given these trends, what do you think will happen to global water use in the near future? What is grey water? What can it be used for? Are there any concerns about re-using grey water?Why could raising the price of water a key to water conservation?Describe the California Water Wars. Causes, effects, solutionsChapter 11 p. 301 - 303What are the 3 major sources of food for humansGlobal production of fish has increased __________% since 1980. This mask what 2 divergent trendsFarmed fish production b. Wild fish caught in oceanWhat is a fisheryWhy is the tragedy of the commons particularly applicable to ocean fisheriesThe number of fishing vessels and amount of time fishing has increased, but number of fish caught _____________% of fisheries worldwide had experienced a _________% decline in fish populationsDefine fishery collapseDescribe 3 different commercial fishing practices, and their effect Which is the most destructive?Drift net & long linePurse-seine & sonarDrag net/trawlerDescribe the 1996 Sustainable Fisheries Act. Why was it passed...what does it doDescribe the individual transferable quotas (ITQ) system. Where has it been successfulAquacultureDefineWhat is involvedWhat fish are being produced this wayProsConsList 4 reasons it is difficult to protect Aquatic Biodiversity1. Human population/footprint is expanding2. Much of the damage to oceans is not visible3. Many people incorrectly view the ocean as an inexhaustible resource4. most of the world's oceans lie outside any countries' legal jurisdiction ................
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