AP Physics B
AP Physics C
First Semester Review of EVERYTHING I learned (
KINEMATICS:
• The general relationship between position, velocity, and acceleration:
o I can analyze x vs. t, v vs. t, and a vs. t graphs
o Given one equation (x, v or a), I can find the other 3.
• I know 4 main kinematics equations:
• Students should know how to deal with situations in which acceleration is a function of velocity and time and write an appropriate differential equation and solve it for v(t), for example:
• A vector is:
o The rules for adding vectors:
o I know how to find a resultant vector:
• I know how to use my 4 kinematics equations to solve problems in 2 dimensions:
o My main “projectile” formulas:
o Velocity in x-direction vs. Velocity in y-direction:
o Basic picture of a projectile with velocity and acceleration vectors:
• Given functions of x(t) and y(t), I can determine the components, magnitude and direction of the particle’s velocity and acceleration.
DYNAMICS/NEWTON’S LAWS
• Newton’s Three Laws:
o 1st –
o 2nd –
o 3rd –
• Net force means:
• If there is NO NET FORCE on an object, then the object is doing 1 of 2 things:
o The object is
o Or the object is
• I can draw a well-labeled for body diagram, for example:
• I know the steps for solving…
o Hanging stop light questions:
o Pulley questions:
o Pulley on Table questions:
o Pulley on Ramp questions:
• When I sum my forces, I know that I can set them equal to 1 of 2 things:
o =
o =
• Friction is:
o 2 types of friction:
o What the coefficient of friction means:
o Formula for Frictional force:
o I can figure out when an object will start to slip, for example:
• Terminal Velocity is:
o I can calculate terminal velocity, for example:
o I can describe with graphs or words the acceleration, velocity and displacement of a particle reaching terminal velocity after falling or being projected, for example:
o I can use Newton’s 2nd Law to write a differential equation for the velocity of the object as a function of time:
o I can derive an expression for the acceleration of the object as a function of time (under the influence of drag forces):
• Action-Reaction Pairs are:
• A great picture for remembering equal and opposite forces is:
WORK, ENERGY & POWER
• Work is:
o Work is positive when:
o Work is negative when:
o Work is zero when:
o Formula for Work:
• I can calculate work from a graph.
• I can use integration to calculate the work performed by a force F(x) on an object that undergoes a specified displacement in one dimension:
• Work-Energy Theorem is:
o Example problem:
o I know that I have to find the _________________ on an object before finding the NET WORK done on an object.
o If I want to find the work done by a specific force, I use that force in the work equation.
▪ Example:
o I can figure out the stopping distance needed for an object using the Work-Energy Theorem.
▪ Example:
o If an object is moving at a CONSTANT VELOCITY, then the NET WORK is __________.
▪ BUT, work is still done on the object by the individual forces, for example:
• More formulas for this chapter:
o Work
o Kinetic Energy
o Gravitational Potential Energy
o Elastic Potential Energy
o Hooke’s Law
• A Conservative Force is:
o Examples of Conservative forces:
o Examples of Non-Conservative forces:
• The relationship between force and potential energy is:
o Potential energy can be associated only with conservative forces because:
o I can calculate a potential energy function associated with a one-dimensional force F(x)
o I can calculate the magnitude and direction of a one-dimensional force when given the potential energy function U(x) for the force.
• Law of Conservation of Energy:
o I can use conservation of energy in situations such as:
▪ Atwood’s machine
▪ Pendulums
▪ Mass-Spring systems
▪ Objects that slide and compress springs
• I can state and apply the relation between the work performed on an object by non-conservative forces and the change in an object’s mechanical energy, for example:
• I can apply conservation of energy when objects are under the influence of non-constant one-dimensional forces, for example:
• Power is:
o 4 Formulas for power:
o When a person is lifting themselves up (as in going up a flight of stairs), the force I use in the power equation is _________________________.
o When calculating the power needed to lift something up, the force I use in the power equation is________________________.
o When I calculate AVERAGE POWER, then I need to use AVERAGE VELOCITY.
• Formula for Center of Mass:
o Example problems:
o Use integration to find the center of mass of a thin rod of non-uniform density:
• Common Work/Energy/Power pitfalls/tricks that won’t fool me!
LINEAR MOMENTUM
• Formulas:
o Momentum:
o Impulse:
o Impulse-Momentum Theorem:
o Conservation of Momentum:
• I can use graphs to solve momentum questions, for example:
• 2 types of collisions are:
o ___________________
▪ After colliding, the objects _______________________
▪ Momentum is _______________________
▪ Kinetic Energy is _____________________
o ___________________
▪ After colliding, the objects _______________________
▪ Momentum is ______________________
▪ Kinetic Energy is _____________________
• I can find the loss of energy in a collision by:
• The relationship between linear momentum and center-of-mass motion for a system of particles is:
• I can calculate the change in momentum of an object given a function F(t) for the net force acting on the object:
• I can calculate conservation of momentum questions in one- and two-dimensions, for example:
• Newton’s Third Law and Conservation of Linear Momentum relate to each other because:
• Frame of Reference:
• I can solve frame of reference problems, for example:
• Common Momentum pitfalls/tricks that won’t fool me!
CIRCULAR MOTION & ROTATION
• Uniform Circular Motion means:
• Since speed = distance/time, I can find an object’s speed moving in a circle simply by
• Formula for Centripetal Acceleration:
• If asked to draw vectors (force, acceleration, velocity) on ANY circular example:
• I can identify graphs of an objects velocity or acceleration vs. time during circular motion:
• Centripetal Force is:
o I will NEVER say _____________________________________.
o I know that there is NOT _________________________________________________.
o Formula for Centripetal force:
o I know that Centripetal force will be set equal to some other force, for example:
• Torque is:
o Formula for torque:
o Direction of torque:
o Translational Equilibrium =
o Rotational Equilibrium =
o I can solve problems with torque, for example:
• Rotational Inertia is:
o I can figure out which object has the greatest rotational inertia:
o I can figure out the change in rotational inertia of an object after increasing a dimension:
o I can calculate the rotational inertia of:
▪ A collection of point masses
▪ A thin rod of uniform density about an arbitrary perpendicular axis
▪ A thin cylindrical shell about it’s axis
o Parallel-Axis Theorem:
▪ Example problem:
• Angular analogs for linear variables:
• Right-Hand Rule:
• Rotational Dynamics Formulas:
• Rotational Dynamics Example problems:
• Massive Pulley problems:
• Total Kinetic Energy of an object
• Rolling with Slipping
• Conservation of Angular Momentum:
o Formula:
o Example Problem:
• Relation between net external torque and angular momentum
o When is angular momentum conserved?
OSCILLATIONS & GRAVITATION
• Simple Harmonic Motion is:
• A can write expressions to describe the motion using the form Asinωt or Acosωt, for example:
• I can relate displacement, velocity and acceleration and know when these quantities are at max and min values:
• Relationship between frequency and period:
• Relationship between Total Energy and Amplitude of system:
o Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy graphs:
o Calculate Kinetic and Potential Energies of systems:
o Total energy __________________________________________________.
• Formula for Period of a mass-spring system:
o Questions where the spring oscillates vertically:
o Questions where the spring oscillates horizontally:
• Formula for Period of a Pendulum:
o Example:
• Universal Law of Gravitation Formula:
• I can calculate the gravitational force that one object exerts on another, for example:
o I know that the force that these objects exert on each other is ___________________.
• I know that the motion of a circular orbit DOES NOT DEPEND on _______________________.
o For orbit questions, I will most likely have to:
o Example:
o Kepler’s Three Laws:
o Use angular momentum conservation and energy conservation to relate speeds at different extremes of an elliptical orbit
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