ЎЗБЕКИСТОН РЕСПУБЛИКАСИ
ЎЗБЕКИСТОН РЕСПУБЛИКАСИ
ОЛИЙ ВА ЎРТА МАХСУС ТАЪЛИМ ВАЗИРЛИГИ
АНДИЖОН ДАВЛАТ УНИВЕРСИТЕТИ
“Тасдиқлайман”
Ўқув ишлар бўйича проректор
доц. А.Ш. Маматюсупов_______
«_____»_____________2019 y.
5А111401-ЧЕТ ТИЛИ ВА АДАБИЁТИ (НОФИЛОЛОГИК) МАГИСТРАТУРА МУТАХАССИСЛИГИ БЎЙИЧА БИЛИМ ДАРАЖАСИНИ БЕЛГИЛОВЧИ МАХСУС ФАНЛАРДАН СИНОВ САВОЛНОМАЛАРИ БАЗАСИ
АНДИЖОН – 2019
С А В О Л Н О М А Л А Р
1. Инглиз тили
I. READ AND TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING TEXT
KAMOLIDDIN BEHZOD – AN ARTIST OF SENSE
AND SOUL
Born in Herat in 1455 into the family of a handicraftsman, Behzod is a brilliant representative of Oriental Renaissance. Muran Naqqosh, his tutor, had notable impact in Behzod becoming a mature artist. It is interesting to note the existence of “Nigaristan” the academy of painting at that time in Herat. The academy was an immense discovery for Behzod and from that time on, his regular studies of the secrets of painters of miniatures in that school was a great contribution to the development of his activity in miniatures.
It is worth noting Alisher Navoi’s support in his becoming a prominent painter and owing to him, Behzod’s activity reached its peak. Cooperating with Alisher Navoi, Behzod created miniatures to his poems. He also executed miniatures to “Laili and Majnun” by Hisrav Dekhlavi, to “Buston” by the poet Saadi, and to “Hamsa” by Nizomi Ganjavi.
Appointed as the leader of Sultan Husain Baikaro’s library in 1487, Behzod created his miniatures, which amused the people of the world at that time and continue to amuse people today.
The people of the world celebrated the 545th anniversary of Behzod’s birth in the year 2000 in cooperation with UNESCO. The Institute of National Arts and Design established a state award named after Kamoliddin Behzod. There is also a memorial museum garden named in his honor.
It is not surprising that following our independence, gained in 1991 on the 31st of August, we managed to learn much about K. Behzod.
Honored artist of Uzbekistan - Ortiqali Qozoqov
Life and work of W.M. THACKERAY
W.M.Thackeray is one of the world-known realists. Besides he was one of the biggest satirists in England. Specific feature and strength of his talent found their reflection in his satirical accusation of the bourgeois-aristocratic society. His contribution to the development of novel is connected with working out a form of novel-family chronicle, disclosing private life of heroes partly connected with social life.
He was the contemporary of the chartist movement. His literary works reflected the spirit (mood) of the public mass. His satire was directed against the ruling classes’ hypocrisy and vanity. Thackerey was from a well-to-do family. His father was a tax collector in Calcutta. After his father's death young William was sent to England. It happened when he was 6. In 1829 Thackeray entered Cambridge University (could not graduate from it).
Early period of Thackerey’s literary activity is connected with journalism (1829-1845). He wrote articles, essays and published them in Frazer’s Magazine, later in a weekly "Punch". Later his first stories came into being.
After school B.Sharp's real life starts. In order to be rich she is ready to do any ill actions. Emily's husband George Osborne is a snob. He is eager to establish contacts with aristocracy but has nothing to do with the poor.
Folk and Pop Music
Folk music consists of a people’s traditional songs and melodies. Folk songs deal with almost every kind of human activity. Many of these songs express the political or religious beliefs of a people or describe their history. Other folk songs simply provide amusement.
The ballad is one of the main types of western European and American folk songs. A ballad tells a story, usually based on actual events. Laborers create work songs to help their long days pass more quickly or to sing after work. Some union songs call for better conditions for workers. However, some folk songs, such as dance songs, nonsense songs are meant only to entertain. American folk music is noted for its energy, humor, and emotional impact.
Pop music has always been influenced by other forms of music: by jazz, the blues, classical music, ect. Another important influence is folk music.
Folk songs are the songs composed and sung by country people. The songs may be hundreds of years old, so nobody knows who originally composed them. Folk music is often music for dancing. In Britain it was traditionally played on instruments like the fiddle (another name for the violin), flute, bagpipes, accordion, concert, ect.
In the 1950 s and 1960 s the people who wrote songs and played them on acoustic guitars were also called folk singers. The songs were often “protest songs”, complaining
Jazz is a kind of music that has often been called the only art form to originate in the United States. The history of jazz began in the late 1800s. The music grew from a combination of influences, including black American music, African rhythms, American band traditions and instruments, and European harmonies and forms. Much of the best jazz is still written and performed in the United States. But musicians from many other countries are making major contributions to jazz.
“BOYSUN”
In May 2001 the UNESCO declared the cultural place of Boysun a “masterpiece of oral and non-material heritage of mankind”
Do you wish to travel into time; to be transferred to a forbidden territory that keeps the memory of the cultures of Greek, Baktrian and Kushan kingdoms that fell into oblivion; of heathen ceremonies of fire-worshippers and shaman cults?
Just two hours drive from Termez (center of Surkhandarya Region of Uzbekistan) in the direction of Boysuntogh mountains, and you can find yourself in a totally different world where centuries old way of life and relationship between people are preserved almost in primitive condition.
Names of villages such as Rabat, Derbend, Padang, and Kofirun sound like a magical music that promises travel into a fairy tale. Each family keeps ceremonies and hands them down from generation to generation.
The most remarkable thing is that Boysun is neither a myth nor a theatrical performance of the past days. Nor it is fantasy. This is a reality. A small land with people living in the past, does exist. Here, each holiday, each event in one’s life (birth, marriage, death) is accompanied with certain ritual ceremonies that are filled with specific meaning and keep the echoes of heathen creeds. Alpamysh, a heroic epic poem was composed in this very place, during the time of the Uzbek king Kungrat, on whose life the folk song was based.
YALLA
The ensemble Yalla was formed in 1971 by Botir Zokirov, a famous, talented actor and the founder of a national variety band in Uzbekistan. The group is made up of a select group of musicians, the followers of B. Zokirov, who were students of Tashkent Theatrical and Artist’s Institute.
One member of the group sang the song “Qiz bola” and the rest of the group repeated the refrain, which was “Yal-la , Yal-la” and this word determined the name of the group. They became a professional variety band of Uzbekistan.
With the appearance and leadership of Farruh Zokirov after his brother Botir Zokirov’s death, this ensemble has continued to grace the stage of art for more than 30 years. Eastern tradition can be noted in their music, dances, dress and in the devotion of their songs.
Independence allowed Yalla to travel to many countries. The stages of Euro-Asian countries were looking forward to seeing Yalla the first vocal- instrumental ensemble, the variety rock group of Uzbekistan. Farruh Zokirov is the leading soloist. With their songs and music they won the hearts of a variety of music lovers around the world.
Yalla released three truly outstanding CDs, “Uchquduk, the Face of the Beloved, and The Musical Tearoom ”. The group`s variety tunes can be heard from America to Australia.
As we remember Botir Zokirov, the founder of Uzbek variety band Yalla, we can still imagine him on stage – it is impossible to forget his face. His striking eyes were like large dark plums as they sparkled, surprisingly magnetic. He stood in front of the microphone with his hand over his heart – a gesture of humility and gratitude. It seemed Botir’s songs kept us frozen in the moment.
The Sand Castle by Iris Murdock (an extract)
Already the light was leaving the earth and taking refuge in the sky. The big windows of Demoyte’s drawing room stood open upon the garden. In the last light of the evening Rain Carter was painting. She was completely absorbed in what she was doing. Early that morning Rain had found herself able to make a number of important decisions about the picture, and once her plan had become clear she started at once to put it into execution. A white sheet was laid down in the drawing–room on which the easel was placed together with a kitchen table and a chair. Paints and brushes stood upon the table, and the large canvas had been screwed on the easel. Enthroned opposite, beside one of the windows, sat Demoyte, his shoulder touching one of the rugs, which hung behind him upon the wall. Through the window was visible a small piece of the garden, some trees, and above the trees in the far distance the tower of the school. In front of Demoyte stood a table spread with books and papers. Demoyte had been sitting there at Rain’s request for a large part of the afternoon and was by this time rather irritable. During much of this period Rain had not been painting but simply walking up and down and looking at him, asking him to alter his position slightly, and bringing various objects and laying them upon the table.
Classical Chamber Music
By chamber music is meant ensemble music for from two to about eight or nine instruments with one player to the part, as distinct from orchestral music, in which a single instrumental part is presented by anywhere from two to eighteen players. The essential trait of chamber music is its intimacy and refinement. There is neither the surge and thunder of the symphony nor the grand gesture of the operatic stage. The drama is of an inward kind. Each instrument is expected to assert itself to the full, but the style of playing differs from that of the solo virtuoso. Where the virtuoso is encouraged to exalt his own personality, the chamber-music player functions as part of a team. The Classical era saw the golden age of chamber music nature of a friendly conversation among equals.
They were shown in. Their seats were in the second row. The orchestra was just beginning to come in.
Karen had heard an orchestra once or twice on the radio. But she had never seen one. The violinists were tuning their instruments. “Where are the flutes and clarinets?” Karen asked.“They can’t be seen,” Rosalba answered, “because they are hidden behind their music stands”.
A burst of applause was heard and the first violin came in. “He always comes in alone” Rosalba explained.
Suddenly there was loud applause. The orchestra sprang to their feet. The conductor walked in with a quick step and bowed from the conductor’s platform right and left several times. All the eyes were turned to him. Then the orchestra sat down again and the conductor spread his arms. Dead silence fell in the room. The concert began. The first piece that was performed was unknown to Karen. Karen watched the conductor, fascinated. With his whole body he seemed to be drawing the music out of his players. A wave of the arm and the harp joined in. A shake of the first and the drums were heard.
William Shakespeare and Globe theatre.
William Shakespeare was born at Stratford-upon-Avon in April 1564. He was the third child, and the eldest son, of John Shakespeare and Mary Arden. His father was one of the most prosperous men of Stratford. Little is known of Shakespeare’s early life. In 1592 Shakespeare became suddenly famous as playwright. In April 1593 he published his poem Venus and Adonis. It was a great and lasting success, and was reprinted nine times in the next few years.
There was little playing in 1593. The theatres were shut during a severe outbreak of the plague, but in the autumn of 1594, when the plague ceased, the playing companies were re-organized, and Shakespeare became a sharer in the Lord Chamberlain’s company.
In 1742 Charles Macklin, an Irish actor and playwright, and David Garrick, a famous English actor and theatrical manager, came to New Place (the house built on the site of Shakespeare’s own house) and sat in Shakespeare’s garden under the famous mulberry tree that Shakespeare had planted with his own hands. It is after this that Garrick decided to “take Shakespeare into partnership” and organized the Stratford jubilee of 1769.
It was the prelude to all festivals. Medals were issued in copper, silver, or gold, with Shakespeare’s face on one side and David Garrick’s on the other. There was ringing of bells, breakfast in the Town Hall, speeches, Oratorio in church. And so on for three days.
Changes in Radio Industry
Today, radio is a bigger business than it was in the beginning in terms of stations, programs, listeners, and dollars, but it has become a supplemental medium with the introduction of the television. It wasn’t always this way. In the 1930s and 1940s, before there was television, radio was the world’s primary medium of entertainment.
The history of radio as a medium of entertainment and information began with a Russian immigrant to America named David Sarnoff. In 1912 while working for American Marconi Company in New York City as a wireless telegraph operator at the age of 21, he heard the faint signal that read “S.S. Titanic ran into an iceberg. Sinking fast.” For the next 72 hours he was the only link between the Titanic disaster and the rest of the world. Three years later David wrote a memo to the vice-president of his company that read: “I have in mind a plan of development which would make radio a ‘household utility’ in the same sense as the piano or phonograph.
By the end of World War II radio had set the entertainment stage for the television industry. Advertising, entertainment programs, and news reporting all gained their momentum in television because of their beginnings in radio. It didn’t take long for television to catch up to and pass the radio industry. Television and radio soon began competing for prime-time hours, the hours after dinner when most Americans wanted to be entertained. Radio had to reformat to fit other needs of its audience.
Today radio is used for transmitting music, religious information, political information, psychology and self-help advice ranging from gardening tips to health advice. During the early morning hours while most Americans are getting ready for work and commuting to their offices, they turn on their radios at home and in the car in order to hear news updates and traffic information. With the increased speed of broadband cable Internet users, it is possible to listen to just about any radio station around the world on the Internet. Since its proposal by David Sarnoff as a means of bringing entertainment into the home, radio has survived and adapted to fit the needs of a changing society. It will no doubt continue to change as the age of digital technology transforms how we bring entertainment into our lives.
The Power of the Television
Like most inventions, television was the combination of earlier technological developments and not the creation of a single ‘creative genius.’ Its history can be traced in the developments of radio, motion pictures, photography, and the electronic camera. Although much of this technology had existed for some time, the first experimental broadcasts did not take place until the mid- 1920s. These broadcasts took place more or less simultaneously in Hungary, the Soviet Union, the USA and Germany.
Regular television transmissions began in 1936 in Britain, and in 1939 in the USA. Television was forced to close down completely in Britain throughout the Second World War and it was not until after the war that television was able to grow as a medium, in part thanks to military technology and expertise. It was during the 1950s that television overtook cinema as the most popular medium of entertainment for the majority of the population in Europe and North America. This phenomenon of television becoming the most powerful medium of communication around the world has occurred alongside industrialization and the resulting changes in living standards throughout the world. Today Television is even considered by most people around the world to be a necessity and not a luxury item in the home. Television’s worldwide power and influence can be seen in the priority television stations give to reporting and showing war pictures on camera. The picture of war and its aftermath can now be brought into the home through the television. Likewise, television’s power is evident in the billions of dollars advertisers pay to television stations to advertise their products to a watching world.
Impact of Film Across Cultures
When Thomas Edison filmed his assistant Fred Ott “sneezing” in front of the camera, the world of 1889 had no idea the impact Edison’s kinetoscope would have on culture around the world. Within a few years his new method to project a motion picture that could be viewed by large audiences had spread to Europe and beyond. Soon the first story was told on film, and by 1915 a feature-length historical epic, Birth of a Nation, was produced in America. The version of American history that producer David Wark Griffith chose to present about America’s Civil War caused many political demonstrations from the public. President Woodrow Wilson himself referred to the film as a “history written with lightning.” This first feature-length film did not only prove to be first in its length but also proved the emotional and persuasive influence film has had on its audiences since the very beginning.
By 1927, when the Vitaphone process was invented to synchronize film’s picture with sound, there were around 15,000 movie houses in America. The next invention addition that came to film was color. The film Wizard of Oz is famous for being the first feature-length film to debut Technicolor’s three-color technology in 1932. Movie magic became the words to describe the cinematic experience in the 1930s. The magic was right before your eyes like never before with sound and color. For those who could afford it during the Depression of the 1930s, movie magic was the best way to forget your troubles.
Once television came and put the public back in the homes for their entertainment, movie palaces were the first to die. In only one decade the number of tickets sold at the box office were reduced from 90 million to less than half that by the late 1950s. The film industry had to adjust to find new incentives for coming back to the movies.
Polytheistic Religions of the World
The world is full of many different religions. People practice religion for several reasons. Many people throughout the world follow a religion simply because it is part of the heritage of their culture, tribe, or family. Religion gives many people a feeling of security because they believe that a divine power watches over them. These people often ask the power for help or protection. Many people follow a religion because it promises them salvation, a hope in life after death, or sense of fulfillment and meaning in life. In addition, religion provides the enjoyment of a sense of connection with fellow believers.
Religion is an organized system of beliefs, ceremonies, and practices that center on belief in one God or gods deserving obedience and worship. The essential qualities of a religion are maintained and passed from generation to generation by sources given by some authority that the followers accept as sacred and are usually canonized into writings known as scriptures. There are eight major religions in the world: Buddhism, Confucianism, Hinduism, Shinto, Taoism, Judaism, Christianity and Islam. The first five listed are all polytheistic religions and the last three, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are all monotheistic. Each of these major religions of the world bases its faith on the life or teachings of specific individuals.
Hinduism began around 1500 BC. The oldest Hindu scriptures were a collection of hymns and texts to the gods and handed down orally in what is known today as the Vedas or “Knowledge.”
Buddhism was partly a rebellion against certain features of Hinduism. Buddhism opposed the Hindu worship of many deities. Buddha taught that people should devote themselves to finding release from the suffering of life by practicing extreme self-discipline and denying all sorts of pleasure.
Confucius became the most influential philosopher of the Chinese during his lifetime between 551-479 BC. Because he developed his teaching during a time of political and social unrest, his primary concern was the improvement of society. Rather than look to the gods or spirits for help, he believed that it was more important to know the duties of man living in society.
Shintoism developed in early Japanese society as a faith in the simple worship of natural forces and family spirits. Around the 4th century BC the Yamato clan emerged as the ruling power in Kyushu and extended its conquests into eastern Japan by the first few centuries AD.
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Monotheistic Religions
Judaism, Christianity and Islam
Of the world’s three monotheistic religions, Judaism is the oldest and also the parent to both Christianity and Islam. At the heart of Judaism is the belief that there is one God who created and rules over the world. He sees and knows everything and has revealed his teachings to his people in the Torah. The Torah was written by Moses and follows the story of creation, the meeting Abraham had with God and the exodus of the Jews from slavery in Egypt. According to the Torah, Abraham was told by God to go to the land of Canaan and settle his family there. Today this land is known as Palestine.
Christianity is based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth and is directly descended from the religion of the Jews. Most Christians believe God sent Jesus to the world as the Messiah prophesied to be the seal of a new covenant between God and all people.
Islam is based on the life and teaching of the prophet Muhammad, who lived in Arabia around 600’s AD. During Muhammad’s life the people of Mecca worshipped a different god for each day of the year. According to Islamic tradition Muhammad had the first of several visions in 610 AD. The vision occurred while Muhammad was meditating in a cave near his birthplace of Mecca. The vision commanded Muhammad to preach the message of Allah to the people of his country so he began preaching in Mecca that there was only one God. As Muhammad gained a number of followers, a tribe called the Quraysh who controlled Mecca began to oppose Muhammad. To avoid persecution by the Quraysh, Muhammad fled to the city of Medina. Muhammad’s journey from Mecca to Medina is called the Hijra and is one of the central events in the founding of Islam. In 622 AD, Muhammad led an army from Medina to Mecca. He offered the people of the city generous peace terms. The people of Mecca were looking for someone to help them overcome their divisions. As a result, his army was able to take the city with little resistance. He made Mecca the sacred city and center of Islam.
A Changing World At Your Fingertips
“Extra! Extra! Read all about it!” were familiar words heard on the streets of New York City in 1833 when a young 22 year old, Benjamin Day, developed the idea of printing newspaper for the masses. People on the crowded streets of New York City heard newsboys yelling the latest news in print available for only a few cents. Within hours thousands of passers-by would read the same article about the day’s news. This young inventor was probably no more aware of the history behind print communications than he was of his own place in history delivering mass media communications for the first time to a watching world.
Centuries before people were crowding the streets of New York City to buy the latest newspaper, the idea of print and even the invention of paper itself were accomplished in the Far East. The Italian explorer, Marco Polo, described the Chinese system of printing and the invention of paper upon his return to Italy in 1295. Soon after paper arrived, experiments with the idea of a printing press were underway.
Many newspapers serve a certain demographic of society. Print communication is usually targeted by social class, occupation, political position, age group, interests and even salary.There are college newspapers, women’s magazines, sports magazines, arts and crafts magazines, international papers, religious magazines, and minority magazines. The circulation of a daily newspaper like the Wall Street Journal is close to 2 million. With the introduction of other news sources, such as the Internet and television, editors have had to find new ways to recapture their subscriber’s attention.
Newspapers progressed through many changes since the early days of Benjamin Day on the streets of New York. They have gone from being censured by the government, to being extremely political and one-sided in content, to becoming politically neutral and marketed instead to different segments of society. The newspaper industry has found a way to survive in the fast technological world of Internet news by adapting its practices of marketing news on the printed page.
The British Broadcasting Corporation
The BBC is based at Broadcasting House in London, although it has studios in many other parts on the country. A board of governors appointed by the government controls the BBC, but once appointed this board has complete freedom and the government cannot interfere. Everyone who owns or rents a television set has to pay a yearly license. There is no advertising on BBC radio or television, and it is from the sale of licenses that the BBC gets most of its money.
There are four radio channels, each of which « specializes». Radio 1 has mainly pop music; Radio 2 has light music, comedy, sport; Radio 3 has classical and twentieth century music, talks on serious subjects, plays ancient and modern. Radio 4 specializes in the spoken word-the main news reports, talks and discussions, plays, etc. In addition the BBC has local radio stations in many cities and districts. The BBC also broadcasts news and information about Britain to countries all over the world. This World Service provides programs in forty different languages, as well as English.
BBC has two television channels: BBC 1 and BBC 2. BBC 2 offers more serious programs than BBC 1-documentaries and discussions, adaptations of novels into plays and serials, operas and concerts. BBC 1 programs consist largely of lighter plays and series, humor and sport, there also some interesting documentaries. BBC 2 is watched by only 10 per cent of all viewers.
Radio and television programs for the week are published in the BBC periodical, «Radio Times». The BBC publishes another weekly periodical «The Listener», in which a selection of radio and TV talks are printed.
TELEVISION IN UZBEKISTAN
The birth place of television is Tashkent. The famous Russian scientist B.L. Rosing was the founder of the electronic television. In 1911,he constructed a cathode-ray tube which was an electronic television. However, Rosing didn’t invent an electronic transmitting device. That was the creation of two other Tashkenters - B.P.Grabovsky and I.F.Belyansky - both inventors.
In 1928 the young inventors demonstrated their Telegot prototype of present-day electronic television. Nowadays you may see this TV in the Tashkent museum. This invention is recognized by scientific organizations of the world and a certificate was given and there it is written: «Knowing the history of the development of electronics we testify, that the service of B.I. Grabovsky and I.R.Belyansky in the development of electronic television is incontestable».
On the 26th of June, 1968, the Uzbek people marked the 40th anniversary of TV’s invention.
The television of Uzbekistan, although very much younger than radio broadcasting, developed at such a rapid rate that soon it embraced nearly 90% of the population; showing its programs on a number of channels.
Today the Uzbek TV Committee is equipped with the most up-to-date installation and equipment and is serviced by a staff of thousands of specialists - journalists, producers, operators, artists, engineers and others.
Special programs are devoted to different branches of industry, agriculture and small business and moral, ethical and family affairs.
My Future Profession
Now I am going to tell you about my future profession.
There are different professions in the world. Every pupil when he (or she) finishes school thinks about his (or her) future profession. Many of us chose our future profession before we finished school. When I was a pupil, I also thought much about my future profession. But I didn’t know what profession to choose, because all professions were good and useful. For example the workers work at the plants and factories and they produce different things, which are useful for people. The farmers grow food for our people and our country, the doctors look after our health, the architects and builders built beautiful houses. But there is one profession, which I like best. That is a profession of a teacher. It is a noble profession. The teacher teaches all the workers, farmers, doctors, engineers, builders, architects and others. So I decided to be a teacher. But the teachers may be in different subjects. They may be teachers in literature, mathematics, physics, chemistry, history, geography and others. At school I learned Uzbek, Russian and foreign languages. I decided to be an English teacher. I liked this language when I studied at school. Now I want to learn it better and to teach to others from this language. We know that English is spoken in many countries and it is one of the international languages in the world. So I decided to be an English teacher. When I graduated, I’ll do my best to be a good English teacher.
Washington Irving (1783-1859)
Washington Irving was as much a writer of the Age of Reason as of Romanticism. He never surrendered his cheerful criticism, and his romance is at the same time a satirical pamphlet. Irving was the first great prose stylist. He introduced Romanticism as a literary trend in America pointing out the way for Cooper and later Longfellow.
Washington Irving was born in the city of New York. His father was a prosperous merchant, who had come to America from Scotland. Washington, the youngest of eleven children, being sick in childhood, was not sent to school. His English - born mother had him educated at home. He was well read in Chaucer and Spenser, and the 18th century English literature. His favourite author was Oliver Goldsmith. So, amid New-World surroundings he developed a natural talent for writing in Old-World ways.
Washington was fond of wandering around the country-side. On the outskirts of his native city he made himself familiar with places famous in history and legends. He knew every spot where a robbery had been committed or ghosts were supposed to have been seen. When he grew older, he longed to travel. Later voyages became his passion, and he would spend hours at the port watching departing ships with longing eyes. At fifteen he tried his hand at writing. Some little satires on New York life were even printed in his brother's magazine. Writing became his hobby, but his father wanted him to be a lawyer, and at seventeen he was sent to studying law . In 1804, a journey to Europe undertaken for the sake of his health, stimulated his interest in foreign culture. In England he loved to wander among ruined castles and old abbeys. In London, at the library of the British Museum, he burned over worm-eaten volumes, reading whatever pleased him. In Paris he studied science at the university. Later he also visited Sweden, Holland and Italy.
Social life, sport and problems at British Universities
Each college at Oxford has several clubs of its own. Most of the students belong to one or more clubs. There is a debating club in every college as well as athletic and football clubs, and so on. At the clubs the students may read a book, a newspaper or play billiards with a friend. There are many University clubs which bring together students who are interested in literature, art, music, drama, traveling.
There is hardly any form of sport in which students do not engage. Of all the sports, rowing plays a leading role. Then comes cricket, a national English game, and then football.
The earliest English club is known to be Le Court de Bone Companies. It flourished in the 16 th centuries and was likely to be a dining club.
With the rise of coffeehouses in the middle of the 17 th century clubs seemed to acquire more or less settled homes and they began to take a distinctive character. We believe it to be usual for the landlord of a coffeehouse to rely for his profit on the food and brink consumed by the members. The presence of notable men was desirable. It was at this period that the term “club” in its modern sense first came into common use.
In the 18 th centuries the number and variety of clubs increased very rapidly. Important and influential was the political clubs. But the literary, artistic and social associations were the most characteristic of the period.
A university consists of a number of departments: art, law, music, economy, education, medicine, engineering, etc. After three years of study a student may proceed to a Bachelor’s degree, and later to the degrees of Master and Doctor. Besides universities there are at present in Britain 300 technical colleges, providing part-time and full-time education. The organization system of Oxford and Cambridge differs from that of all other universities and colleges. The teachers are usually called Dons. Part of the teaching is by means of lectures organized by the university. Teaching is also carried out by tutorial system. This is the system of individual tutorage organized by the colleges. Each student goes to his tutor’s room once a week to read and discuss an essay that the student has prepared.
Tips for Healthy Living
There are four meals a day in an English home: breakfast, lunch, tea and dinner. Breakfast is the first meal of the day. It is at about 8 o'clock in the morning, and consists of porridge with milk and salt or sugar, boiled or fried eggs, and bread and butter with marmalade or jam. Some people like to drink tea, but others prefer coffee. Instead of porridge they may have fruit juice, or they may prefer biscuits. The usual time for lunch is 1 o'clock. This meal starts with soup or fruit juice. This is followed by some meat or poultry with boiled or fried potatoes, carrots and beans. Pudding is often next. Instead of the pudding some people prefer cheese and biscuits. Last of all comes coffee, black or with milk. English people often drink something with lunch.
EAT YOUR FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. Fruits and vegetables are great for snacking. They can calm your craving for sweet or crunchy, plus they are good for you! Fruits and vegetables are excellent sources of fiber, vitamins, and minerals. They can also help prevent diseases such as cancer.
KEEP MOVING. Incorporate activity into your daily routine. Does this mean going to the gym for an hour each day? NO! Keep busy by taking the stairs instead of the elevator, walk instead of taking the bus, get up to change the TV station and do sit-ups and jumping jacks during TV commercials. Being more active throughout the day may help increase your metabolic rate. An increase in metabolic rate will help you burn more calories during normal daily activities.
LEFTOVERS ARE GOOD! You don’t have to clean your plate. Save the leftovers for another meal or snack.Try to pay attention to your body. When you feel satisfied or full, stop eating. If you want to stay at the table and talk after a meal, remove your plate so you are not tempted to keep nibbling.
THERE IS NO SUCH THING AS «NOW I’VE BLOWN IT COMPLETELY.» An indulgent treat or a day without exercising is OKAY. It is better to satisfy a craving than to be consumed by the thought of it. Occasional treats are acceptable - remember that all foods can fit into your eating plan. The guideline for aerobic exercise is 3-5 times per week for 20-60 minutes. Taking a few days off throughout the week is okay!
TAKE THINGS SLOWLY. The best way to lose weight and keep it off is to lose it slowly, by making lifestyle changes. Rapid weight loss may feel good in the short term, but usually that weight comes back - plus some. Focus on healthy living and feeling good versus losing weight!
What is HIV/AIDS?
AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome), a major worldwide epidemic, is caused by infection with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) which kills or harms cells of the body’s immune system (T-cells), gradually destroying the body’s ability to fight infections and certain cancers. There are two types of HIV, HIV-1, which is distributed worldwide, and HIV-2, which us largely confined to West Africa. Individuals diagnosed with AIDS are likely to get life-threatening diseases called opportunistic infections which are caused by bacteria, viruses, and other types of microscopic organisms that are usually harmless to healthy people. AIDS is called “acquired” to distinguish it from inherited (genetic) forms of immune deficiency. It is called a “syndrome” because it is a set of symptoms that occur together, rather than a clear-cut disease.
Symptoms usually appear when the T-cell level drops below 200. Some people become so ill from the symptoms of AIDS that they are unable to hold a job or do household chores, while others may experience phases of intense life-threatening illness followed by periods of normal functioning. The term AIDS applies to the most advanced stages of HIV infection, and includes all HIV- infected people who have fewer than 200 CD4 T cells. (Healthy adults usually have counts of 1,000 or more).
HIV transmission occurs when a person is exposed to body fluids infected with the virus, such as blood, semen, vaginal secretions, and breast milk. The primary modes of HIV transmission are (1) sexual relations with an infected person; (2) sharing hypodermic needles or accidental pricking by a needle contaminated with infected blood; and (3) transfer of the virus from an infected mother to her baby during pregnancy, childbirth, or through breast-feeding.
AIDS is an international problem that touches people in every country of the world. People with AIDS need our support and encouragement. Let’s think about how we can support them!
Fighting for peace
Now I am going to tell you about fighting for peace. It is very important for mankind.
We can live and work only in case we have peace. Now we live in the atomic age. Many people don’t know the meaning of this word. It means that the people can use the atomic power. They can use the atomic power for peaceful purposes too. But the most of the states in the world try to use it for military purposes. They make atomic weapon. It is very dangerous weapon. It can kill many people and destroy many towns.
Of course, we need atomic power, but it must be used only for peaceful purposes. There are many people in the world who can’t use atomic power in their country. They live in bad conditions. In order to make the life of the people better they need much energy. And that’s why atomic power must be used only for peaceful purposes.
We don’t want wars, and we want to live in peace.
People can live, work and build beautiful cities only when they live in peace.
That is why all people in the world must fight for the peace. Our country fights for peace. We want to live in peace and friendship with other peoples in the world. That is why we say and sing may there always be sunshine. May there always be peace in the world. That is all about fighting for peace. Thank you for your attention.
THANKSGIVING IN THE UNITED STATES
In 1608, a group of people later known as the “Pilgrims” left England to seek religious freedom in Holland. After some years, their children began to learn the Dutch life style and language. The Pilgrims became concerned with this because they considere the Dutch ideas a threat to their children’s education. On September 16, 1620, after many years of planning and preparation, the Pilgrims set sail for America, the “New World”, where they could live their lives in freedom. They sailed from Plymouth, England on a ship called the “Mayflower”. The 44 Pilgrims were joined by 58 other passengers and sailors.
The trip to the New World was long, cold and damp. It took over two months. The Pilgrims were overcrowded, their food was spoiling, and their water was running out. By the time land was sighted on November 19th, many passengers had become sick and one had died. After the long, hard journey, the Pilgrims sighted Cape Cod on November 19. They anchored on November 21 at the site of Provincetown, Massachusetts. The settlers soon discovered Plymouth Harbor, on the western side of Cape Cod Bay and made their historic landing on December 21, 1620.
The first winter was very cold. Most of the days it snowed, which made it hard to construct their homes, so most of them lived on the ship. In March, the weather began to turn warmer and the health of the Pilgrims improved. Of the 102 original passengers, less than 50 had survived the first winter.
On March 16, 1621, something very important happened. An Indian brave walked into the Pilgrim’s settlement and greeted them in English. This Indian’s name was Samoset and he was a member of the Pemaquid tribe.
After a busy summer of planting and hunting the Pilgrims were ready to face the next winter. The October harvest was very successful. The Pilgrims had enough food to make it through the coming cold months. There was corn, fruits and vegetables; fish packed in salt and meat to be smoked. They had much to celebrate and be thankful for. They were at peace with their Indian neighbors, had houses and food.
The Pilgrims continued to observe this day of Thanksgiving each year and throughout America’s early history, special days of thanks were declared. In 1863, during the American Civil War (1861-1865), President Abraham Lincoln proclaimed the last Thursday in November Thanksgiving Day in order to encourage the Union soldier’s morale. After the war, Congress established Thanksgiving as a national holiday, to be celebrated every year.
History of Celebrating Navruz (New Year)
The celebration of Navruz usually lasted for one month. Seven different dishes, beginning with the letters «S» and «Sh» were put on the table (dastarkhan) laid for the guests. Besides that, Navruz had both ritual and political significance. According to legend, on the day of the Winter Equinox, Jamshid used to rise to the Heaven and there he would get a star. Then during the first days of the celebration of Navruz, he would get back to his throne. Beruni wrote as follows: «when the Sun entered the orbit of the Aries constellation, the spring would usually come. On that day the Khorasaan governors gave their warriors the spring and summer uniforms and treated them with delicious food.”
In the Eastern parts of the empire, Beruni wrote how the Navruz holiday lasted from one day to one month. On the sixth day of the month, the Great Navruz would usually come. According to one legend, on that day Allah finished the creation of the world. It was on this day that he created Saturn. And so, the most joyful hours of Navruz was the time of Saturn, when Allah gave the inhabitants of the earth both happiness and blessings. The Iranian people called that day the “Day of Hopes,” “Ruzi Umed”.
During Beruni’s time Navruz was celebrated for the whole month of March. For the first five days, Navruz was observed by the Padishah and his court. The second five days it was celebrated by ministers of religion. The third five-day week remained for celebration by employees and educated people and the fourth five-day week there were organized folk wanderings. The fifth five-day week came to an end with the farmer’s celebration. Navruz was at that time, indeed a nationwide celebration and continues to be to this day.
Our institute
I study at the Tashkent Region State Pedagogical Institute. It is one of 1 largest educational instuitions in our republic. It has morning a correspondence departments. Thousands of students of differs nationalities study there.
There are many faculties at the Institute. They train futi specialists-teachers and educators of the rising generation. They have modern study rooms, laboratories and workshops. There is a big library at the Institute. It has thousands of books. We find a large sport hall and sports grounds at the Institute too. Students m go in for various kinds of sports there.
Many experienced teachers work at the Institute. They do the best to teach and bring up the future specialists. The curriculum of the Institute includes numerous subjects which are necessary for the mode teachers. The students have a practical work at secondary schools too. The graduates of the Institute teach children at schools of Uzbekistan.
People’s universities of culture are form of public education sponsored by houses of culture as well as by clubs. There is no uniform programmed for such universities. As a rule there are no examinations or tests. Such universities offer course of lectures on science culture, music, art, literature, theatre and cinema, lectures are accompanied by films, concerts, and talks with poets, writers or play and film producers and actors. Seminars and debates are held. Visit to museums and picture galleries as well as to plays and concerts are part of the course.
There are now two basic types of people’s universities-one for vocational training and the other for raising the general cultural stand arts.
Lecturers are usually local specialists in a particular field who prove to work on a voluntary basis. Everybody knows no fees to be changed for attendance.
My working day
My working days begins early. I always get up at 7 o’clock. First of all I do my mornig exercises. Then I go to the bathroom, clean my teeth, wash myself and dress. At half past 7 I am ready for breakfast. While having breakfast I like to listen the latest news on TV and look through the newspapers. After breakfast I go to the University. It takes me 10 minutesto get there. I am never late. I always come in time.
Now I tell you about my day. My name is Nodirbek. I am 15 years old. I finished school this (last) year. My dream is to enter the University. I want to be a teacher of Russian language and literature. Every day I get up at 7 o’clock. After that, I do my morning jerks. Then I wash and dress. I have my breakfast at a quarter (fifteen minutes) to eight. I usually have bread, sugar, butter and tea for breakfast. After breakfast I go to college (lyceum). Our lessons begin at half past 8 (830). Every day we have six lessons. Our lessons are over at 1300. Then I go home. I have dinner at half past (1330) thirteen. After dinner I usually have a little rest. Then I help my parents. I have supper at 20 in the evening. After supper I watch TV or go out to do my lesson. I usually go to bed at 2200 o’clock.
Social life and sport in Uzbekistan ad in British
Sport makes people healthy. In our country many people go in for different kinds of sport. The people may go in for gymnastics, volleyball, basketball, football, wrestling, boxing, figure skating and many other sports.
In summer they go in for summer sports and in winter in for winter sports. The most popular summer sports are swimming, boating, cycling and many other sports games.
There are different kinds of sport teams in our country. They are school teams, institute teams, town teams, and village teams.
Our sportsmen are famous in the world. There are many champions of the world and Asia among the Uzbek sportsmen. Our football team was the champion of Asia. Football is very popular in our country.
Every year many sportsmen take part in different competitions. Many of them are awarded gold, silver and bronze medals.
Speaking about sport in England each college at Oxford has several clubs of it an own. Most of the students belong to one or more clubs. There is a debating club in every college as well as athletic and football clubs, and so on. At the clubs the students may read a book, a newspaper or play billiards with a friend. There are many University clubs which bring together students who are interested in literature, art, music, drama, traveling.
There is hardly any form of sport in which students do not engage. Of all the sports, rowing plays a leading role. Then comes cricket, a national English game, and then football.
The Shakespeare’s memorial theatre
Stratford-upon-Avon, as the birthplace of Shakespeare, began to attract attention in the 18 century after Garrick’s staged jubilee celebrations in 1769, and the idea gradually arose that the town would be the scene of regular festival performances of Shakespeare plays.
For the original theatre, which was opened in 1879 with Much Ado About Nothing, people are indebted to a Stratford citizen Charles Flower (1830-1892) who was struggling for years against the apathy of the general public and attacks of the London critics. Having given the site, he headed the first subscription list myth a gift of a thousand pounds and issued a public appeal for funds. Being confident that all culture men of means and goodwill would give financial support to the project he built a modern Gauthier theatre at a cost of twenty thousand pounds.
The Tretyakov Gallery in Moscow, one of the world’s largest museums of fine art, enjoys a truly universal popularity in the Russia and is widely known aboard. The stream of people coming to see its treasures, the number of visitors has been growing steadily, of late reaching 1,700,000 a year. Added to this are hundreds of thousands of people in the different republics and regions of the Russia to whom the Gallery’s stocks are made available through traveling exhibitions.
This popularity is due to the Gallery’s unique collection of Russia and multinational Russia art which today comprises more than fifty-five thousand paintings, drawings and sculptures.
About Amir Temur and Temurids’ Museum
This year we celebrated the 679th anniversary of Amir Temur’s birth.
This story is about how Amir Temur and European, one of English kings sent to each other messages. Message is a letter, you know it.
So Sohibkiran and the King of England, of that very distant country wrote to each other. It is well known in Western Europe that Tamer lane (they call so Amir Temur) and his son Mira shah had correspondence with England. Correspondence means writings, message, and letter writings. Only two messages from the King of England, Henry IV have been reached us, that is, we have now. One of them was written to Mira shah, another to Amir Temur. Both of them were written to Mira shah, another to Amir Temur. Both of them are in British Museum in London. Message from Henry IV to Mira shah was published in London in 1860 and his message to Sohibkiran in 1846.
Amir Temur became a great and famous man, as an any other great man he could say about his life “My life is an interesting novel!”
He was born on April 9, 1336 in the village of Hoja-ilgor near Shahrisabz. His father was a rich man whose name was Amir Tara gay. His mother Teguna was a noble woman. So the son was well educated in their family.
Now, the construction of the museum of Amir Тemur and the Temurds dynasty in Tashkent has become a good addition to the architectural ensemble of the city center. The architectural monument “Gur Emir” (Amir Temur’s tomb) in Samarkand, and the image of the King’s crown was taken a pattern for the museum.
A gallery is surrounded by 20 white cone shaped columns each of them 10 meters high. There are ceramic panels on the round facade of the museum, decorated with geometrical design and eight-pointed stars with gold covering on the background.
The museum has 14 doors, which have been made in the ancient traditional style.
The Olympic Games - Then and Now
The ancient Greek Games were both parts of Greek religion and society. Originally, the games were a type of religious ceremony. Some were held in honor of living gods, others as offerings of thanksgiving. Later, the games honored famous living people. The Greek games were accompanied by processions, feasts and music. They played an important role in developing a keen sense of beauty that was reflected in Greek art and literature. At first, the participants were not professional athletes but rather amateurs. The Olympian Games were the most famous of the four ancient games held in Ancient Greece, the other three being the Isthmian, Pythian, and Nemean games.
The Olympian Games were held in honor of Zeus and took place every four years at Olympia, the location of the deity's principal shrine. The Olympian Games were held in summer, and early in each year of the games, messengers were sent throughout the Greek world to invite the city-states to compete. The competitions were open only to honorable men of Greek descent. In fact, with the exception of the priestess of the god Demeter, no women were even allowed to watch the games. Pottery from around 550 BC shows men taking part in the games naked or wearing only a thong.
The order of the events is not precisely known, but the first day of the festival was devoted to sacrifices. On the second day, the foot-race, the main event of the games, took place in the stadium, an oblong area enclosed by sloping banks of earth. On other days, wrestling and boxing were held. In wrestling, the aim was to throw the opponent to the ground three times. Boxing became more and more brutal as time went on. At first, the fighters wound straps of leather over their fingers to soften the blows. But later, pieces of metal were used to do more damage to the opponent.
The Olympian Games were the inspiration for the modern Olympic Games, the international athletic competition held every four years at different locations throughout the world. The first modern games were organized by a French sportsman and educator Baron Pierre de Coubertin in April, 1896. This competition evolved into the Summer Olympics. The Winter Olympics were begun in 1924. The total number of participating athletes has grown from 285 who competed in Athens in 1896 to the approximately 10,800 who competed in Atlanta in 1996.
How Stress Affects the Body
Our lives are full of different happy and unhappy events. These circumstances play a great role in controlling the human body and our mood. Happy events give us strength and inspiration, while unhappy events give the feeling of depression. The dangerous thing is that this depression may cause stress. Stress is a natural part of life. Everybody experiences it. When you're under stress, your body changes. A little stress is OK, even exciting; however, if you are constantly under stress, it can weaken your immune system and bring emotional and mental problems.
When you are under stress your body undergoes different physical changes. Firstly, the hypothalamus, or "master gland" pumps hormones into the blood stream. The Hypothalamus is a gland the size of grape which is located in the center of the brain. This gland's functions are storing hormones, providing connections between glands in all the parts of the body, and sending messages to the nervous system. When you are emotionally involved in something, the hypothalamus, and all other glands connected to it, began producing more hormones than usual. As a result, your pulse quickens, blood pressure rises and breathing speeds. Muscles become tense and the liver's work in turning sugar into energy slows. These changes in your body bring some health problems.
Too much stress affects the human immune system, weakening it and making us more susceptible to colds, coughs and infections. Scientists have found that stress is a main reason for arthritis and asthma. Your urinary tract can also be affected. There is a natural balance of friendly and unfriendly organisms that normally co-exist in our digestive and urinary systems. Constant anxiety can destroy this, leading to an overgrowth of the harmful bacteria and an infection.
The psychological effects of stress are perhaps more noticeable than its physical effects. When you are stressed, your emotions are often intensified. You may get irritated at the smallest things, start crying when watching a romantic comedy, or laugh uncontrollably at something your mother tells you.
Sometimes it is very difficult to control your feelings. In short, to much stress effects our body physically, emotionally leading our lives to ruin step by step.
X-Rays
X-rays are penetrating electromagnetic radiation that have the shorter wavelength than light. They were discovered accidentally by a German physicist, William Concord, Roentgen in 1895. While studying cathode rays, he noticed that a metallic screen placed nearby emitted fluorescent light. After experimenting further, Roentgen determined that fluorescence was caused by invisible radiation of a more penetrating nature than ultraviolet radiation. He named the invisible rays "X-rays" because of their unknown nature. Later X-rays were known also as Roentgen rays in his honor.
X-rays have had many practical uses. They are used in medicine as a means to photograph fractioned bones and head traumas. Space agency use X-rays to send communication signals toward distant solar systems. X-rays have even served to heat canned food, but this is not recommended.
Actually, X-rays are dangerous. Exposure to X-rays has been linked to certain types of cancer. That's why dentists go into other room when they take picture of your teeth. In many cases, X-rays have been replaced by more benign technologies, such as ultrasound and microwave.
The Great Silk Road
In ancient days important caravan routes from China to Europe crossed through Uzbekistan, and so several large cities grew up, such as Bukhara, Samarkand, Tashkent, and so on. In the middle Ages, instead of going to China and the east by sea, as they do today, traders made long journey of many months overland, and the routes they went by had lovely names, such as the Great Silk Road or the Golden Road. The poet Flicker wrote a poem about the “Golden Road to Samarkand”. The cities along these routes became rich. But there were wild times, and Mongols invaded the country, destroyed the cities and killed the people.
Amir Temur made Samarkand his capital and rebuilt many great market places, or bazaars, mosques, and gardens. When he died, he was buried in Samarkand. Amir Temur’s tomb is still there, and people now go to Samarkand to visit it.
The “Great Silk Road” has existed for more than 14 centuries and runs through the heart of Uzbekistan. This country has always had an advantageous geographical location on the ancient trade routes connecting the cities of China to the Mediterranean ports of Tyre and Sidon. Long trips aimed to get acquainted with the life of other nations and to buy goods not available in domestic markets promoted the development of international tourism in Uzbekistan from the fifth century until today. There were more than 700 caravan routes lying in Uzbekistan, making possible commercial and tourist trips to all parts of Asia.
Countries where English is spoken
As we know Great Britain, the United States of America, Canada, Australia and New Zealand are English-speaking countries. They are situated in different parts of the world and differ in many ways. The nature of these countries, their weather and climate and the way of life of their people differ. Each country has its own history, customs, traditions, and its own national holidays. But they all have a common language, English. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and North Ireland consist of 4 parts: England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. The British Isles are group of islands lying off the north-west coast of the continent of Europe. There are no high mountains, no very long rivers, and no large forests in the U.K. The population of the U.K. is almost fifty-six million. Great Britain is a capitalist country. The USA is situated in the central part of the North American continent. The population of the USA is more than 236 million people. The USA is a highly developed industrial country. In the USA there are two main political parties, the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. Canada has area of nearly 10 million square kilometers. It's western coast is washed by the Pacific Ocean and its eastern coast by the Atlantic Ocean. The population of Canada is over 26 million people. Canada is a capitalist federal state and a member of the Commonwealth. The Commonwealth of Australia territories are the continent of Australia, the island of Tasmania and a number of smaller islands. Australia has an area of nearly eight million square kilometers. The population of Australia is over sixteen million people. The Commonwealth of Australia is a capitalist self-governing federal state. New Zealand is situated south-east of Australia. The country consists of three large islands called the North Island, the South Island and Stewart Island and also many smaller islands. The population of New Zealand is over three million people. New Zealand is a capitalist self-governing state and a member of the Commonwealth.
CHARLES DICKENS (1812-1870)
Charles Dickens was the greatest critical realist in 19th century English Literature.
Dickens was born in the family of a poor clerk in Portsmouth. There were 8 children in the family and Charles was the second.
In 1821 the family moved to London. Life was hard for the poor people in the capital of Great Britain. Charles’ father could not get any work there for a long time and was taken to prison for debts. Little Charles had to go to work in a factory. The boy washed bottles and worked from early morning till late at night.
Dickens described this period of his childhood in the novel "David Copperfield". When his father came out of prison; Charles was sent to study and stayed there for 3 years. He learned foreign languages and literature.
At 15 he left school and worked in a lawyer's office. He studied shorthand at that time and soon took up the work of a parliamentary reporter to a London newspaper. This work led him to journalism, and journalism to novel writing. In 1836 he published his first book "Sketches by Boz" a collection of short stories from London life. Then followed "The Pickwick papers", published in 1837, which made the author famous. In his next novels, "Oliver Twist" (1838), "Nickolas Nickleby" (1839) Dickens describes the hard life at schools and workhouses for homeless children.
"The Pickwick Club" was an organization founded by Mr. Pickwick, a rich old gentleman, who had retired from business. The aim of the club was to study life and people. The members of the club were rich men who spent their time in travelling and looking for little adventures. In this way Dickens told the readers many interesting facts and showed a realistic picture of London life. The novel consists of sketches describing the travels of the members of the Pickwick Club.
The British Isles
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland covers an area of some 244 thousand square miles. It is situated on the British Isles. The British Isles are separated from Europe by the Strait of Dover and the English Channel. The British Isles are washed by the North Sea in the east and the Atlantic Ocean in the west.
The population of Great Britain is about 60 million. The largest cities of the country are London, Birmingham, Liverpool, Manchester, Glasgow and Edinburgh.
The territory of Great Britain is divided into four parts: England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.
England is in the southern and central part of Great Britain. Scotland is in the north of the island. Wales is in the west. Northern Ireland is situated in the north-eastern part of Ireland.
England is the richest, the most fertile and most populated part in the country. There are mountains in the north and in the west of England, but all the rest of the territory is a vast plain. In the northwestern part of England there are many beautiful lakes. This part of the country is called Lake District.
Scotland is a land of mountains. The Highlands of Scotland are among the oldest mountains in the world. The highest mountain of Great Britain is in Scotland too. The chain of mountains in Scotland is called the Grampians. Its highest peak is Ben Nevis. It is the highest peak not only in Scotland but in the whole Great Britain as well. In England there is the Pennine Chain. In Wales there are the Cumbrian Mountains.
There are no great forests on the British Isles today. Historically, the most famous forest is Sherwood Forest in the east of England, to the north of London. It was the home of Robin Hood, the famous hero of a number of legends.
The British Isles have many rivers but they are not very long. The longest of the English rivers is the Severn. It flows into the Irish Sea. The most important river of Scotland is the Clyde. Glasgow stands on it. Many of the English and Scottish rivers are joined by canals, so that it is possible to travel by water from one end of Great Britain to the other.
The Thames is over 200 miles long. It flows through the rich agricultural and industrial districts of the country. London, the capital of Great Britain, stands on it. The Thames has a wide mouth, that's why the big ocean liners can go up to the London port.
Geographical position of Great Britain is rather good as the country lies on the crossways of the see routes from Europe to other parts of the world. The sea connects Britain with most European countries such as Belgium, Holland, Denmark, Norway and some other countries. The main sea route from Europe to America also passes through the English Channel.
Australia
Australia is a large country lying between the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Australia is an island, like Britain, but unlike Britain, it is vast. It is, in fact, nearly twenty-five times as large as the British Isles. Its area is about 8,000,000 square km. The population of Australia is about 18 mln. Most of Australia is semi-desert. People cannot live where there is no water, and so most of people in Australia live in the richer south-east. The first Australian people were dark-skinned Aborigines, and though the coming of the white settlers destroyed their tribal lives, some sixty thousand still survive in Australia today. Their account for about 1 percent of the population.
Australian seasons are the antithesis of those in Europe and North America (because Australia is south of the Equator): summer starts in December (ends in February),autumn in March (ends in May), winter in June (ends in August) and spring in September (ends in November).
Seasonal variations are not extreme and its rare for temperatures to drop below zero on the mainland except in the mountains.
The country occupies the whole continent, so the climate is different in different regions of the country.
Darwin, in the far north, is in the monsoon belt, where there are just two seasons: hot and wet, and hot and dry.
The southern states are popular during the summer months, but the best time to visit is probably the seasons of spring or autumn when the weather in the south is mild. Spring in the outback can be spectacular if rains encourage wildflowers.
Average annual temperatures vary from about 27 °C in the north of the continent to 13 °C in the south. Floods and cyclones are rather common along the coast of the continent.
Christmas
Christmas is an annual Christian holiday commemorating the birth of Jesus Christ. Most members of the Roman Catholic Church and followers of Protestantism celebrate Christmas on December 25, and many celebrate on the evening of December 24 as well. In addition to being a religious holiday, Christmas is a widely observed secular festival. For most people who celebrate Christmas, the holiday season is characterized by gatherings among family and friends, feasting, and gift giving.
Santa Claus has become one the most popular symbols of Christmas. The legend of Santa Claus had origins in Europe and was brought by Dutch settlers to New York in the early 18th century. Traditionally, Santa Claus—from the Dutch Sinter Klaas—was pictured as a tall, dignified, religious man riding a white horse through the air. Known as Saint Nicholas in Germany, he was usually accompanied by Black Peter, an elf who punished disobedient children. In North America he eventually developed into a fat, jolly old gentleman who rode on a sleigh pulled by reindeer and gave gifts on Christmas Eve.
Most people who celebrate Christmas in America participate in special holiday traditions in their homes. Families often decorate evergreen trees and place colorfully wrapped presents beneath them. A family member might give a reading of “A Visit from Saint Nicholas” or read passages from the Bible. On Christmas Eve, children often hang stockings; they awake in the morning to find the stockings filled with gifts from Santa Claus.
Christmas in France is called Noлl. Celebrations reach their peak on Christmas Eve. The festival meal is the rйveillon, a midnight supper that may consist of oysters, sausages, baked ham, fowl, fruit, pastries, and wine. Children put their shoes in front of the fireplace on Christmas Eve for Pere Noлl (Father Christmas) to fill with gifts, but the traditional day for exchanging gifts is New Year’s day.
Climate, nature and natural resources of Great Britain.
The climate of Great Britain is temperate and it is moderated by the Gulf Stream. The region is known for being cool and cloudy during the winter and the western parts of the island are windy and rainy because they are more influenced by the ocean. The eastern parts are drier and less windy. London, the largest city on the island, has an average January low temperature of 36˚F (2.4˚C) and a July average temperature of 73˚F (23˚C).
Despite its large size the island of Great Britain has a small amount of fauna. This is because it has been rapidly industrialized in recent decades and this has caused habitat destruction across the island. As a result there are very few large mammal species in Great Britain and rodents like squirrels, mice and beaver make up 40% of the mammal species there. In terms of Great Britain's flora, there is a large variety of trees and 1,500 species of wildflower.
Great Britain has a population of about 60 million people (2009 estimate) and a population density of 717 persons per square mile (277 persons per square kilometer). The main ethnic group of Great Britain is British - particularly those who are Cornish, English, Scottish or Welsh.
The Origin of the English Language
The ancient inhabitants of the British Islands belonged to the Celtic race. They spoke a language similar to Welsh or Gaelic, but only a few of their words and these chiefly geographical remained in the language now spoken by the English people.
Among the Germanic tribes were people called Angles and peoples called Saxons.
When these two peoples grew into one, they were called Anglo-Saxons, or more commonly Angles, or English alone, the general name which they gave to the country in which they had settled was England. Saxons as well as Angles called their speech English.
Very many English words are borrowed from other languages. We can find old German words, which the Saxons brought with them from the continent. There are many Latin words borrowed by the Anglo-Saxons from the Romans such as wine, money, mill, dish, cook, school and many more.
In studying the history of the language the question naturally rises about the general trend of its development. Different scholars have expressed different views concerning these questions.
The Cities of Great Britain
London is the capital of England and of the UK of Great Britain and Northern Ileland. It is one of the largest cities in the world. It is an industrial and cultural center and the most important port in the British Isles.
Birmingham is the second largest city in Great Britain. When William Shakespeare was alive, Birmingham was just a little village. Now it is a center of the iron and many other industries. Birmingham’s factories produce many cars, buses, trolley buses, trams and other machines. They also produce medical instruments. The territory round Birmingham is known as the Black Country. There are many factories, plants and mines there, and there are very few trees.
Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland. In is oldest and largest city in the north. Edinburgh is a large industrial center. It has electrical, electronics, chemical and other important enterprises.
Nearly 84 per cent of the total population of the United Kingdom lives in England.
The most densely populated areas of England are the major cities and metropolitan areas of London and the South East, South and West Yorkshire, Greater Manchester and Merseyside, the West Midlands, and the conurbations on the rivers Tyne,Wear and Tees. London has the highest population density with 4,00 people per square kilometre, and the South West the lowest (210 people per square kilometre).
There are several large cities on the island of Great Britain but the largest is London, the capital of England and the United Kingdom. Other large cities include Birmingham, Bristol, Glasgow, Edinburgh, Leeds, Liverpool and Manchester.
SCHOOL EDUCATION IN THE USA
The American system of school education differs from the systems in other countries. There are state public schools, private elementary schools and private secondary schools. Public schools are free and private schools are fee-paying. Each state has its own system of public schools. The federal government pays little attention to schools.
Elementary education begins at the age of six, when a child goes to the first grade (form). At the age of sixteen schoolchildren leave the elementary school and may continue their education at one of the secondary schools or high schools, as they call them. The programme of studies in the elementary school Includes English, Arithmetic, Geography, History of the USA, Natural sciences and, besides, Physical Training (PT), Singing, Drawing, wood or metal work, etc.
Sometimes they learn a foreign language and general history.
Besides giving general education some high schools teach subjects useful to those who hope to find jobs in industry and agriculture or who want to enter colleges or universities. At the same time, educational opportunities in the USA are formal for many people. One per cent of American citizens from the age of 14 and older can neither read or write. Over 2 million American children do not go to school, and six million attend only the first grade.
More than 50 per cent of school students do not finish high school.
UNIVERSITY EDUCATION IN GREAT BRITAIN
There are 46 universities in Britain. But not all universities are equal. They differ from one another in history, tradition, academic organization. Not all British universities are backed by a well-known reputation. Oxford and Cambridge, the oldest universities, are world-known for their academic excellence. The University of London has the size and breadth to rank among the UK s top universities. A university usually consists of colleges. The departments of the colleges are organized into faculties.
University teaching in the UK differs greatly at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels from that in many other countries. An undergraduate programme consists of a series of lectures, seminars, tutorials and laboratory classes which in total account for about 15 hours per week.
Following a particular programme students take series of lecture courses which may last one academic term or the whole year. Associated with each lecture course are seminars, tutorials, laboratory classes which illustrate the topics presented in the lectures.
Lectures are given to large groups of students (from 20 to 200). Seminars and tutonals are much smaller than lecture classes and in some departments can be on a one-to- one basis (one member of staff and one student).
Education system in the Republic of Uzbekistan
During the years of independence deep structural and substantial reforms and transformations in the system of higher education has taken place in the Republic of Uzbekistan. Main purpose of these reforms were to provide the adequate place of the Republic of Uzbekistan in the world community. Indeed, it was impossible to provide the independent economy, social an political stability, development of intellectual and spiritual potential of the nation without rebuilding the system of education and upbringing. The first President of Independent Republic of Uzbekistan Islam Karimov, understanding this reality from the first days of independence, stated the necessity of deep reforms in the system of education and upbringing of new generation. The state policy in the field of education that could transform it into the priority sphere has been developed and conducted.
Thus, beginning from 1991 the system of education has been reconstructed according to the requirements of independent state meeting the needs of the new era. This process was carried out step-by-step in correlation with the types and forms of education- pre-school education, secondary school education, secondary specialised, professional (vocational) education, higher education.
Before the independence 42 higher educational institutions, including three state Universities (Tashkent, Samarkand and Karakalpak), 14 pedagogical or language, 9 engineering-technical, 3 agricultural, 7 medical- pharmaceutical, 3 culture and arts institutions, as well as one economical, cooperative, physical culture and sports were functioning in the republic. Almost half of these institutions were situated in Tashkent (19), the rest were in Samarkand-5, Andijan-4, Bukhara-3. Thus, the third of higher educational institutions of the republic were situated in four cities.
ENGLISH SPEAKING COUNTRIES’ HOLIDAYS
Bank Holidays, the peculiar English holidays, were appointed by Act of Parliament in 1871. They come four times a year Easter Monday, Whit-Monday, the first Monday in August and December 26th. December 26th is Boxing Day. The "boxing" refers to the boxes of Christmas presents which are usually given to the people who have given service during a year. Other public holidays are: Christmas Day, New Year's Day, Good Friday and May Day. On these days all banks and all places of business are closed and practically everyone takes a holiday.
But besides public holidays the British people observe certain traditions on such i^ s as Pancake Day, Bonfire Night, St. Valentine's Day, April Fool's Day, Mother's Day, which unless they fall on a Sunday are ordinaiy working days.
In the USA Constitution there is no provision for national holidays. Each state has the right to decide which holiday to observe. Many states have holidays of their own. There are eight major holidays observed in tne USA. Columbus Day is observed on October 12 in 34 States of the USA and in Puerto Rico. It commemorates the discovery of America.
Independence Day is the holiday, commemorating the signing of the Declaration of Independence on July 4tn. On this day in 1776 the final draft of the Declaration of Independence, written by Thomas Jefferson was adopted. The celebration of it began in the American Revolution. Since then it has been a patriotic holiday. Traditionally it is celebrated with firing of guns and fireworks, parades and open- air meetings.
Thanksgiving Day is the holiday commemorating the harvest reaped by the Plymouth Colony in 1621, after a winter of starvation and privation. The first national Thanksgiving Day, proclaimed by G. Washington, was celebrated on November 26, 1789. Lincoln revived the custom in 1863. In 1941 Congress passed a resolution decreeing that Thanksgiving should fall on the fourth Thursday of Novem ber. The day is observed by church services and family re unions.
unions.
SPORT
Sport is very popular in our country. Thousands of people go in for sports, because sports help people to keep in good health. The most popular sports in our country are field-and-track athletics, football, volleyball, basketball, hockey, gymnastics, skiing and skating. There are lots of stadiums, sports clubs and sports grounds in our country.
In every school pupils spend much time going in for sports. First of all they have their physical training lessons. And after the school is over they may train at different sports clubs and sections. Prom time to time every school organizes competitions in different kinds of sport.
The most popular kinds of sport in our school are football, basketball, gymnastics, wrestling. Some boys are also fond of boxing. Among girls callisthenics is very popular. In winter we spend much time outdoors, skating and skiing. Boys like to play hockey. In summer we like to swim most of all. Because swimming makes a man healthy and strong.
As for me, I am a hockey-fan. I try to watch every hockey match on TV. So, I watched the last championship held in Finland. Our team played very well, it was about to win gold medals. But it lost the last game to the National team of Sweden. I felt very much upset. As a result our team was the third and got only the Bronze medals.
SPORT in Great Britain
Sports play an important part in the life of the English people. All sports are very popular among them. The British are proud that many sports originated in their countiy and then spread throughout the worid. The national British sports are: football, golf, cricket, table tennis, lawn tennis, snooker, steeplechase, racing, darts.
Football the most popular game in the worid is of two kinds in Britain: association football (soccer) and rugby. Soccer played almost in all countries remains one of the most popular games in Great Britain. Rugby football originated at Rugby public school. In this game players may cany the balL Rugby is played by teams of 15 men with an ovafball.
Golf, one of the most popular sports in Britain, originated in Scotland. Englishmen are fond of cricket. Cricket is played in schools, colleges, universities. Test matches with other countries are held regularly. The game is very slow.
Table tennis originated in England in 1880. But the British players are not lucky in tennis international championships. Wimbeldon is known world-wide as the centre of lawn tennis. Wimbeldon championships begin on the nearest Monday to June 22 when the weather is fine. The Championships are watched on TV live and at full length by millions of people.
Steeplechase, a cross country running, is popular in European countries. The first cross country race took place in 1837.
Englishmen like all kinds of racing. Horse-racing, motorcar racing, boat-racing, dog-racing, donkey-racing are very popular in England. The most famous boat race in England is between Oxford and Cambridge. It first started in 1820 and has been held almost every spring since 1836. A lot of people come to watch it.
My school day
My school day begins early. Every day I get up early in the morning at about 6 o`clock. I usually air my room and make my bed. Then I go to the bathroom where I brush my teeth, wash with cold water, get dressed and comb my hair. I make breakfast at about 7 o`clock. I have breakfast with my family. It doesn’t take me much time to have breakfast after breakfast I clean the table and leave for the lyceum at 7:30 I usually go by tram. It takes me 15 minutes to go to the lyceum. I am always on time for the lessons.
At the lesson we learn many subjects. One of them is English. We have it times a week. During the lesson we speak English to each other and our teacher, learn English words, write them on the blackboard, do exercises, read English texts from our text books.
At the beginning of the lesson our teacher when coming in the classroom greets with us and have a talk with the pupil who is on duty. Then she calls the register, checks up our tasks.
In fifteen minutes time she explains the new theme to us and we ask questions that we didn’t understand. Then we do some tasks about the theme.
We do oral and written exercises too. We often translate sentences from English into Uzbek or from Uzbek into English. Sometimes we translate texts and answer the teacher’s questions. We try to speak English with our English teacher. Our teacher says that we must often speak English if we want to learn it better. I like English. So I try to speak English with my teachers and with my friends.
Our teacher actively use modern technology and make us work with our group mates efficiently, and she is able to draw our attention to the lesson. Nobody in the class ignores the teacher’s explanation. Everybody looks up to her very much so she is obeyed. Nobody misses any of her classes without any reasons.
At twelve o’clock we have lunch. For lunch we usually have soup, bread and ice-cream for the dessert. At 12:30 we have a different subject. Our lessons finish at 1:15 and we go home.
Seasons
Now I am going to tell you about seasons of the year. There are four seasons in a year, you know. They are spring, summer, autumn and winter. There are twelve months and three hundred and sixty five days in a year too. Every season is beautiful in it’s own way. There are three months in every season. March, April and May are spring months. Spring is a very pleasant season. It begins in March. In spring the days get longer and the nights shorter. It often rains in spring in Uzbekistan. The trees turn green and the nature awakens from her long winter sleep. The sun shines brightly in spring. Everybody feels younger, that is why most people like spring more than other seasons.
Summer comes after spring. June, July and August are summer months. In summer the weather gets warm. It is the hottest season of the year. In summer most people go out of the town or they go to rest homes. It is very pleasant to swim in the river and lie in the sun. Summer in Uzbekistan is very hot.
Autumn begins in September. It is the best season in Uzbekistan. We have different kinds of ripe fruit and fresh vegetables. In autumn the days get shorter but it is not cold. The people pick cotton in autumn.
Winter is the last season of the year. It comes after autumn. December, January and February are the winter months. It is the coldest season of the year. But it is not too cold in Uzbekistan in winter. Winter is good for winter sports. It often snows in winter in Uzbekistan too. But the snow doesn’t keep long on the earth. In winter people go in for winter sports. That’s all that I wanted to tell you about seasons. Thanks for your attention.
At the shop
People need different kinds of things in their everyday life. If they want clothes, shoes or other things they go to shop or to the market.
Now I am going to tell you about my shopping. Last Sunday my friend came to our house. She asked me to go to the shop. She wanted to buy a new hat. I also wanted to buy a jacket. After that my friend and I went to the shop. At the shop we saw different kinds of clothes, shoes and others. First we wanted to buy a hat for my friend. The saleswoman helped us to choose hats. My friend got one. It was a nice hat. My friend tried it. But it was little. And my friend didn’t buy it. Then the saleswoman offered us another hat. It suited well. And my friend bought it.
After that we went to buy a jacket for me. The saleswoman showed me different jackets. They were white, blue, green, red and grey. I liked a green one. Then I paid for the jacket and we went out of the shop.
I looked at my friend she looked smart in a new hat. We were pleasure with our shopping. And then we went home. On our way home we bought some fruits and vegetables in the market. That is all what I want to tell you about shopping. Thank you for your attention.
ALISHER NAVOI
Mir Alisher Navoi an out standing poet and the founder of Uzbek literature was born on the 9th of February 1441 in Kherat. His father was well-educated man of his time and his friends often gathered in his house in the evenings. They read books and recited poems. Young Alisher also sat near to his father and listened to their reading books. So he liked books from early his childhood and learned many verses by heart. Then he got a good education for those days and became a very famous poet.
He knew all the poetic forms and he was known as a literary scholar. Navoi liked true poets and he always supported them. Though he knew Parsy very well, he wrote mostly in Turkic (in the old Uzbek language). His verses in old Uzbek were collected into one book. It consisted of four parts and it was called “Char-Devon”. His poems in Persian were collected and called “Devoni Poni”. But his most important work is “Khamsa”. It consists of five poems.
Alisher Navoi was not only a great poet, but also well-known statesman. The head of the state of that time was Shah Sultan Hussein Boykaro. He and Alisher Navoi were close friends. Alisher Navoi always helped his friend in state affairs.
Navoi died on the 3rd of January 1501. His works have been translated into many languages and have entered the treasure of world literature. There are many streets, parks, cinemas, and theatres in Uzbekistan, which get his name.
State emblem of the Republic of Uzbekistan
The new state emblem of the Republic of Uzbekistan was created to reflect the many centuries’ experience of the Uzbek people. The State Emblem represents the image of the rising sun over a flourishing valley.
Two rivers run through the valley, representing the Syr-Daryo and Amu- Daryo. The emblem is bordered by wheat on the right side and branches of opened cotton balls on the left.
An eight – pointed star is located at the top of the
emblem, symbolizing the unity and confirmation of the republic. The crescent with a star inside is the sacred symbols of Islam. The mythical bird Semurg with stretched wings is placed in the center of the emblem as the symbol of the national renaissance. The entire composition aims to express the desire of the Uzbek people for peace, happiness and prosperity. At the bottom of the emblem is inscribed the word “ Uzbekistan”, written in Uzbek on a ribbon in the national color of the flag.
The flag of our country is a symbol of state sovereignty of the republic. The national flag of the Republic of Uzbekistan is a symbol of the Republic of Uzbekistan in all states when visiting foreign countries by official delegations of the Republic of Uzbekistan, as wall as on conferences, world exhibitions and sport competitions.
The National flag of the Republic of Uzbekistan is a right-angled colour cloth consisting of three horizontal stripes: blue, white and green colours.
Blue colour is the symbol of the sky and water, which are the main sources of the life. Mainly the blue colour was the colour of the state flag of Amir Temur. The white colour is the traditional symbol of peace and good luck, as Uzbek people say “Ok йўл”.
The Constitution of Uzbekistan
The new constitution of Uzbekistan was adopted on December 8, 1992.
The constitution sets the task of creating a democratic rule of law. All citizens living in the Republic, men and women of all nations and nationalities have cultural spheres. Guaranteeing these rights to all citizens, the constitution at the same time gives rights such as to work, to keep labor discipline and to defend their country.
Uzbekistan has entered a renaissance of its spiritual and intellectual values, as era of radical transformation in the economic, political and social spheres. Uzbekistan has begun building a democratic, lawful and secular society with open-market economy and a strong system of social protection. The main aims of the policy are keeping a stable situation in the country, strengthening the international and interethnic cooperation in Uzbekistan and gradual transition to the new democratic system of rule.
Taking into consideration the concrete situation and the mentality and traditions of the elaborated 5 basic principles of reform, directing the country’s internal policy. Uzbekistan adheres to a policy of peace, equal beneficial cooperation between countries and mutual understanding among state leaders. The foreign policy is based on the principles of sovereign equality of state, not using force or threat of force, inviolability of borders, peaceful settlement of disputes and non-interference in the internal affairs of other states.
Khiva - the City Museum
Khorezm has a very long history; only a few civilizations could be compared with it. Hundred years before the Great Silk Road appeared, ancient Khorezm had had links with Europe and the East, with Siberia and southern civilizations. It is the cradle of three civilizations formed in Uzbekistan.
Fairy-tale like, Khiva has managed to retain its exotic image as an Oriental town. In the center of Khiva is Ichon-Qala, the old city where all the monuments of architecture are located. Among them are the Kunya-Ark Citadel and the Tosh-Khovli Palace, residence of the Khan, which has been preserved intact along with its ornate gates. Ichon-Qala displays the simplicity and splendor of medieval architectural forms with delicate woodcarvings and intricate ornamentation. The silhouettes of its towering minarets, hemmed in by flat roofed houses and the fortress's powerful clay walls, give a clear idea of a typical Central Asian city.
The stately tomb of Pakhlavan Makhmud is visited by thousands of people each year. Pakhlavan Makhmud (1247-1325) was a furrier, athlete, poet and sage. In the 19th century, Khiva Khans made him a patron saint of the Kungrad Dynasty. Pakhlavan Makhmud's tomb was rebuilt in the 19th century and then requisitioned in 1913 by the Khan of that time as the family mausoleum.
Walking around Khiva, one gets the sense of living thousands of years ago. It has a deep religious significance to Muslims from all over the world and is the pride of Uzbekistan, the Khorezm region in particular. Khiva is truly one of the rarest pearls of this world.
ENGLISH MEALS
The English usually have 4 meals a day: breakfast, lunch, tea (5 o'clock) and dinner. Breakfast can be a full "English breakfast" of cornflakes with milk and sugar, or bacon and eggs, toast and marmalade, tea or coffee. Some people, however, have just a cup of tea or coffee with a toast or something similar. This is usually called a "continental breakfast".
At midday everything is stopped for lunch. Most offices and small shops are closed for an hour and the city pavements are full of peuK'. j on their way to cafes, coffee bars, restaurants. Factory workers usually eat in their canteens.
The English like what they call "good plain food". They must be able to recognize what they are eating. Usually they like steak, roast beef, Yorkshire pudding and fish and chips.
Afternoon tea is taken at about 5 o'clock, but it can hardly be called a rneal. It is a cup of tea and cake or biscuits. At the weekends afternoon tea is a special occasion. friends and visitors are often invited to have a chat over a cup of tea.
Dinner is the most substantial meal of the day. It is usually eaten at 7 o'clock. The first course may be soup (though the English dont like It very much). The main course will often be fish or meat, perhaps the traditional roast beef of old England, and a lot of vegetables. The next course will be something sweet and often cooked, such as a fruit pie. Last of all there may be cheese, often with biscuits.
It is common knowledge that the English are very fond of tea. They like to have "a nice cup of tea" 6 or 8 times a day, sometimes even more.
On Christmas Day a roast turkey is traditionally cooked for dinner. It is usually followed by Christmas pudding. Long-before Christmas housewives begin to plan what cake to make for Christmas. Usually they make fantastic Christmas cakes.
Australia
Australia is a very beautiful country. It is a country, a continent and an island at the same time. Australia was discovered by Captain James Cook in 1770. The first settlers of the continent were the British prisoners. People of 200 nationalities live on the island nowadays. It is a multicultural country. Australia is located in southern hemisphere. So it is summer there now. The Australians love their wildlife very much. Their best-loved animal is koala. You can find half a million species of birds, animals and plants on the continent. The Australian people are very proud of their wonderful land.
Australia is a large country lying between the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Australia is an island, like Britain, but unlike Britain, it is vast. It is, in fact, nearly twenty-five times as large as the British Isles. Its area is about 8,000,000 square km. The population of Australia is about 18 mln. Most of Australia is semi-desert. People cannot live where there is no water, and so most of people in Australia live in the richer south-east. The first Australian people were dark-skinned Aborigines, and though the coming of the white settlers destroyed their tribal lives, some sixty thousand still survive in Australia today. Their account for about 1 percent of the population. They may be found in the island areas of the country. Some live in modern cities but it is not really easy for them. They have to fight for their rights. The first Europeans to land in this country were Dutch sailors. The national holiday, Australia Day, is now celebrated on or near January 26th in memory of landing of the British in 1788. The young country grew very fast. Today Australia is an independent federative state consisting of 6 states and 2 territories. It is a member of the Commonwealth headed by the British Queen. The national language is English. The capital of Australia is Canberra; the largest cities are Sidney, Melbourne, Adelaide and Perth.
MARK TWAIN
Samuel Clemens was born on November 30. 1835, in a tiny settlement in Missouri not far from the little town of Hannibal on the banks of the Mississippi River. The family soon moved to Hannibal and there young Sam spent the first fourteen years of his life, the years in which the writer's character and outlook on life began to be formed.
His father died when Sam was not yet twelve years old and the boy had to work to help the family. He became a printer's apprentice and then a journeyman (picture) printer. All his life Twain was very fond of reading. While he was a printer he spent his spare time in libraries and so it came about that he read the works of Poe, Shakespeare, Gold Smith, Dickens, Cervantes, Voltaire and T. Paine in his early youth. It was also while he was a printer that Twain began to write for newspapers an other publications, sending travel letters to them as he journeyed about the country from job to job.
One of Sam Clemen's dreams as a boy had been to pilot a steamboat on the Mississippi. But it cost a lot of money to learn piloting and he knew his family couldn't afford it even if they would have agreed to let him take up such a rough and dangerous profession.
He had been working several years as a printer when one of the best pilots on the Mississippi agreed to teach him his skill. Sam borrowed the necessary money to pay for training from one of his relatives and by 1858 he was piloting a steamboat. In his "Life on the Mississippi" (1883) Mark Twain tells how he became a steamboat pilot. The four years that he worked as a pilot gave Clemens much valuable experience and knowledge of human nature. But most important for him as a future writer were the people he cоme in contact with.
NEW YORK CITY
The eastern United States has a varied topography. A broad, flat coastal plain lines the Atlantic and Gulf shores from the Texas-Mexico border to New York City, and includes the Florida peninsula. Areas further inland feature rolling hills and temperate forests. The Appalachian Mountains form a line of low mountains separating the eastern seaboard from the Great Lakes and the Mississippi Basin.
The Cascades are one of the snowiest places in the world, with some places averaging over 600 inches (1,524 cm) of snow annually, but the lower elevations closer to the coast receive very little snow.
Another significant (but localized) weather effect is lake-effect snow that falls south and east of the Great Lakes, especially in the hilly portions of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan and on the Tug Hill Plateau in New York. The lake effect dumped well over 5 feet (1.52 m) of snow in the area of Buffalo, New York throughout the 2006-2007 winter. The Wasatch Front and Wasatch Range in Utah can also receive significant lake effect accumulations from the Great Salt Lake.
In 1607, Captain Henry Hudson left Europe to search for the famous Northwest Passage, a way from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean by boat. He didn't find it, because it didn't exist, but he reached a river to which he gave his name. Interested by the stories told to them by Hudson after his return, the Dutch sent other boats to take possession of the land discovered by Hudson and gave it the name "New Netherland". The Dutch bought the island of Manhattan from the Native Americans in 1626 and built their capital, New Amsterdam, there. In 1664 this territory was taken over by the English and they changed the name of New Amsterdam to New York City. New Netherland became the colony of New York.
American literature
American literature is the written or literary work produced in the area of the United States and its preceding colonies. For more specific discussions of poetry and theater, see Poetry of the United States and Theater in the United States. During its early history, America was a series of British colonies on the eastern coast of the present-day United States. Therefore, its literary tradition begins as linked to the broader tradition of English literature. However, unique American characteristics and the breadth of its production usually now cause it to be considered a separate path and tradition.
Owing to the large immigration to Boston in the 1630s, the high articulation of Puritan cultural ideals, and the early establishment of a college and a printing press in Cambridge, the New England colonies have often been regarded as the center of early American literature. However, the first European settlements in North America had been founded elsewhere many years earlier. Towns older than Boston include the Spanish settlements at Saint Augustine and Santa Fe, the Dutch settlements at Albany and New Amsterdam, as well as the English colony of Jamestown in present-day Virginia. During the colonial period, the printing press was active in many areas, from Cambridge and Boston to New York, Philadelphia, and Annapolis.
Zoology
Zoology (/zuˈɒlədʒi, zoʊ-/) or animal biology is the branch of biology that studies the animal kingdom, including the structure, embryology, evolution, classification, habits, and distribution of all animals, both living and extinct, and how they interact with their ecosystems. The term is derived from Ancient Greek ζῷον, zōion, i.e. "animal" and λόγος, logos, i.e. "knowledge, study".
The history of zoology traces the study of the animal kingdom from ancient to modern times. Although the concept of zoology as a single coherent field arose much later, the zoological sciences emerged from natural history reaching back to the biological works of Aristotle and Galen in the ancient Greco-Roman world. This ancient work was further developed in the Middle Ages by Muslim physicians and scholars such as Albertus Magnus.
Over the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries, zoology became an increasingly professional scientific discipline. Explorer-naturalists such as Alexander von Humboldt investigated the interaction between organisms and their environment, and the ways this relationship depends on geography, laying the foundations for biogeography, ecology and ethology. Naturalists began to reject essentialism and consider the importance of extinction and the mutability of species. Cell theory provided a new perspective on the fundamental basis of life.
Geography
Geography (from Greek γεωγραφία - geographia, lit. "earth describe-write") is the science that studies the lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena of Earth. A literal translation would be "to describe or write about the Earth". The first person to use the word "geography" was Eratosthenes (276-194 BC). Four historical traditions in geographical research are the spatial analysis of natural and human phenomena (geography as a study of distribution), area studies (places and regions), study of man-land relationship, and research in earth sciences.[3] Nonetheless, modern geography is an all-encompassing discipline that foremost seeks to understand the Earth and all of its human and natural complexities—not merely where objects are, but how they have changed and come to be. Geography has been called "the world discipline" and "the bridge between the human and the physical science". Geography is divided into two main branches: human geography and physical geography.
Traditionally, geographers have been viewed the same way as cartographers and people who study place names and numbers. Although many geographers are trained in toponymy and cartology, this is not their main preoccupation. Geographers study the spatial and temporal distribution of phenomena, processes and features as well as the interaction of humans and their environment. As space and place affect a variety of topics such as economics, health, climate, plants and animals; geography is highly interdisciplinary.
History
History (from Greek ἱστορία - historia, meaning "inquiry, knowledge acquired by investigation") is the discovery, collection, organization, and presentation of information about past events. History can also mean the period of time after writing was invented. Scholars who write about history are called historians. It is a field of research which uses a narrative to examine and analyse the sequence of events, and it sometimes attempts to investigate objectively the patterns of cause and effect that determine events. Historians debate the nature of history and its usefulness. This includes discussing the study of the discipline as an end in itself and as a way of providing "perspective" on the problems of the present. The stories common to a particular culture, but not supported by external sources (such as the legends surrounding King Arthur) are usually classified as cultural heritage rather than the "disinterested investigation" needed by the discipline of history. Events of the past prior to written record are considered prehistory.
Amongst scholars, the fifth century BC Greek historian Herodotus is considered to be the "father of history", and, along with his contemporary Thucydides, forms the foundations for the modern study of history. Their influence, along with other historical traditions in other parts of their world, have spawned many different interpretations of the nature of history which has evolved over the centuries and are continuing to change. The modern study of history has many different fields including those that focus on certain regions and those which focus on certain topical or thematical elements of historical investigation. Often history is taught as part of primary and secondary education, and the academic study of history is a major discipline in University studies.
Linguistics
Linguistics is the scientific study of human language. Linguistics can be broadly broken into three categories or subfields of study: language form, language meaning, and language in context.The earliest known linguistic activities date to Iron Age India (around the 8th century BC) with the analysis of Sanskrit.The first is the study of language structure, or grammar. This focuses on the system of rules followed by the speakers (or hearers) of a language. It encompasses morphology (the formation and composition of words), syntax (the formation and composition of phrases and sentences from these words), and phonology (sound systems). Phonetics is a related branch of linguistics concerned with the actual properties of speech sounds and nonspeech sounds, and how they are produced and perceived. The study of language meaning is concerned with how languages employ logical structures and real-world references to convey, process, and assign meaning, as well as to manage and resolve ambiguity. This subfield encompasses semantics (how meaning is inferred from words and concepts) and pragmatics (how meaning is inferred from context). Language in its broader context includes evolutionary linguistics, which considers the origins of language; historical linguistics, which explores language change; sociolinguistics, which looks at the relation between linguistic variation and social structures; psycholinguistics, which explores the representation and function of language in the mind; neurolinguistics, which looks at language processing in the brain; language acquisition, how children or adults acquire language; and discourse analysis, which involves the structure of texts and conversations.
Mathematics
Mathematics (from Greek μάθημα máthēma "knowledge, study, learning") is the study of quantity, structure, space, and change. Mathematicians seek out patterns and formulate new conjectures. Mathematicians resolve the truth or falsity of conjectures by mathematical proof. The research required to solve mathematical problems can take years or even centuries of sustained inquiry. Since the pioneering work of Giuseppe Peano (1858-1932), David Hilbert (1862-1943), and others on axiomatic systems in the late 19th century, it has become customary to view mathematical research as establishing truth by rigorous deduction from appropriately chosen axioms and definitions. When those mathematical structures are good models of real phenomena, then mathematical reasoning often provides insight or predictions. Through the use of abstraction and logical reasoning, mathematics developed from counting, calculation, measurement, and the systematic study of the shapes and motions of physical objects. Practical mathematics has been a human activity for as far back as written records exist. Rigorous arguments first appeared in Greek mathematics, most notably in Euclid's Elements. Mathematics developed at a relatively slow pace until the Renaissance, when mathematical innovations interacting with new scientific discoveries led to a rapid increase in the rate of mathematical discovery that continues to the present day.
Old English literature
The Anglo-Saxon or Old English period goes from the invasion of Celtic England by the Angles, Saxons and Jutes in the first half of the fifth century up till the conquest in 1066 by William of Normandy. Many Anglo-Saxon poems, in the form they are extant, were not written down until perhaps two and one-half centuries after their compositions, since scribal effort had been spent on Latin, the new language of culture. This was possible thanks to the further development of the programs of King Alfred in the late tenth century and the Benedictine Revival of the early eleventh century. After their conversion to Christianity in the seventh century the Anglo-Saxons began to develop a written literature; before that period it had been oral. The Church and the Benedictine monastic foundations and their Latin culture played an important part in the development of Anglo-Saxon England cultural life, literacy and learning. No poetry surely pre-Christian in composition survives. The survival of poetry was due to the Church: it was the result of the tenth-century monastic revival. The Benedictine Revival was the crowning of a process that had begun in the sixth century and had produced a large body of English prose by the time of the Norman Conquest in 1066. Anglo-Saxon England is thought to have been rich in poetry, but very little of it survives. Most of the available corpus of Anglo-Saxon literature, little more than 30,000 lines in all, survives in just four manuscript books.
From the Anglo-Saxon period dates what is known as Old English literature, composed in the vernacular Anglo-Saxon. It includes early national poetry: Pagan Epic Poetry and Pagan Elegies,Old English Christian Poetry,Latin Writings and Old English Prose.
Pedagogy
Pedagogy is the study of being a teacher or the process of teaching. The term generally refers to strategies of instruction, or a style of instruction. Pedagogy is also occasionally referred to as the correct use of instructive strategies (see instructional theory). For example, Paulo Freire referred to his method of teaching adult humans as "critical pedagogy". In correlation with those instructive strategies the instructor's own philosophical beliefs of instruction are harbored and governed by the pupil's background knowledge and experience, situation, and environment, as well as learning goals set by the student and teacher. One example would be the Socratic schools of thought. The word comes from the Greek (paidagōgeō); in which παῖς (país, genitive, paidos) means "child" and (ágō) means "lead"; so it literally means "to lead the child". In Ancient Greece, was (usually) a slave who supervised the instruction of his master’s son (girls were not publicly taught). This involved taking him to school or a gym , looking after him and carrying his equipment (e.g. music instruments). The Latin-derived word for pedagogy: child-instruction, is in modern use in English to refer to the whole context of instruction, learning, and the actual operation involved therein, although both words have roughly the same original meaning. In English the term pedagogy is used to refer to instructive theory; trainee teachers learn their subject and also the pedagogy appropriate for teaching that subject. The introduction of information technology into schools has necessitated changes in pedagogy; teachers are adopting new methods of teaching facilitated by the new technology. The late Malcolm Knowles reasoned that the term andragogy is more pertinent when discussing adult learning and teaching. He referred to andragogy as the art and science of teaching adults.
Philology
Philology is the study of language in written historical sources; it is a combination of literary studies, history and linguistics. Classical philology is the philology of Greek and Classical Latin. Classical philology is historically primary, originating in European Renaissance Humanism, but was soon joined by philologies of other languages both European (Germanic, Celtic, Slavistics, etc.) and non-European (Sanskrit, Persian, Arabic, Chinese, etc.). Indo-European studies involves the philology of all Indo-European languages as comparative studies. Any classical language can be studied philologically, and indeed describing a language as "classical" is to imply the existence of a philological tradition associated with it. Because of its focus on historical development (diachronic analysis), philology came to be used as a term contrasting with linguistics. This is due to a 20th-century development triggered by Ferdinand de Saussure's insistence on the importance of synchronic analysis, and the later emergence of structuralism and Chomskian linguistics with its emphasis on syntax. The term philology is derived from the Greek φιλολογία (philologia),[2] from the terms φίλος (philos), meaning "love, affection, loved, beloved, dear, friend" and λόγος (logos), meaning "word, articulation, reason", describing a love of learning, of literature as well as of argument and reasoning, reflecting the range of activities included under the notion of λόγος. The term changed little with the Latin philologia, and later entered the English language in the 16th century, from the Middle French philologie, in the sense of "love of literature".
Types of Biology
Molecular biology is the study of biology at a molecular level. This field overlaps with other areas of biology, particularly with genetics and biochemistry. Molecular biology chiefly concerns itself with understanding the interactions between the various systems of a cell, including the interrelationship of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis and learning how these interactions are regulated. Cell biology studies the structural and physiological properties of cells, including their behaviors, interactions, and environment. This is done on both the microscopic and molecular levels, for single-celled organisms such as bacteria as well as the specialized cells in multicellular organisms such as humans. Understanding the structure and function of cells is fundamental to all of the biological sciences. The similarities and differences between cell types are particularly relevant to molecular biology. Anatomy considers the forms of macroscopic structures such as organs and organ systems. Genetics is the science of genes, heredity, and the variation of organisms. Genes encode the information necessary for synthesizing proteins, which in turn play a large role in influencing (though, in many instances, not completely determining) the final phenotype of the organism. In modern research, genetics provides important tools in the investigation of the function of a particular gene, or the analysis of genetic interactions. Within organisms, genetic information generally is carried in chromosomes, where it is represented in the chemical structure of particular DNA molecules.
Pedagogues
Primary (or elementary) education consists of the first 5–7 years of formal, structured education. In general, primary education consists of six or eight years of schooling starting at the age of five or six, although this varies between, and sometimes within, countries. Globally, around 89% of primary-age children are enrolled in primary education, and this proportion is rising.[6] Under the Education For All programs driven by UNESCO, most countries have committed to achieving universal enrollment in primary education by 2015, and in many countries, it is compulsory for children to receive primary education. The division between primary and secondary education is somewhat arbitrary, but it generally occurs at about eleven or twelve years of age. Some education systems have separate middle schools, with the transition to the final stage of secondary education taking place at around the age of fourteen. Schools that provide primary education, are mostly referred to as primary schools. Primary schools in these countries are often subdivided into infant schools and junior school.
In most contemporary educational systems of the world, secondary education comprises the formal education that occurs during adolescence. It is characterized by transition from the typically compulsory, comprehensive primary education for minors, to the optional, selective tertiary, "post-secondary", or "higher" education (e.g., university, vocational school for adults. Depending on the system, schools for this period, or a part of it, may be called secondary or high schools, gymnasiums, lyceums, middle schools, colleges, or vocational schools.
The Uzbek language
Uzbek is a Turkic language that is the first official and only declared national language of Uzbekistan. The language of Uzbeks, it is spoken by some 32 million native speakers in Uzbekistan and elsewhere in Central Asia.
Uzbek belongs to the Eastern Turkic, or Karluk, branch of the Turkic language family. External influences include Persian, Arabic and Russian. One of the most noticeable distinctions of Uzbek from other Turkic languages is the rounding of the vowel /ɑ/ to /ɒ/, a feature that was influenced by Persian.
Turkic speakers probably settled the Amu Darya, Syr Darya and Zarafshan river basins since at least 600–700 CE, gradually ousting or assimilating the speakers of Eastern Iranian languages who previously inhabited Sogdia, Bactria and Khwarezm. The first Turkic dynasty in the region was that of the Kara-Khanid Khanate in the 9th–12th centuries, who were a confederation of Karluks, Chigils, Yaghma and other tribes.
Uzbek can be considered the direct descendant or a later form of Chagatai, the language of great Turkic Central Asian literary development in the realm of Chagatai Khan, Timur (Tamerlane), and the Timurid dynasty (including the early Mughal rulers of India). The language was championed by Ali-Shir Nava'i in the 15th and 16th centuries. Nava'i was the greatest representative of Chagatai language literature. He significantly contributed to the development of the Chagatai language and its direct descendant Uzbek and is widely considered to be the founder of Uzbek literature. Ultimately based on the Karluk variant of the Turkic languages, Chagatai contained large numbers of Persian and Arabic loanwords. By the 19th century it was rarely used for literary composition, but disappeared only in the early 20th century.
Uzbek literature
Uzbek literature, the body of written works produced by the Uzbek people of Central Asia, most of whom live in Uzbekistan, with smaller populations in Afghanistan, Tajikistan, and Kyrgyzstan.
Although its roots stretch as far back as the 9th century, modern Uzbek literature traces its origins in large part to Chagatai literature, a body of works written in the Turkic literary language of Chagatai. The earliest works of Chagatai literature date from the 14th century but remain easily accessible to readers of the modern Uzbek language. Modern Uzbek has today assumed the role once held by Chagatai, which all but vanished by the early 20th century, of being the reference language for Turkic historical and literary works in Central Asia.
Uzbek literature’s classical period lasted from the 9th to the second half of the 19th century. During that period numerous literary works were produced, often under the patronage of Turkic emperors, kings, sultans, and emirs. The best-known patrons of the Turkic literature of the historical region known as Turkistan—which includes what is today Uzbekistan as well as a number of surrounding countries—include the Qarakhanids (10th–13th centuries); such Timurids (14th–16th centuries) as Timur (Tamerlane), Shahrukh, Ulūgh Beg, Ḥusayn Bayqarah, and Bābur, the founder of the Mughal dynasty in India; and ʿUmar Khan, a 19th-century ruler of the khanate of Kokand. From the 10th to the 12th century, Uzbek written literature migrated from a Turkic script to an Arabic one. This transition opened Uzbek writers to the influence of Arabic literature; the result was that Uzbek literature underwent extensive changes as it adopted many of the forms and some of the language of Arabic poetry and prose.
Fall is in the air
Fall is in the air. The nights are getting longer, the days are getting shorter, and it’s getting much cooler. The warm days of summer are over. Now we can enjoy the beauty of fall as the leaves change their colors.
During the fall, the leaves on the trees turn from green to gold, yellow, orange, brown or red. These are fall colors. Some trees, such as spruce and pine trees, remain green throughout the year. To see so many different colors on all of the trees at one time is what makes the fall such a beautiful time of year.
As it gets closer to winter, the leaves fall off of the trees until finally the trees are bare. Are they dead? No, they’re still very much alive. The trees are just going to sleep for the winter. The leaves will return in the spring as the weather gets warmer and the days get longer.
Winter is a long season in Minnesota
Winter is a long season in Minnesota. It usually starts to get cold in early November. By early December, there’s snow on the ground. The snow remains until March or April. On average, winter weather lasts for about five months. But is this a bad thing? Many Minnesotans love the long winter and all the snow. Let me tell you why.
First of all, snow is a beautiful thing. It’s soft, it reflects light, and it brightens the long, dark nights of winter, especially when the moon is out. Like magic, snow falls from the sky. It’s beautiful. Everything is quiet. It’s also fun to play in the snow. You can make a snowman, build a snow fort, or have a snowball fight with your friends. If there are any hills where you live, you can go sledding, skiing, or snowboarding. Ice rinks are also easy to find, so skating and hockey are popular sports in Minnesota.
Staying inside your home on a cold winter day is yet another benefit of the season. Families come together in the evening for long dinners and conversations about the events of the day. Children play board games with their parents, and many people have extra time to read. Libraries and books stores are very busy at this time of year.
Fire up the grill!
On Friday, Eduardo and his girlfriend, Tina, had some friends over for a backyard barbeque.They expected at least ten people to show up. Eduardo made hamburgers, hot dogs, chicken wings, and grilled vegetables for his guests. He likes to use his grill and eat outside whenever the weather is nice. He even cooks outside during the winter.
Tina helped Eduardo to prepare the food. First, they went to the grocery store to get the things that they needed: hamburger and hotdog buns, ground beef, hot dogs, chicken, green and red peppers, potato chips, wine, and beer. They also bought chocolate ice cream.
Eduardo’s friends from college came over some time after 4 p.m. Tina invited some of her friends from work. They arrived a little later. Everyone sat in the backyard and talked until the food was ready.
After dinner was finished, Eduardo and Tina gave everyone a glass of champagne. Champagne at a backyard barbeque? That seemed odd–until they made their big announcement. They plan on getting married! What a surprise! The wedding won’t be until next year because they have a lot of planning to do.
Their friends laughed at the surprise announcement and someone made a toast, but it wasn’t really that big of a surprise. Everyone knew that they would eventually get married.
Congratulations and best of luck to Eduardo and Tina on their engagement!
Everything feels new and fresh with the arrival of spring
Everything feels new and fresh with the arrival of spring. You can smell the change of season in the air. Soon after the snow melts, grass begins to grow again, and the trees and flowers begin to blossom. It’s the start of the growing season.
Among the first flowers to blossom are tulips. They can withstand the cool, early spring temperatures. Even a little snow fails to prevent tulips from growing. These beautiful flowers come in all kinds of colors: pink, yellow, white, purple, and red tulips pop up very quickly once the ground is warm and loose.
The grass that reappears in spring is a bright green color. It’s soft and spongy from spring rain. Birds search through the grass for worms and insects reawakened from a winter’s sleep. Both the dirt and the grass smell pungent and fertile at this time of the year.
Trees produce flowers and leaves. The blossoming trees attract bees and other insects that hurry from one flower to another. They pollinate the trees and the flowers. Successful pollination produces fruit and seeds for the summer and the fall.
INDEPENDENT UZBEKISTAN TODAY
The Republic of Uzbekistan occupies the territory of 447.4 thousands square kilometres and situated in Central Asia.It borders on Kirgihzia, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan,Tajikistan and Afganistan. On the whole the climate of Uzbekistan is continental with a long dry and hot summer, cool moist autumn and a rather cold winter with little snow, as a rule. Uzbekistan belongs to the area with small amount of precipitation and here the agriculture is possible only using artificial irrigation. Thanks to irrigation, farmers grow wheat, corn, cotton, potatoes, vegetables and fruits. From September 1, 1991 the Republic of Uzbekistan is considered to be an independent state. Uzbekistan declares itself open for signing equal and mutually beneficial agreements and contracts with all the partner-countries of the world. Symbols of independency are: emblem, flag, anthem, currency, army, constitution, landmass, language and others. The Republic of Uzbekistan is governed by Constitution and Laws of the republic. The Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan was adopted on December 8, 1992 at the 11-th session of the Supreme Soviet of the Republic of Uzbekistan. According to article 18 of the Constitution, all citizens of the Republic of Uzbekistan enjoy equal rights and freedoms, and are equal before the law, without distinction of the sex, race, nationality, language, religion, social origin, convictions, individual and social status. Uzbekistan is the multinational country. Representatives of more than one hundred nations and folks live on this territory.The course of the home policy of the Government of Uzbekistan is directed to the religious liberty of all the peoples living in it.
YOUTH TODAY
Children are the future of every country. What is good for the youth is good for the future of that country. Everyone loves their children and wants the best future for them. For that reason, people everywhere are interested in peace, security and a good stable economy. The government of Uzbekistan pays great attention to the education and upbringing of young people. They have every opportunity to study. The uniform system of public education in our Republic makes it possible to proceed easily from lower level to higher education. Graduates can enter any type of specialized secondary or higher school. Much attention is paid to the development of young people and their preparation for employment. Teachers try to do their best to educate young people and to bring them up in the spirit of democratic ideals and internationalism. They try to teach children good morals and ethics. It is the young people who will take the world’s future in their hands. That’s why it is necessary for them to develop their own interests and goals and to recognize and understand the problems of today. What can we, the students of Andizhan State University, do for our country? The answer is simple. Our main goal is to study well at the institute, gain deep knowledge of theoretical and practical subjects, prepare ourselves for our future profession, be the true citizens of our country and do our best to be useful for our Motherland.
ABU ALI IBN SINO (AVICENNA)
Abu Ali Ibn Sino is the pride of Central Asia and one of the greatest scientists. Besides medicine he was occupied with mathematics, logic and philosophy. He was born in Bukhara in the village of Afshana in 980 and got his education in Bukhara. Because of his perfect memory and quick wits he obtained a lot of knowledge very quickly. He had already learnt the Koran by heart when he was 10. Later, when he was 17, he had been already known as a great doctor. He devoted his whole life to gaining new knowledge, curing people, finding the reasons of many diseases, writing works on medicine and bringing this knowledge to upcoming generation. Abu Ali Ibn Sino traveled to many cities as a visitor and died from serious infectious disease on June 18, 1037 in the city of Isfakhon. The number of works that Abu Ali Ibn Sino had written exceeds 450, but only 160 out of them reached our hands. One of his main books is “Konun at-Tib”. This works consists of 5 big parts containing the reason of disease, hygiene, medication and a lot of other information related to medicine. His other books such as “Shifo kitobi”, “Insof kitobi”, “Hojat kitobi”, “Donishnoma”, “Arab tili kitobi”, “Metafizika” had played the main role in the development of many sciences. Abu Ali Ibn Sino is well-known in Europe by the name of Avicenna. The naturalist Karl Linney named a type of plant “Avicenna” in honour of him. To sum up we can say that Abu Ali Ibn Sino was an encyclopedic scholar whose contribution to world civilization was incomparable.
MY SUMMER HOLIDAYS
At the end of June we had our summer examination session. I have passed it successfully. I have got only good and excellent marks. I hope I shall get an increased stipend. After session I had my practical training at the local educational centre in Kuva town of Fergana province. I worked there as a tutor. During my practical training I learnt how to teach. After my practical training I had a rest at the camp of our University which is in Honobod town. It is for students, teachers, professors and other workers of ASU. At a camp we swam in the river or swimming-pool, played basketball, ping-pong and badminton. In the evening we danced, sang songs or watched at the stars in the bright night sky. At the beginning of August I visited my grandparents in Tashkent and enjoyed having a good rest there. At home I helped my parents to do the work 20 about the house, visited my school friends, listened to music, watched interesting TV-programmers and read books. In August we took part in the preparation for the celebration of the 27 th anniversary of the Independence of our country. We celebrated the 1st of September among the family. We went to Alisher Navoi Park, enjoyed the concert, ate shashlik, had an ice-cream and coca-cola. In the whole I spent my summer holidays very well. And now I am ready for my study at the university
NEW YEAR HOLIDAY
In Uzbekistan among all the national holidays the New Year Holiday is the favourite one. It is celebrated on the 1st of January. Usually on the New Year’s Eve people send each other greetings and souvenirs, decorate their homes and New Year’s Trees with coloured bright lights. Families gather together at their parents’ and celebrate the holiday. There are always a lot of delicious meals, fruits, cakes, salads, chocolates and drinks on the table. As a culmination Father Frost in traditional clothes with long white beard comes to congratulate small children. They recite poems, sing songs, play games and have a lot of fun. As a prize they receive New Year presents from a big red sac of Father Frost. Young people prefer to celebrate the New Year Holiday in their own manner. They arrange evening parties where they dance, listen to music and have a 31 joyful time. At midnight when bells ring friends exchange hugs and kisses saying “Happy New Year!” In big cities the New Year Holiday is celebrated with carnavals, concerts and fireworks. Streets, squares and houses are decorated with paintings, flags, toys and lights. New Year’s Day is traditionally the time to start new projects and programmes, and give up bad habits.
MEDICAL EDUCATION IN UZBEKISTAN
Every year in Uzbekistan many young people who has the secondary education, who really care for medicine and have passed successfully their entrance examinations, enter the medical institutes and become students. At a Bachelor’s Degree the course of study is seven years. During this period the students master the basis of theoretical and practical medicine. In the first, second and third courses medical students study pre-clinical subjects such as Latin Medical Terminology, Human Anatomy, Histology, Biology, Organic and Nonorganic Chemistry, Normal and Pathological Physiology, Foreign Languages and others. It’s very important for medical workers to know foreign languages. They can read special medical literature in the original to know more about modern medical scientific achievements. When the academic year is over students have practical training. They work as nurses and doctor’s assistants at the therapeutic, surgical and other departments and learn how to measure blood pressure, take temperature, count pulse rate, give intramuscular and intravenous injections and to take care of patients. At the senior courses medical students study special subjects. They gain professional skill in the Clinical Hospitals of our republic. In seven years of hard study the students gain the necessary knowledge and get a diploma of a general practitioner. Those who want to continue their medical education enter the department of Master’s Degree. During the three-year period they gain more experience in one of the chosen clinical subjects and defend Master’s dissertation at the end of the course of study.
MY DAY OFF
On week days I go to the Institute. Sunday is my day off. On this day I do not go to the Institute and may sleep till 8 or 9 o’clock. Then I get up, listen to the music and do my morning exercises. Then I wash, dress myself and prepare breakfast. After breakfast I clean our room in the hostel where I live with my groupmates. Then I spend my day off in different ways. Sometimes my friends and I go to the cinema to see a new film or to the theatre to see a play, opera or ballet or to a concert. We also like to visit exhibitions of all kinds. Sometimes we go for a walk to get fresh air. That’s why we leave town for the country. We swim and bath, we play different sports and games there. We especially enjoy our rest if the weather is fine. In winter I prefer to spend my rest day at home. I go to my native town to see my parents and other relatives. I visit my grandparents and help them with the work in the garden. And my Granny tries to feed me with tasty home food – samsa, hunon or a cake. My Granny is a wonderful cook! She asks me a lot of questions about my study at the Institute. We have a very good time together. Next Sunday my friends and I will visit the Museum of Local Lore. It is one of the centres of cultural life in Andizhan. We also want to go shopping to choose a birthday present for one of our friends. In the evening I get ready for a new working week. We have a lot necessary and interesting work to do at our Institue.
TASHKENT
Tashkent is the capital of the independent Republic of Uzbekistan. It is a very old city. It was founded about 2200 years ago. It stands on the Chirchik River and has a population of about 2 and a half million people of various nationalities. There are several Muslim monuments and historical buildings such as the Kukaldosh madrasah and the Jomiy mosque which were built in the 16th century. Now days Tashkent has become one of the most modern cities in Central Asia with its new avenues, squares, high buildings and fountains. Tashkent is a political center of our country. National and international congresses, sessions and festivals are held in Tashkent. Tashkent is an economic and financial center of our state. The National Bank of the Republic of Uzbekistan is situated here. Many plants, factories, enterprises and joint ventures which produce different goods are in Tashkent. Tashkent is a cultural center. There are many museums, theatres, art galleries and concert halls in Tashkent, among them – Alisher Navoyi Opera and Ballet Theatre, Khamza Drama Theatre, Amir Timur Museum, Art Museum, Turkiston Concert Hall and others. Tashkent has many universities, among them the National University of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Malaysian University, Westminster University and others. There are many academies, institutes, colleges, lyceums and schools in Tashkent. Tashkent is a transport center with two airports, two railway stations, many bus stations and an underground with four lines and beautiful stations. There are a lot of places in Tashkent where children with their parents and guests of the capital can spend a good time; they are Tashkent-land, Aqua Park, Japanese Garden, Tashkent Circus, Gafur Gulom Park, Samarqand Darvozasi, Singing Fountain near “Sayohat” Hotel and others. Tashkent is a very beautiful and flourishing city. We are proud of our capital.
II. MAKE UP A TOPIC ON THE FOLLOWING THEME:
1. “My working day”
2. “The flag of Uzbekistan”
3. “The State Emblem of the Republic of Uzbekistan”
4. “Our President”
5. “The Constitution of Uzbekistan”
6. “The United Kindom”
7. “Holidays and Customs”
8. “Educational system in Great Britain”
9. “Universities in Great Britain”
10. “England”
11. “Scotland”
12. “From the history of England and it’s language”
13. “London”
14. “Effects of pollution”
15. “Spoken English and broken English”
16. “Learning English”
17. “The United Kingdom”
18. “The origin and development of Football”
19. “Internet Influence on kids”
20. “Meals”
21. “Seasons”
22. “Weather”
23. “Sports and games”
24. “Holidays”
25. “Popularity of Sports in Uzbekistan”
26. “Environmental of Pollution”
27. “Music effects on human body”
28. “Stress impact on health”
29. “Mother’s day”
30. “Independence Day”
31. “The musical instrument of the Scots ”
32. “Meals in Britain ”
33. “Music and Musicians ”
34. “Art Galleries ”
35. “New York”
36. “Navruz”
37. “The United States of America”
38. “Amir Temur – Pride of Uzbek People”
39. “Is learning a foreign language in high school important?”
40. “Tashkent”
41. “Andijan”
42. “My Favourite Book”
43. “Bukhara ”
44. “Khiva ”
45. “What are the benefits of growing up in a large family?:
46. “Life after School”
47. “My Favourite Author”
48. “My University”
49. “1st October Teacher’s and Master’s day”
50. “My future profession”
51. “Samarkand is the most ancient city ”
52. “Television”
53. “Mass media”
54. “Tourism”
55. “Travelling”
56. “Men and women”
57. “Technological advances”
58. “Human beings and animals”
59. “Medicine”
60. “Agriculture”
61. “Professional training”
62. “Adults and children”
63. “ Military service”
64. “Leisure time”
65. “Old people”
66. “My friend”
67. “Outstanding people of the East”
68. “A letter from a friend”
69. “How to teach English”
70. “Computer.”
71. “Environment”
72. “Cars”
73. “What is a good friend?”
74. “What’s your favorite day of the week and why?”
75. “What do you like best about winter?”
76. “Who is your hero, and why do you look up to them so much?”
77. “Causes and Effects of the Popularity of Fast Food Restaurants”
78. “At the Library”
79. “How to make friends”
80. “What I Know about dinosaurs”
81. “Who I shall be in future”
82. “Cooking dinner with Mom”
83. “A sport I’m good at”
84. “Life in the future”
85. “Internet and social Mrdia”
86. “How to get ready for entrance exams”
87. “My chilhood”
88. “My first school teacher”
89. “”How to celebrate a happy day”
90. “High School Life”
91. “Food and Eating”
92. “Food and eating”
93. “Health”
94. “Gender equality”
95. “Animal protection”
96. “Flora protection”
97. “How to be a good teacher”
98. “My first day at school”
99. “My favorite summer vacation”
100. “Garbage problem”
III. SPEAK ABOUT THE FOLLOWING TEXT:
1) Samarkand is the most ancient city
2) Shakespeare
3) Mark Twain
4) My native town
5) My future profession
6) My hobby
7) Modern technology
8) Modern writers
9) Cho’lpon
10) Modern singers in Uzbekistan
11) Travel and Transportation
12) Food
13) Influence of internet on children
14) Customs
15) Jobs
16) Global warming
17) Arts and Entertainment
18) “My working day”
19) “The flag of Uzbekistan ”
20) “The State Emblem of the Republic of Uzbekistan ”
21) “Our President ”
22) “ The Constitution of Uzbekistan”
23) “The British State Organization ”
24) “Holidays and Customs ”
25) “Educational system in Great Britain ”
26) “Universities in Great Britain ”
27) “England ”
28) “Scotland ”
29) “From the history of England and it’s language ”
30) “London ”
31) “Big Ben”
32) “Spoken English and broken English ”
33) “Time periods ”
34) “The United Kingdom ”
35) “The origin and development of Football ”
36) “Contest of the witty ”
37) “Meals ”
38) “Seasons ”
39) “Weather ”
40) “Sports and games ”
41) “Holidays ”
42) “Robin Hood ”
43) “Environmental of Pollution ”
44) “British Museum ”
45) “The Norman conquest of England ”
46) “Independence Day ”
47) “The musical instrument of the Scots ”
48) “Meals in Britain ”
49) “Music and Musicians ”
50) “Art Galleries ”
51) “New York ”
52) “Navruz ”
53) “The United States of America ”
54) “Amir Temur – Pride of Uzbek People ”
55) “Elections in Uzbekistan”
56) “Tashkent ”
57) “Andijan ”
58) “Day of Memory and Honor ”
59) “Bukhara ”
60) “Khiva ”
61) “Urgench ”
62) “Benjamin Franklin was the great businessman.”
63) “Maqsud Shayhzoda is one of the greatest representatives of Uzbek literature ”
64) My lyceum
65) “My University”
66) “1st October Teacher’s and Master’s day ”
67) “My future profession ”
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