VI - Kennesaw State University
Glycolysis and Respiration
A. The Catabolism of Carbohydrates
1. Glycolysis
□ Partial oxidation of glucose to form pyruvic acid.
□ A small amount of ATP is made.
□ Some NAD is reduced to form NADH.
□ The major glycolytic pathway in cells is the Embden-Meyerhoff-Parnas pathway
2. Fermentation and Respiration: Two Possible Fates of Pyruvic Acid
Examples of Fermentation: Lactic Acid Fermentation, Ethanol Fermentation
2. Fermentation & Respiration: Two Possible Fates for Pyruvic Acid
Carbohydrate in Medium
Transport proteins in Cell Wall
or Plasma Membrane
Carbohydrate inside Cell
Various Enzymes
Glucose or other Glycolytic Intermediates
Glycolysis
Pyruvic Acid (Partially oxidized)
Two Possible Fates of Pyruvic Acid
Fermentation OR Respiration
Pyruvic acid is reduced to: Pyruvic acid is oxidized
a reduced organic acid completely to CO2
(for example, lactic acid or
mixed acids)
or an alcohol
(for example, ethanol or
butanediol)
Gases (CO2 or H2) may
be produced
Final electron acceptor is Final electron acceptor is
the organic derivative an inorganic molecule,
of pyruvic acid almost always O2,
but some bacteria use
nitrate, sulfate, or sulfur
Oxygen is not required Oxygen is usually required
No additional ATP are made Additional ATP are made
3. Stages of Respiration
a. Preliminary Reaction: Pyruvic Acid is converted to Acetyl CoA and CO2
b. The Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle):
The acetyl group is completely oxidized to CO2, with the formation of NADH and FADH
c. The Respiratory Transport Chain:
The energy in NADH and FADH is converted into ATP; NAD and FAD are regenerated.
B. The Regulation of Glucose Metabolism
1. Allosteric Regulation of Phosphofructokinase
2. Glycogen Synthesis
3. Fatty Acid Synthesis
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