PDF The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2019

THE STATE OF

FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION

IN THE WORLD

SAFEGUARDING AGAINST ECONOMIC SLOWDOWNS

AND DOWNTURNS

This flagship publication is part of THE STATE OF THE WORLD series of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

Required citation: FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO. 2019. The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2019. Safeguarding against economic slowdowns and downturns. Rome, FAO. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.

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DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO. Young woman selling fruit at a street market.

ISSN 2663-8061

2019

THE STATE OF

FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION

IN THE WORLD

SAFEGUARDING AGAINST ECONOMIC SLOWDOWNS AND DOWNTURNS

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Rome, 2019

CONTENTS

FOREWORD METHODOLOGY ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS KEY MESSAGES EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

vii

ANNEXES

121

x

xi

ANNEX 1A

xiii

Statistical tables to Part 1

122

xiv

xvi

ANNEX 1B Methodological notes to statistical tables

148

PART 1

FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION

ANNEX 2

AROUND THE WORLD IN 2019

1

Methodologies Part 1

159

1.1 Recent trends in hunger and food insecurity 3

1.2 Progress towards global nutrition targets

27

ANNEX 3

PoU change point definitions, methodology

1.3 Towards an integrated understanding of food

and country lists

165

security and nutrition for health and well-being 42

1.4 Conclusions

46

ANNEX 4

Economic growth and change in PoU

PART 2

between 2011 and 2017

169

SUSTAINED ESCAPES FROM FOOD INSECURITY

AND MALNUTRITION IN THE FACE OF ECONOMIC

SLOWDOWNS AND DOWNTURNS

49

ANNEX 5 The main drivers of crisis-level acute

2.1 Economic slowdowns and downturns

food insecurity in 2018

176

and their impact on food security and nutrition 51

2.2 Commodity dependence and its relevance

ANNEX 6

for food security and nutrition

61

Commodity dependence definitions

and country lists

178

2.3 Nexus between economic growth,

poverty, and food security and nutrition:

ANNEX 7

the role of inequality

79

Glossary

185

2.4 Policies for achieving sustainable escapes

from food insecurity and malnutrition in the

NOTES

191

context of economic slowdowns and downturns 102

2.5 Conclusions

118

| ii |

TABLES, FIGURES AND BOXES

TABLES

1 Prevalence of undernourishment

(PoU) in the world, 2005?2018

8

2 Number of undernourished people in the world, 2005?2018 9

3 Prevalence of moderate or severe

food insecurity, and severe food

insecurity only, measured with the

Food Insecurity Experience Scale,

2014?2018

15

4 Number of people experiencing

moderate or severe food insecurity,

and severe food insecurity only,

measured with the Food Insecurity

Experience Scale, 2014?2018

18

5 Association between food

insecurity and various forms of

malnutrition: cross-country analysis

based on national data

44

6 Association between food

insecurity and overweight or

obesity in different age groups:

micro-level data analysis from

selected countries

45

7 Association between household food insecurity, child stunting and wasting, and anaemia in women of reproductive age: micro-level data analysis from selected countries 46

8 Economic shocks were significant

secondary and tertiary drivers of

food crises in 2018

60

9 High levels of commodity-export

and -import dependence negatively

affect food security

67

10 Government spending on social and health sectors and UHC coverage in high commodity-dependent countries 76

11 Coping strategies, their

availability in times of economic

slowdowns and downturns and

possible negative effects

78

12 Multisectoral policies for

reducing poverty, and the constraints

that must be overcome to improve

food security and nutrition

116

A1.1 Progress towards the Sustainable

Development Goals (SDGs): Prevalence

of undernourishment, moderate or severe

food insecurity, selected forms of

malnutrition, exclusive breastfeeding

and low birthweight

122

A1.2 Progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Number of people who are affected by undernourishment, moderate or severe food insecurity and selected forms of malnutrition; number of infants exclusively breastfed and number of babies born with low birthweight 135

A2.1 Definition of variables and sources

160

A2.2 Definition of variables

and sources

162

A2.3Results

162

A2.4 Malnutrition indicators by age/sex class (dependent variables)

163

A2.5 Independent variables 164

A3.1 Countries with an increase in PoU change point corresponding to economic slowdowns or downturns, years 2011?2017 166

A4.1 Descriptive statistics of PoU

and economic growth between

2011 and 2017

172

A4.2 Regression of the change

in PoU and economic growth

between 2011 and 2017

173

A4.3 Regression of the change in PoU between 2011 and 2017 and the three drivers of PoU increase 174

A4.4a Estimated coefficients of the regressions between the change in PoU (between 2011 and 2017) and the three drivers of PoU ? drivers regressed separately for each income group 175

A4.4b Estimated coefficients of the regressions between the change in PoU (between 2011 and 2017) and the three drivers of PoU ? drivers regressed together for each income group 175

A5.1 Countries and territories

with food crises in correspondence

with economic shocks, 2018

176

A6.1 Definition of country commodity-export and commodity-import dependence

179

A6.2 Countries and territories by

typology of primary commodity

dependence (1995?2017)

179

A6.3 Countries with economic slowdowns or downturns in correspondence to an increase in PoU change point and/or affected by food crises

180

FIGURES

1 The number of undernourished

people in the world has been on

the rise since 2015, and is back to

levels seen in 2010?2011

6

2 Undernourishment is rising

rapidly in Western Africa

10

| iii |

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