Communication and Relationships



Council Rock School District

8th Grade Health Outline

Developed 2009

Patricia Toner, District Coordinator

Ryan Brainard, Jason Carr, Tom Cunningham, Vic D’Angelo, Larry Hess, Chris Hoerger, Mike Kochler, Colleen Leh, Chad Lonergan, Denise Noseworthy, Lynn Petersen, Liz Potash, Yvonne Puryear, Nicole Salome, Carol Wilson, Carolyn Woloshyn, Marian Ziemba

|OVERVIEW |

| | |

|Personal Health Skills |Opiates |

|Decision Making |Club Drugs |

|Goal Setting |Influences & Consequences |

|Developing Self-Esteem |Treatment |

|Understanding Emotions |Consumer Health |

|Managing Stress |Personal Safety |

|Communication & Relationships |Fire Prevention |

|Communication |Staying Safe with Electricity |

|Refusal Skills |Preventing Falls |

|Conflict Resolution |Preventing Poisoning |

|Relationship Skills |First Aid |

|Choosing Abstinence |Bleeding |

|Over-the-Counter Drugs |Burns |

|Substance Use & Abuse |CPR |

|Tobacco |Choking |

|Alcohol |Shock |

|Marijuana |Muscle, Joint, & Bone Injuries |

|Inhalants |Unconsciousness |

|Steroids |Poisoning |

|Other Drugs: | |

|Stimulants | |

|Depressants | |

|Hallucinogens | |

Personal Health Skills

8th Grade Health

(GLENCOE: Chapters 2, 3, and 4)

• KEY POINTS – Emotionally healthy people:

o Set realistic goals and work to achieve them

o Have coping skills

o Have self-respect

o Know when and who to ask for help

o Are capable of asking for help

o Understand emotions

o Can resolve conflicts

o Are responsible

o Manage stress in a healthy manner

o Can communicate with others

o Have refusal skills

o Are resilient

• KEY POINTS – You can develop skills that will help you manage your health throughout your life.

DECISION MAKING:

• KEY POINTS – Achieving good health begins with making responsible decisions.

• Know that your decisions are based on your values.

o Values – ideas, beliefs, and attitudes about what is important to you

• Understand the decision-making process:

o State the situation

o List the options

o Consider your values

o Weight the possible outcomes

o Make a decision and act on it

o Evaluate the decision

GOAL SETTING:

• KEY POINTS – Working towards goals can help you achieve your hopes and dreams.

• Know the types of goals:

o Short-term goals

o Long-term goals

• Know the steps to take to reach your goals:

o Set a specific, realistic, measurable goal and write it down

o List the steps you will take to reach your goal

o Identify sources of help and support

o Seat a reasonable time frame to achieve your goal

o Evaluate your progress

DEVELOPING SELF-ESTEEM:

• KEY POINTS – Good mental and emotional health helps you develop healthy self-esteem.

• Know the characteristics of good mental and emotional health:

o Sense of belonging

o Sense of purpose

o Positive outlook

o Self-sufficiency

o Healthy self-esteem

o Resiliency – the ability to adapt effectively and recover from disappointment, difficulty, or crisis

• Understand the meaning of self-esteem

o How much you value, respect, and feel confident about yourself

• Know you can improve your self-esteem and your overall mental and emotional health by following these suggestions:

o Choose friends who value and respect you

o Focus on the positive aspects about yourself

o Avoid negative self-talk

o Work toward accomplishments rather than perfection

o Consider mistakes learning opportunities

o Try new activities to discover new talents

o Write down your goals

o Exercise regularly

o Volunteer

o Accept things you cannot change, and focus energy on changing things you can

UNDERSTANDING EMOTIONS:

• KEY POINTS – Recognizing and acknowledging your emotions is a sign of good mental and emotional health.

• Understand some common emotions:

o Happiness

o Sadness

o Love

o Fear

o Guilt

o Anger

• KEY POINTS – Knowing how to recognize your emotions can help you manage them in healthful ways.

• Know how to recognize emotions by asking yourself:

o Why do I feel this way about this event?

o Will this event matter later on in life?

o Why should I wait before responding?

o What can I do to feel better?

o Who can I ask to help me deal with my negative feelings?

• Understand common defense mechanisms people use to protect themselves from difficult emotions:

o Repression

o Regression

o Denial

o Projection

o Suppression

o Rationalization

o Compensation

MANAGING STRESS:

• KEY POINTS – Stress can affect you in both positive and negative ways.

• Know the following terms:

o Stressor – anything that causes stress

o Eustress – positive stress

o Distress – negative stress

• Recognize types of stressors:

o Life situations – school demands, friends, moving, breaking up, etc.

o Environmental – unsafe neighborhood, media, natural disasters, etc.

o Biological – illness, body changes, injury, disability, etc.

o Cognitive (thinking) – poor self-esteem, not fitting in, personal appearance, etc.

o Personal behavior – busy schedule, smoking, alcohol or drug use, relationship issues, etc.

• Understand the stress response:

o Alarm

o Resistance – “fight or flight”

o Fatigue

• Understand stress management techniques:

o Use refusal skills

o Plan ahead

o Think positively

o Manage your time

o Practice relaxation techniques

▪ Deep breathing

▪ Think pleasant thoughts

▪ Stretching

▪ Take a warm bath

▪ Get a massage

▪ Laughing

o Redirect your energy

o Ask for help

o Get adequate rest

o Get regular physical activity

o Eat nutritious foods

• KEY POINTS – It is important to recognize when you need help. It is important to know where to get help.

Communication and Relationships

8th Grade Health

(GLENCOE: Chapters 6, 8, and 24)

COMMUNICATION:

• KEY POINTS – Good communication is a vital health skill.

• Know that you can strengthen your interpersonal communication skills by doing the following:

o Use “I” messages to express your feelings

o Communicate with respect and caring

o Be an active listener

• KEY POINTS – There are three (3) types of communication styles.

• Understand the three (3) types of communication styles:

o Passive – unwilling or unable to express thoughts and feelings in a direct or firm manner

o Aggressive – being overly forceful, pushy, or hostile

o Assertive –expressing your views clearly and respectfully

REFUSAL SKILLS:

• KEY POINTS – Refusal strategies can help you say no to potentially harmful activities.

• Develop these refusal strategies:

o Say no in a firm voice

o Explain why by stating your feelings

o Offer alternatives

o Stand your ground

o Leave if necessary

CONFLICT RESOLUTION:

• KEY POINTS – Conflicts can be resolved through compromise, negotiation or mediation.

o Understand ways to deal with conflict:

▪ Compromise

▪ Negotiation – finding a solution that both sides can accept

• Steps in the negotiation process:

o Calm down and think over the situation

o Takes turns explaining your point without interruption

o Ask for clarification if necessary

o Brainstorm solutions

o Discuss advantages and disadvantages of each solution

o Agree on a solution

o Follow up to see if the solution has worked for each party

▪ Mediation – bringing in a neutral third party to help resolve the conflict

• Effective mediation depends on:

o Neutrality

o Confidentiality

o Well-defined ground rules

• Peer mediation – specially trained students help other students resolve conflicts peacefully

RELATIONSHIP SKILLS:

• KEY POINTS – You have many types of relationships in your life and you play different roles in all of them.

• Define:

o Relationship - a bond or connection you have with another person

o Friendship – a significant relationship between two people that is based on trust, caring, and consideration

• KEY POINTS – In a healthy relationship, people respect and support each other.

• Know traits of healthy relationships:

o Mutual respect

o Caring

o Honesty

o Commitment

o Trust

• KEY POINTS – If a person discusses or has intentions of harming themselves, it is not a betrayal of trust to tell a parent, trusted teacher, counselor, doctor, member of the clergy, or other adult immediately.

• Understand skills necessary for building healthy relationships:

o Communication

o Cooperation

o Compromise

• Know several types of peer relationships:

o Close friendships – strong emotional ties

o Casual friendships – share interests but not deep emotional bonds

o Platonic friendships – opposite gender but not considered a couple

o Online friendships – can be rewarding, can also be dangerous

• KEY POINTS – It is important to know how to recognize problems in a friendship and how to resolve those problems.

• Discuss problems in friendships:

o Cliques

o Managing feelings of envy and jealousy

o When friendships change

• KEY POINTS – In a dating relationship, personal values and priorities will influence your decisions.

• Understand:

o Priorities – goals, tasks, values, and activities that you judge to be most important

o Setting Limits – deliberate decisions to avoid certain high-risk behaviors including:

▪ Sexual activity

▪ Use of alcohol, tobacco, or other drugs

CHOOSING ABSTINENCE:

• KEY POINTS – Choosing abstinence can help safeguard your health and your future.

• KEY POINTS – There are many strategies that can help you commit to abstinence.

• Understand the difference between intimacy and infatuation

o Intimacy – closeness between two people that develops over time

o Infatuation – exaggerated feelings of passion

• Know that practicing abstinence requires self-control

o Self-control – ability to use responsibility to override emotions

▪ Tips to help maintain self-control:

• Set limits for expressing affection

• Communicate with your partner

• Talk with a trusted adult

• Seek low-pressure dating situations

• Date someone who respects and shares your values

• Avoid risk situations:

o Places where alcohol and drugs are present

o Places where you are alone or isolated

• KEY POINTS – Honest communication with your dating partner can help you stay committed to abstinence.

• Know how to stay committed to abstinence:

o Remind yourself of the reasons you chose abstinence

o Communicate your values and decisions to your dating partner

o Practice refusal skills

o Realize that you can recommit to abstinence

• KEY POINTS – Abstinence from sexual activity has a positive effect on all sides of your health triangle.

• KEY POINTS – Engaging in sexual activity can have a negative effect on all sides of your health triangle.

• Know that engaging in sexual activity has possible consequences such as:

o Mental/emotional consequences:

▪ Hurt

▪ Guilt

▪ Loss of self-respect

▪ Regret and anxiety

o Social Consequences

▪ Negative effect on relationships with family and friends

o Physical consequences

▪ Unplanned pregnancy

▪ STIs or STDs

• KEY POINTS – Anyone who has sexual contact with another person risks contracting a sexually transmitted disease.

• Understand STDs and their effects:

o STD – infections spread from person to person through sexual contact

▪ Genital HPV Infections

▪ Chlamydia

▪ Genital Herpes

▪ Gonorrhea

▪ Trichomoniasis

▪ Syphilis

▪ HIV/AIDS

o Prevention of STDs

▪ Practice abstinence

▪ Avoid:

• Being sexually active with more than one partner

• Engaging in unprotected sex

• Engaging in sexual activity with high-risk partners

o Multiple partners

o IV drug users

• Using alcohol or other drugs

• KEY POINTS – Only a professional can accurately diagnose and treat STDs.

• KEY POINTS – HIV/AIDS weakens the body’s immune system.

• Know the definitions of HIV and AIDS

o HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus) – a virus that attacks the immune system

o AIDS (Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) – a disease in which the immune system is weakened

• KEY POINTS – HIV is transmitted in a variety of ways.

• Understand how HIV is transmitted:

o During sexual intercourse

▪ HIV enters the bloodstream through microscopic openings in the tissues of the:

• Vagina, anus, mouth, penis

o By sharing needles used for:

▪ Body piercings with unclean instruments

▪ Tattoos with unclean needles

▪ Sharing IV drugs

o From mother to baby:

▪ Through the umbilical cord

▪ During childbirth

▪ Through breastfeeding

• Know how HIV affects the immune system

o HIV attacks the body’s immune system by destroying lymphocytes (specialized white blood cells).

▪ Two types of lymphocytes

• T cells

• B cells

o Stages

▪ Asymptomatic stage

▪ Middle stage

▪ Symptomatic stage

▪ AIDS stage

• KEY POINTS – There are many actions you can take to avoid contracting HIV/AIDS.

• Know how to prevent HIV/AIDS:

o Practice abstinence

o Do not share needles

o Avoid situations where drugs and alcohol use might compromise your decision making

o Use refusal skills when you feel pressured to engage in risky behaviors

Over-the-Counter Drugs

8th Grade Health

(GLENCOE: Chapter 19)

• KEY POINTS – Medicines are regulated to make them safe.

• Know that all new medicines in the United States must meet standards set by the FDA

o FDA – Food and Drug Administration

• Know that the FDA does not regulate herbal and dietary supplements

o Understand that these supplements can have harmful side-effects

• Know the types of medicines:

o Prescription Medicines – medicines that are dispensed only with the written approval of a licensed physician or nurse-practitioner

o Over-the-Counter (OTC) Medicines – medicines you can buy without a prescription

• Understand labels:

o Prescription labels must include:

▪ Instructions on how to use the medicine safely

▪ Special instructions

▪ Doctor’s name

▪ Patient’s name

▪ Pharmacy’s name and address

▪ Date prescription was filled

▪ Prescription number

▪ Whether refills are allowed

o OTC labels must include:

▪ Active ingredient

▪ Inactive ingredients

▪ Uses

▪ Warnings

▪ Expiration date

▪ Purpose

▪ Other information and directions

• KEY POINTS – Taking medicines unnecessarily or without following the label instructions is dangerous

• KEY POINTS – One danger of medicine misuse is drug overdose.

Substance Use & Abuse

8th Grade Health

(GLENCOE: Chapters 20, 21, and 22)

• KEY POINTS – Substance abuse includes the use of illegal substances, as well as the misuse of legal substances.

• Understand the various drugs and their effects on the body:

o Tobacco

o Alcohol

o Marijuana

o Inhalants

o Steroids

o Stimulants

o Depressants

o Hallucinogens

o Opiates

o Club Drugs

TOBACCO:

• KEY POINTS – All forms of tobacco contain chemicals that are dangerous to your health.

• Know that tobacco contains nicotine and other harmful substances:

o Nicotine – the addictive drug found in tobacco leaves

o Tar – cancer-causing substance in tobacco smoke that damages the respiratory system

o Carbon monoxide – colorless, odorless, poisonous gas in tobacco smoke

• KEY POINTS – No tobacco product is safe to use.

• Know that smokeless tobacco is not a safe alternative to smoking.

o Leukoplakia – white spots in the mouth that can develop into oral cancer

• KEY POINTS – Tobacco use causes both short-term and long- term damage to the body.

• Know the short-term effects of tobacco use:

o Brain chemistry changes

o Breathing and heart rate increases

o Taste buds are dulled and appetite is reduced

o Bad breath, yellowed teeth, smelly hair, skin, and clothes

• Know the long-term effects of tobacco use:

o Chronic bronchitis

o Emphysema

o Lung cancer

o Coronary heart disease and stroke

o Weakened immune system

ALCOHOL:

• KEY POINTS – Alcohol is an addictive drug.

• KEY POINTS – Alcohol impairs the central nervous system.

• Know that alcohol depresses, or slows down the central nervous system (CNS):

o Slows reaction time

o Impairs vision

o Diminishes judgment

• Understand that consuming too much alcohol results in:

o Intoxication – state in which the body is poisoned by alcohol or another substance

▪ Results in a significant reduction in physical and mental control

• Understand that the liver must metabolize (break down) alcohol before it can leave the body

• Know factors that influence how alcohol affects the body:

o Body size

o Gender

o Amount of food in the stomach

o How fast you drink

o How much you drink

o Other medications you are taking

• Understand the physical effects of alcohol:

o Changes to the brain

▪ Developmental damage

▪ Dulled memory

▪ Altered judgment

▪ Impaired coordination

▪ Increased risk of stroke in young people

o Cardiovascular changes

▪ Decreased heart rate

▪ Decrease in blood pressure

▪ Irregular heart rhythm

▪ Drop in body temperature

o Liver and kidney problems

▪ Liver – toxic chemicals are released that can cause scarring of the liver tissue

▪ Kidneys – increased urine output which can cause dehydration

o Digestive system

▪ Stomach – increased acid production causing nausea and vomiting

▪ Pancreas – consuming large amounts of alcohol quickly can cause pancreatitis resulting in acute, severe pain

• KEY POINTS – Consuming large amounts of alcohol over a short period of time can be fatal.

• Understand these terms:

o Binge drinking – rapidly consuming 5 or more drinks in one sitting

o Alcohol poisoning – a sever and potentially fatal reaction to an alcohol overdose

• Recognize the signs of alcohol poisoning:

o Mental confusion and stupor

o Inability to be roused, coma

o Vomiting and seizures

o Slowed breathing

▪ 10 seconds between breaths or

▪ Less than 8 breaths per minute

o Irregular heartbeat

o Cold, clammy skin due to lowered body temperature (hypothermia)

o Pale or bluish skin color

• First aid for alcohol poisoning

o Call 911 immediately!!!

MARIJUANA:

• KEY POINTS – Using marijuana has serious physical, mental, social, and legal consequences.

• Know that marijuana is a plant that can be smoked or eaten and is also known as pot, weed, or grass.

o Contains the active ingredient THC

▪ Stored in body fat and can remain present in the blood for as long as a month

• Know that hashish is a stronger form of marijuana.

• Understand that marijuana is often considered a gateway drug.

• Know the effects of marijuana:

o Effects vary from person to person and can include:

▪ Hallucinations and paranoia

▪ Impaired short-term memory, reaction time, concentration, and coordination

▪ Decreased initiative and ambition

▪ Bloodshot eyes, dry mouth

▪ Lung irritation, coughing

▪ Heart and lung damage

▪ Increased risk of lung cancer

▪ Weakened immune system

▪ Increased appetite

▪ Increased risk of stillbirth and birth defects

▪ Changed hormone levels

▪ In females, risk of infertility

▪ In males, lowered sperm count and testosterone levels

INHALANTS:

• KEY POINTS – Inhalants can cause the death of brain cells.

• Know that inhalants are substances whose fumes are sniffed or inhaled to get high.

o Examples of inhalants that cause brain damage:

▪ Solvents

▪ Aerosols

▪ Glue

▪ Paint

▪ Varnish

▪ Gasoline

• Understand that inhalants depress or slow down the nervous system and have both short-term and long-term effects:

o Short-term effects:

▪ Glassy stare

▪ Slurred speech

▪ Impaired judgment

▪ Nausea

▪ Coughing

▪ Nosebleeds

▪ Fatigue

▪ Lack of coordination

o Long-term effects:

▪ Liver and kidney damage

▪ Blindness

▪ Brain damage

▪ Paralysis

▪ Cardiac arrest

▪ Death

STEROIDS:

• KEY POINTS – Steroids can cause severe health problems.

• Know that anabolic-androgenic steroids are synthetic substances similar to male sex hormones.

o Anabolic – muscle building

o Androgenic – increased male characteristics

• Know the effects of steroid use:

o Unnatural muscle growth

o Weight gain

o Acne

o High blood pressure

o Liver and kidney tumors

o Hepatitis B, HIV – if unclean needles are used

o Violent behavior

o Extreme mood swings

o Depression, paranoia

o Males:

▪ Shrinking testicles

▪ Reduced sperm count

▪ Baldness

▪ Development of breasts

▪ Increased risk of prostate cancer

o Females:

▪ Facial hair

▪ Baldness

▪ Menstrual cycle changes

▪ Deepened voice

OTHER DRUGS:

• KEY POINTS – Drugs are classified by their effects on the body.

STIMULANTS:

• KEY POINTS – Stimulants speed up the body systems.

• Know types of stimulants:

o Cocaine

o Crack

o Amphetamines

DEPRESSANTS:

• KEY POINTS – Depressants slow down the body systems.

• Know types of depressants:

o Barbiturates

o Tranquilizers

HALLUCINOGENS:

• KEY POINTS – Hallucinogens alter moods, thoughts, and sense perceptions including vision, hearing, smell, and touch.

• Know types of hallucinogens:

o Ecstasy

o Ketamine

o LSD (Acid)

o PCP (Angel dust)

o DXM

o Psilocybin (Mushrooms)

o Mescaline (Peyote)

OPIATES:

• KEY POINTS – Opiates, or narcotics, seriously alter the sensory controls in the brain and are used to relieve pain.

• Know types of opiates:

o Codeine

o Morphine

o Heroin

o Oxycodone (OxyContin®)

CLUB DRUGS:

• KEY POINTS – Club drugs can cause irreversible health damage.

• Know that the term “club drugs” describes drugs found at concerts, dance clubs, and drug parties.

• Understand that club drugs are synthetic drugs made to imitate the effects of other drugs.

• Know the effects of some of the club drugs:

o Ecstasy (MDMA) – has both stimulant and hallucinogenic effects.

o Rohypnol – the “date-rape” drug; a CNS depressant

o GHB – another “date-rape” drug; CNS depressant

o Ketamine – animal tranquilizer; hallucinations and respiratory failure

o Meth – CNS stimulant

o LSD (Acid) – hallucinations and severely distorted perceptions of color and sound; can cause flashbacks

INFLUENCES AND CONSEQUENCES:

• KEY POINTS – There are many factors that put people at risk for alcohol, tobacco, and other drug abuse.

• Identify conditions that influence alcohol, tobacco, and other drug abuse:

o Peer pressure

o Family

o Role models

o Media

o Perceptions

o Misleading information

• KEY POINTS – Many factors may influence alcohol, tobacco, and other drug dependency.

• Know the stages of alcohol, tobacco, and other drug dependency:

o Tolerance

o Psychological dependence

o Physiological dependence

o Addiction

• KEY POINTS – There are many short and long term consequences of alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use.

• Know that substance abuse can damage all aspects of your life

o Possible consequences for the individual:

▪ Lack of interest

▪ Lack of goals

▪ Lowered inhibitions

▪ Harm to physical health

▪ Leading factor in teen depression and suicide

▪ Increased violence and crime

o Possible consequences for friends and family:

▪ Loss of relationship with drug abuser

▪ Feelings of guilt

▪ Financial burden

▪ Anxiety

▪ Anger

o Possible consequences for others:

▪ Drugs passed on to a developing fetus during pregnancy

▪ Drugs passed on to baby through breast milk

o Possible consequences for society:

▪ Rise in violence and crime

▪ DUI

▪ Lost work hours and productivity

▪ Health care costs and legal fees

▪ Law enforcement costs and insurance costs due to drug-related damages, injures, and deaths

TREATMENT:

• KEY POINTS – Many types of counseling are available for those who want to become drug-free.

• Know types of treatments available:

o Outpatient drug-free treatment

▪ Individual or group counseling

▪ Usually no medication

o Short-term treatment

▪ Residential therapy

▪ Medication therapy

▪ Outpatient therapy

o Maintenance therapy

▪ Intended for heroin addicts

▪ Medication therapy

o Therapeutic communities

▪ Residences for drug abusers

▪ Highly structured programs

▪ Last from 6 to 12 months

Consumer Health

8th Grade Health

(GLENCOE: Chapters 2)

• KEY POINTS – A health-literate consumer carefully evaluates health products and services.

• Know how to make informed choices by understanding:

o Advertising techniques:

▪ Bandwagon – Everyone is using it, and you should too.

▪ Rich and famous – It will make you feel rich and famous.

▪ Free gifts – It’s too good a deal to pass up.

▪ Great outdoors – If it’s associated with nature, it must be healthy.

▪ Good times – The product will add fun to your life.

▪ Testimonial – It worked for them, so it will work for you, too.

o Product labels:

▪ Know how to read and interpret product labels

o Comparison shopping:

▪ Analyze:

• Cost and quality

• Features

• Warranty

• Safety

• Recommendations of people and organizations such as Consumer’s Union

• KEY POINTS – Knowing how to manage consumer problems is an important skill to learn.

• Know how to take action to resolve consumer problems:

o Contact:

▪ Better Business Bureau

▪ Consumer advocates such as Consumer’s Union

▪ Local, state, and federal government agencies:

• Food and Drug Administration

• Consumer Product Safety Commission

• Federal Trade Commission

• National Health Information Center

• United States Department of Agriculture

• National Council Against Health Fraud

• Know how to protect yourself from health fraud:

o Health fraud (quackery) – the sale of worthless products or services that claim to prevent disease or cure other health problems

▪ Types of quackery:

• Weight loss methods and products

• Beauty products

▪ Typical claims:

• Secret formula

• Miracle cure

• Overnight results

• All natural

• Hurry, this offer expires soon

Personal Safety

8th Grade Health

(GLENCOE: Chapters 26)

• KEY POINTS – Many accidental injuries are preventable.

• Know the following terms:

o Unintentional injuries – injuries resulting from an unexpected event

o Accident chain – a sequence of events that leads to an unintentional injury

▪ An unsafe situation – wake up late for school, rush to get ready

▪ An unsafe habit – left your books on the stairs

▪ An unsafe action – run down the stairs without looking

▪ An accident – trip over books and fall

▪ The consequences – sprained ankle, late for school

• KEY POINTS – Safety precautions can prevent accidents at home.

FIRE PREVENTION:

• Know that common causes of household fires include:

o Burning candles and incense

o Smoking

o Kitchen fires

o Faulty electrical wiring

• Know how to prevent fires in your home:

o Keep matches, lighters, and candles away from children

o Don’t leave burning candles unattended

o Smokers must extinguish cigarettes

o No smoking in bed

o Don’t leave cooking food unattended

o Clean stoves and ovens to prevent grease build-up

o Follow instructions for space heathers

• Know that the following life-saving devices can help you escape without harm:

o Fire extinguisher

o Smoke alarm

• Understand the importance of:

o Planning an escape route from your home ahead of time

o Having a meeting place after you get out

o Staying close to the ground when escaping from a fire

o Stop, drop, and roll if your clothes catch fire

STAYING SAFE WITH ELECTRICITY:

• Know that wiring problems are a common source of house fires.

• Know how to prevent electrical fires and electric shock:

o Avoid overloading your electrical system

o Inspect and replace worn cords

o Use properly rated extension cords with polarized (three-prong) plugs

o Don’t run electrical cords under rugs or behind baseboards

o Don’t let furniture sit on cords

o Don’t attach cords to walls using nails or staples

o Don’t use an electrical appliance near water

o Don’t reach into water to retrieve a dropped appliance without first unplugging it

o In homes with small children, cover unused outlets with safety caps

PREVENTING FALLS:

• Understand that falls are responsible for about half of all accidental deaths in the home.

• Know how to prevent falls:

o Stairs

▪ Keep stairways well-lit, in good condition, and free of clutter

▪ Sturdy handrails

▪ Never put small rugs at the foot of a staircase

o Bathrooms

▪ Put nonskid mats or strips in the tub or shower

▪ Keep a night-light in the bathroom

o Windows

▪ In a home with small children, install window guards on the upper floors

▪ Make sure windows can still be opened in case of a fire

o Kitchens

▪ Keep the floor clean, mop up spills immediately

▪ Use a step stool to get things down from high places

o Living areas

▪ Keep floor clear of clutter

▪ Use nonskid rugs or place nonskid mats under rugs

▪ Keep cords out of flow of traffic

PREVENTING POISONINGS:

• Know that many household items can be harmful or fatal if swallowed.

• Know some examples of common household poisons:

o Bathroom

▪ Medicines

▪ Mouthwash

▪ Hair spray

▪ Toilet bowl cleaner

▪ Rubbing alcohol

o Bedroom

▪ Mothballs and crystals

▪ Perfumes and colognes

▪ Nail polish remover

o Kitchen

▪ Cleaning products

▪ Rust remover

▪ Drain cleaner

▪ Furniture polish

▪ Metal polish

o Living room

▪ Lead paint

▪ Poisonous houseplants

o Garage or shed

▪ Pesticides

▪ Fertilizer

▪ Pool cleaner

• Know the tips to prevent poisonings:

o Store products safely

▪ Childproof containers

▪ Keep out of reach of children

▪ Locks or safety latches on cabinets where chemicals are stored

▪ Discard old medicines

▪ Don’t store household chemicals near pet food or water dishes

▪ Clean up spills immediately

o Pay attention to labels

▪ Use medicines as directed

▪ Check with your doctor if you are taking two or more drugs

▪ Follow instructions for mixing chemicals

• Mixing chemicals can result in dangerous fumes, explosions, home fires, and burns

▪ Fuel-burning appliances must be properly vented to avoid carbon monoxide poisoning

First Aid

8th Grade Health

(GLENCOE: Chapter 27)

• KEY POINTS – The three (3) steps for responding to an emergency are check, call and care.

• Know the three steps for responding to an emergency:

o Check the victim

▪ Someone who is unconscious or not breathing needs immediate care

▪ Don’t move victim unless in direct physical danger

o Call

▪ Call 911 or your local emergency number

▪ If the victim needs immediate care, get someone else to call if possible

o Care

▪ Care for the victim

▪ If possible get the victims permission

▪ Good Samaritan laws – protect rescuers from being sued for giving emergency care

• Know that universal precautions are steps taken to prevent the spread of disease through blood and other body fluids when giving first aid.

o Universal precautions:

▪ Where sterile gloves

▪ Wash hands immediately after providing first aid

▪ Use a mouthpiece for rescue breathing

BLEEDING:

• Know the types of open wounds:

o Abrasions - scrapes

o Lacerations – cuts caused by a sharp object slicing through layers of skin

o Punctures – small but deep hole caused by a sharp object

o Avulsions – skin or tissue is partly or completely torn away

• Know how to control the bleeding:

o Raise the wounded body part above the level of the heart

o Cover the wound with sterile gauze or a clean cloth

o Apply steady pressure with the palm of your hand against the gauze

o Once the bleeding slows or stops secure the gauze

• Know that internal bleeding requires immediate care.

BURNS:

• Know that burns are classified according to the amount of damage they cause:

o First degree

▪ Outer layer of skin (epidermis)

▪ Skin red, swollen, painful

o Second degree

▪ Epidermis plus underlying tissue (dermis)

▪ Skin very red, blisters

▪ Severe pain and swelling

o Third degree

▪ Most serious and involves all layers of skin

▪ Skin charred black or white and dry

▪ May be possible to see muscle and bone

▪ Can destroy nerve endings, so victims may not experience pain

▪ Requires immediate medical attention

• Know how to treat first degree burns:

o Cool the burned area by holding it under cold, running water for at least 5 minutes if possible

o Do not use ice which may cause frostbite and more damage

o Cover the burn loosely with a sterile gauze

o If signs of infection develop, seek medical help:

▪ Increased pain and swelling

▪ Redness

▪ Fever

▪ Oozing

• Know what to do in the case of second or third degree burns:

o Get immediate medical care

o Call 911

o Cover the burned area with a clean, moist cloth

o Do not remove burned clothing unless it is still smoldering

o Don’t immerse a large burned area in cold water or the victim could go into shock

CPR:

• KEY POINTS – In a medical emergency, a victim’s life depends on a specific series of actions called the chain of survival.

• Know that chain of survival is a sequence of actions that maximize the victim’s chances of survival.

• Know the links in the chain of survival:

o A call to emergency medical services

o CPR

o Defibrillation

o Advanced care

• KEY POINTS – CPR can save the life of a person whose heartbeat or breathing has stopped.

• Know that CPR combines rescue breathing and chest compressions to supply oxygen to the body until normal body functions can resume.

• Know how to perform CPR:

o Adults basic cycle:

▪ 2 rescue breaths

▪ 30 chest compressions

o Adult CPR:

▪ Look, listen, feel for normal breathing:

• Chest rises and falls

• Hear breathing sounds

• Feel air moving in and out of nose or mouth

▪ Rescue breathing if you cannot detect signs of breathing:

• Tilt chin upward to open airway

• Pinch nose shut with thumb and forefinger

• Use sterile breathing mask if available

• Take breath and place mouth over victim’s mouth forming a tight seal

• Exhale for 1 second and watch to see if chest rises

• Remove your mouth from victim’s and take another breath

• Give second breath

▪ After two rescue breaths, begin chest compressions:

• Find victim’s sternum (breastbone)

• Place two fingers over end of sternum

• Place heel of hand above your fingers

• Place other hand on top and interlock fingers

• Raise your fingers so they do not touch person’s chest

• Perform chest compressions as follows:

o Straighten arms, lock elbows, line up shoulders directly above your hands

o Press downward on the person’s chest about 1.5 to 2 inches

o Begin compressions at a steady pace counting, “One and two and three and...” Press down each time you say a number

o After 30 compressions, give two more rescue breaths

o Repeat the cycle of 2 breaths and 30 compressions until the victim coughs, breathes, or moves, or until professional help arrives to take over

o CPR for Infants and Children:

▪ Same cycle of 2 rescue breaths and 30 chest compressions

▪ Procedure:

• Check to see if child is breathing BEFORE calling 911

• If not breathing give 5 cycles of CPR before calling 911

• On a baby, place your mouth over the baby’s nose and mouth

• Do not use an adult face mask on an infant

• To perform chest compressions on an infant:

o Use your fingers on the baby’s sternum

o Press down about 1/3 to ½ the depth of the baby’s chest

CHOKING:

• Know that choking is a life-threatening medical emergency that requires immediate attention.

• Know that clutching the throat is a universal sign for choking.

• Know the treatment for choking:

o If an adult is choking:

▪ Abdominal thrusts:

• Stand behind the victim and wrap your arms around his or her waist

o If victim is pregnant or obese, wrap your arms around the rib cage

• Make a fist with one hand and grasp it with your other hand

• Pull your hands into the abdomen with a quick upward thrust

• Repeat the abdominal thrusts until the object is dislodged

o If an infant is choking:

▪ Back blows and chest thrusts:

• Sit down and hold the baby face down over your forearm, which should be resting on your thigh

• With the heel of your hand, give the infant 5 gentle, but firm blows between the shoulder blades

• If this doesn’t dislodge the object, turn the infant face up, with the head lower than the body

• Perform 5 chest compressions as you would for infant CPR

• If infant is still not breathing, have someone call 911

• Repeat back blows and chest thrusts

• If breathing doesn’t resume, perform infant CPR

SHOCK:

• KEY POINTS – Shock is a life-threatening condition in which the heart is not delivering an adequate supply of blood to the body.

• Know the signs of shock:

o Cold clammy skin, which may appear pale, or grayish

o Weak, rapid pulse and altered breathing

o Dull, staring eyes, which may have dilated pupils

o Faintness, weakness, confusion, or loss of consciousness

• Know how to treat a victim for shock:

o Call 911 immediately

o Get victim to lie down and raise legs about 12 inches if the victim is conscious and does not have a head, neck, spine, or leg injury

o Give first aid for other injuries while you wait for help

o Keep victim calm

o Monitor breathing and be prepared to start CPR if breathing stops

o Loosen victim’s clothing and keep victim warm and comfortable

o Don’t give the victim food or drink

o Roll victim into recovery position if he or she begins bleeding from the mouth, vomiting, or drooling

MUSCLE, JOINT, & BONE INJURIES:

• KEY POINTS – Muscle and joint injuries can be minor or severe, but bone injuries are always medical emergencies.

• Know the following terms:

o Strain – tear in a muscle

o Sprain – injury to the ligaments around a joint

• Understand the signs and symptoms of muscle and joint injuries:

o Pain

o Stiffness

o Swelling

o Difficulty moving the affected body part

o Discoloration or bruising

• Know that severe strains and sprains require medical care

• Call 911 if:

o The victim is unable to move the affected muscle or joint

o The pain is severe

o The injury is bleeding

o The joint appears deformed

o You hear a popping sound coming from the joint

• Know how to treat minor strains and sprains with the P.R.I.C.E. procedure:

o Protect the affected area by wrapping in a bandage or splint

o Rest the injured body part for at least a day

o Ice the area

o Compress the affected area by wrapping firmly, but not too tightly, in a bandage

o Elevate the affected body part above the level of the heart if possible

• Know the following terms:

o Fracture- a break in the bone

o Dislocation – a separation of a bone from its normal position in a joint

• Know the signs and symptoms of a fracture or dislocation:

o Severe pain

o Swelling

o Bruising

o Inability to move the affected body part

o The limb or joint may be visibly misshapen, discolored, or out of place

• Know the first aid for fractures and dislocations:

o Call 911

o Do your best to keep the victim still and calm

o If skin is broken, rinse carefully to protect infection, taking care not to disturb the bone

▪ Cover with sterile dressing if available

o If necessary, apply a splint

o Apply ice pack to reduce pain and swelling

o If injury does not affect the head, neck, legs, or spine, have the victim lie down and raise legs about 12 inches to prevent shock

UNCONSCIOUSNESS:

• KEY POINTS – A victim who loses consciousness for any amount of time requires medical care.

• Know the following terms and procedures:

o Unconsciousness – the condition of not being alert or aware of your conditions

▪ Victims who are unconscious cannot respond to simple commands

▪ Victims cannot cough or clear their throats, putting them at risk for choking

▪ Some causes:

• Any major injury or illness

• Alcohol and drug abuse

▪ First aid:

• Call 911

• Check breathing and be prepared to perform CPR if necessary

• If breathing and no apparent spinal injury, place the victim in the recovery position:

o See page 773Glencoe Health

o Fainting – a temporary loss of consciousness that occurs when not enough blood is flowing to the brain

▪ First aid:

• Lay the victim on the floor

• Elevate the legs

• Loosen any tight clothing around the neck

• If victim vomits, quickly roll him or her into the recovery position

• Call 911 if person does not regain consciousness within a couple of minutes

• If person regains consciousness, keep victim lying still for at least 10-15 minutes

o Concussion – a jarring injury to the brain that can cause unconsciousness

▪ Call 911 for all cases of suspected concussion

POISONING:

• Know that a poison can be in the form of a solid, a liquid, or a gas.

• Understand that the first step in any case of suspected poisoning is to call a poison control center. An expert will give you step-by-step instructions on how to treat the victim.

o National Poison Control Hotline – 1-800-222-1222

▪ Be prepared to provide the following if possible:

• Name, location, phone #

• Victim’s condition, age, weight

• Name of the poison, when it was taken, amount taken

• Know that some poisons require quick action to minimize damage or prevent death

• Know the forms of poisoning and actions to take:

|How the Poison Enters the |Examples |Actions to Take |

|Body | | |

|Swallowing |Household cleaners, medicines |Call poison control and follow instructions |

| | |carefully. |

|Inhalation |Carbon monoxide, fumes from certain |Get the victim to fresh air. immediately. Call |

| |solvents, fumes from mixing cleaning |poison control. Be prepared to perform rescue |

| |products |breathing. |

|Through the eyes |Any strong chemical that enters the eye |Flush eye with fresh water for 15-20 minutes. |

| | |Call poison control. |

|Through the skin |Caustic chemicals like drain cleaner or |Remove clothing touched by poison. Rinse skin |

| |pesticides |15-20 minutes. Call poison control. |

ADDENDUM 8th Grade Health Outline:

Personal Health Skills (Page 6a)

BULLYING PREVENTION:

• KEY POINTS – Bullying is repeatedly doing or saying things to intimidate or dominate another person.

• KEY POINTS – Cyberbullying is intentional and repeated use of computer, cell phone, and/or social networks to cause distress or harm to others.

• Examples of bullying:

o Taunting

o Name calling

o Pushing

o Kicking

o Spreading rumors

• Examples of cyberbullying:

o Threatening text messages

o Social network bullying (facebook, twitter, etc.)

o Posting mean comments or pictures online

o Blogs

• The Effects on a Victim

o Physical – injuries, illness, stress-related illness, etc.

o Social – loss of friends, etc.

o Emotional – self-esteem issues, stress, fear, etc.

o Academic – drop in performance and attendance, etc.

• KEY POINTS – Bystanders, or witnesses, to bullying/cyberbullying can have a positive effect on reducing bullying behaviors in others.

• Ways to handle bullying/cyberbullying:

o Tell a trusted adult

o If online

♣ sign off

♣ block the bully

♣ save and print bullying messages

♣ talk to a friend

♣ tell a trusted adult

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