Grammar - Robert Lindblom Math & Science Academy



Grammar

Round 1 Day 1

Topic 1: Clauses and Types of Sentences

1. Simple Sentence = one independent clause

.

2. Compound Sentence = two independent clauses joined together by a coordinate conjunction

, and .

, but

, so

, yet

, for

, or

3. Compound Sentence = two independent clauses joined together by a conjunctive adverb or transition

; therefore, .

; nevertheless,

; however,

; furthermore,

; consequently,

; moreover,

4. Compound Sentence = two independent clauses joined together by a semicolon

; ; .

5. Complex Sentence = one independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses

Because , , .

Since

Although

If

When

Until

Unless

After

Even after

6. Complex Sentence = one independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses

because .

since

although

if

when

until

unless

after

even after

7. Compound/Complex Sentence = two independent clauses joined by one or more dependent clauses

, and because .

, but since

, so although

, yet if

, then when

, or until

, unless

, after

, even after

8. Compound/Complex Sentence = two independent clauses joined by one or more dependent clauses

Because , ; therefore, .

Since ; nevertheless,

Although ; however,

If ; furthermore,

When ; consequently,

Until ; moreover,

Unless

After

Even after

Relative clauses are dependent clauses introduced by a Relative Pronoun (that, which, whichever, who, whoever, whom, whomever, whose, and of which). Relative clauses can be either restrictive or nonrestrictive. In a relative clause, the relative pronoun is the subject of the verb (remember that all clauses contain a subject-verb relationship) and refers to (relates to) something preceding the clause.

Giuseppe said that the plantar wart, which had been bothering him for years, had to be removed.

(In this sentence, the underlined clause is a restrictive [essential] clause [a noun clause] and will not be set off by a comma; the italicized relative clause [modifying "wart"] is nonrestrictive [nonessential — it can be removed from the sentence without changing the meaning of the sentence] and is set off by commas.)

Practice #1:

Answer the question and decide whether the sentence is a simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex.

1. The doctor told Charlie to lose weight and exercise vigorously for forty-five minutes a day.

a. This sentence has two independent clauses.

b. This sentence has no independent clauses

c. This sentence has one independent clause.

2. The doctor was worried that Charlie was putting on too much weight.

a. The underlined section is an independent clause.

b. The independent clause is "The doctor was worried."

c. This sentence has no independent clause.

3. Charlie has a hard time sticking to a diet; he really loves rich, sweet desserts.

a. This sentence has two independent clauses.

b. This sentence has one independent clause.

c. This sentence has no independent clauses.

4. In fact, the last time he tried to lose weight, he ended up actually gaining weight.

a. “he ended up actually gaining weight" is the only independent clause.

b. The underlined section is the independent clause.

c. This sentence has two independent clauses.

5. Charlie has decided to hire a personal trainer because he is worried about his heart.

a. The underlined section is an independent clause.

b. This sentence has two independent clauses.

c. "Charlie has decided to hire a personal trainer" is the independent clause.

Grammar

Round 1 Day 2

Topics 1 and 2: Clauses and Types of Sentences; Periodic, Inverted, Cumulative, and Parallel Structure

Answer the question and decide whether the sentence is a simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex.

Review

1. His new personal trainer, whose name is Adriana Bongiorno, thinks Charlie may be a lost cause.

a. The underlined part is not an independent clause.

b. The underlined part is an independent clause.

c. This sentence has two independent clauses.

2. That she can make him do the exercises but not stick to the diet.

a. The underlined part is the independent clause.

b. This sentence has two independent clauses.

c. This sentence has no independent clause.

Periodic, Inverted, Cumulative Sentences and Parallel Structures

• Periodic Sentence: Sentence whose main clause is withheld until the end.

o To that world assembly of sovereign states, the United Nations, our last best hope in an age where the instruments of war have far outpaced the instruments of peace, we renew our pledge of support.

o In opening minds, instilling values, and creating opportunities, education has no equal.

o If you’re the kind of person who likes to cry at the movies, you’ll love Casablanca.

• Cumulative Sentence: Sentence that completes the main idea at the beginning of the sentence, and then builds and adds on.

o You’ll love Casablanca if you’re the kind of person who likes to cry at movies.

• Inverted order of a sentence (sentence inversion) involves constructing a sentence so the predicate comes before the subject. This is a device in which normal sentence patterns are reversed to create an emphatic or rhythmic effect.

o Running along the top of the wall were three very large, very filthy rats.

o Sure enough, as I glanced to my right, off went Jasmine with my pen clutched in her hand.

• Parallel Structure (Parallelism) refers to a grammatical or structural similarity between sentences or parts of a sentence. It involves an arrangement of words, phrases, sentences, and paragraphs so that elements of equal importance are equally developed and similarly phrased.

o He was walking, running, and jumping for joy.

o Your company and its potential are of great value to me.

Are the following sentences cumulative, periodic, or inverted?

1. Instead of being at the mercy of wild beasts, earthquakes, landslides, and inundations, modern man is battered by the elemental forces of his own psyche.

2. "I could live two days in a den, curled, leaning on mouse fur, sniffing bird bones, blinking, licking, breathing musk, my hair tangled in the roots of grasses." Annie Dillard

3. A jolly old soul was he.

4. “Had we but world enough, and time, / Thou by the Indian Ganges’ side / Shouldst rubies find.” Andrew Marvell

Please correct the faulty parallelism in the following constructions:

1. Formerly, science was taught by the textbook method, while now the laboratory method is employed.

2. Clara not only wants money but also fame.

3. In spring, summer, or in winter.

4. It was both a long ceremony and very tedious.

5. A time not for words, but action.

6. Either you must grant his request or incur his ill will.

7. My objections are, first, the injustice of the measure; second, that it is unconstitutional.

8. The tribes emphasized collective survival, mutual aid, and being responsible.

9. I like swimming better than to dive.

10. To succeed is opening a new opportunity.

Grammar

Round 1 Day 3

Topics 1, 2, and 3: Clauses and Types of Sentences; Periodic, Inverted, and Cumulative; Appositives

Answer the question and decide whether the sentence is a simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex.

1. He is very good as long as Miss Bongiorno is around, but he goes to the freezer for ice-cream when she leaves.

a. This sentence has three independent clauses.

b. This sentence has two independent clauses.

c. This sentence has one independent clause.

2. Charlie must learn that eating all those sweets may give him a temporary pleasure but that it's not good for his heart and that he would feel better about himself if he stopped eating all those rich and sweet foods that are not good for him.

a. The independent clause has three words.

b. The independent clause begins with the first "that."

c. This sentence has several independent clauses.

Are the following sentences cumulative, periodic, or inverted?

1. "Ten years ago, when I first noticed the symptoms that would be diagnosed as MS, I was probably looking my best." Nancy Mairs

2. “Had he and I but met by some old ancient inn, / We should have set us down to wet / right many a nipperkin!” Thomas Hardy

3. "We held our breaths, imagining a crash as the parts clanged together, or a terrible disaster if the piece were to slip loose." Naomi Shihab Nye

1. Select the sentence that illustrates the use of proper parallel construction.

a. Professor Ali rewarded his students for working hard on the final project and going beyond the call of duty.

b. Professor Ali rewarded his students for their hard work on the final project and going beyond the call of duty.

2.  Select the sentence that illustrates the use of proper parallel construction.

a. There's nothing I like better than finding a good trout stream, setting up camp, and spending a couple of days fishing.

b. There's nothing I like better than finding a good trout stream, setting up camp, and to spend a couple of days fishing.

Appositives

An appositive is a noun or noun phrase that tells you something about a nearby noun or pronoun.

Examples:

Margaret Atwood’s specialty, the historical novel, can be very entertaining.

Barcelona, a large city in Spain, hosted the Olympics in 1992.

Punctuating Appositives

Be alert when punctuating appositives. If an appositive contains nonessential material (material that can be removed from the sentence without altering its meaning), set the appositive off from the rest of the sentence with commas or other appropriate punctuation. If, on the other hand, the information is essential to the meaning of the sentence, no punctuation is necessary. Below is an example:

The short story “Fire and Ice” has a sad ending.

If your appositive needs punctuation, you can set off the appositive in one of three ways:

1. You can use one or two commas.

The principal of Sarasota High School in 1997 was Daniel Kennedy, a wiry fifty-nine-year-old who has a stern buzz cut.

– Margaret Talbot

Kennedy, a wiry fifty-nine-year-old who has a stern buzz cut, was in 1967 the principal of Sarasota High School.

– Margaret Talbot

2. You can use one or two dashes.

In 1981, two professors began following the lives of eighty-one high-school valedictorians – forty-six women and thirty-five men from Illinois.

– Margaret Talbot

Japanese people have to make many of the big decisions of their lives – whom to marry, what company to join – without detailed information.

– Kyoko Mori

3. You can use a colon.

We were given plenty of instruction about the specifics of writing: word choice, description, style.

– Kyoko Mori

Rhetorical and Stylistic Strategy

An appositive serves two rhetorical and stylistic functions:

1. First, an appositive can clarify a term by providing a proper noun or a synonym for the term, by defining or explaining the term, or by getting more specific.

2. Second, an appositive can smooth choppy writing.

• Before: Its hero is Scout’s father. His name is Atticus Finch. He is saintly.

• After: Its hero is Scout’s father, the saintly Atticus Finch.

Identifying Appositives and Appositive Phrases

Underline the appositive or appositive phrase in each of the following sentences.

1. Marilyn Monroe, the motion picture actress, made her film debut in 1948.

2. The American composer Aaron Copland has written several books about modern music.

3. Mt. McKinley, the highest peak in North America, is in Alaska.

4. The Indianapolis 500, an automobile race, is 805 kilometers long.

5. Isabel has two nice qualities, honesty and kindness.

6. Early this morning I phoned my friend Jennie in California.

7. Each year thousands of tourists visit Kenya, a land that offers a marvelous variety of wild animals.

8. Harvard University is named for John Harvard, an English clergyman.

9. One kind of English toy spaniel, a dog that came from China or Japan, is called the Prince Charles.

10. Henry the Eighth had six wives.

Grammar

Round 1 Day 4

Topics 1, 2, 3, and 4: Clauses and Types of Sentences; Periodic, Inverted, and Cumulative; Appositives; Semicolons

Answer the question and decide whether the sentence is a simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex.

1. Miss Bongiorno is starting to make a difference, though, and Charlie is starting to make some progress.

a. This sentence has one independent clause.

b. The clause following "though" is a dependent clause.

c. This sentence has two independent clauses.

2. Select the sentence that illustrates the use of proper parallel construction.

a. Raoul's QPA is higher than Ralph.

b. Raoul's QPA is higher than Ralph's.

3. Select the sentence that illustrates the use of proper parallel construction.

a. He wanted three things out of college: to learn a skill, to make good friends, and to learn about life.

b. He wanted three things out of college: to learn a skill, to make good friends, and learning about life.

Are the following sentences cumulative, periodic, or inverted?

1. "The Greek woman is short and heavy, waistless, and is wearing a black dress, a black scarf pulled low around her eyes, a black sweater, thick black stockings, black shoes." Alice Bloom

2. "In our constitution and the works of law, philosophy, social thought, and science, in its every day uses in the service of justice and clarity, what I call the father tongue is immensely noble and indispensably useful." Ursula K LeGuin

Using Appositives and Appositive Phrases

Combine each of the following pairs of sentences into one more fluent and coherent sentence by using an appositive.

1. The Times is a world-renowned newspaper. It is delivered to my house every day.

2. A major health problem for teenagers is bulimia. Bulimia is an eating disorder.

3. My car is in the parking lot. It’s an old blue station wagon with a dent in the fender.

4. That call was from Bridget. She’s the top student in my calculus class.

5. The service opened to the choir’s rendition of Handel’s “Hallelujah Chorus.” That performance was a smashing success.

6. Two kinds of otters are found in North America. Both the freshwater otter and the sea otter live in North America.

Semicolons

Semicolons are used to separate clauses or phrases that are related and that receive equal emphasis.

• Rule #1: Semicolons join independent clauses in a compound sentence if no coordinating conjunction is used.

EXAMPLE: Michael seemed preoccupied; he answered our questions abruptly.

• Rule #2: Semicolons are used before a conjunctive adverb (transition word) that joins the clauses of a compound sentence.

EXAMPLE: The emergency room was crowded; however, Warren was helped immediately.

• Rule #3: Semicolons help avoid confusion in lists where there are already commas.

EXAMPLE: We traveled to London, England; Paris, France; Berlin, Germany; and Sofia, Bulgaria.

Practice: Each of the following sentences may or may not contain a semicolon. Determine if a semicolon is needed. If it is, write it in.

1. It is raining outside I will bring my umbrella with me.

2. We will play tennis tomorrow then we will go out for dinner.

3. She had very high grades in high school she applied to Harvard University.

4. He wanted to take a walk, so we drove to Niagara Falls and walked around the park.

5. She did the laundry she used the last of the laundry detergent.

6. They both went swimming while they were on vacation in Mexico.

7. Hopefully, the weather will change soon otherwise, the whole summer will go by without the sun shining.

8. She doesn't understand algebra therefore, she will probably not pass the math final.

9. They finished digging in the garden and planting flowers they admired their work.

10. To build the fence around the garden, they needed to dig trenches close to seven feet deep.

GRAMMAR ROUND # 1 DO NOT WRITE ON THIS TEST

1. Before Raoul bought his new car, he remembered that his grandmother might give him her old sedan.

a. The independent clause is "Before Raoul bought his new car.

b. The independent clause in this sentence contains only two words.

c. There are two independent clauses here.

2. Alicia's wrist began to hurt, and her mother made a doctor's appointment for her.

a. The underlined part is the sole independent clause here.

b. The real independent clause begins with "and."

c. This sentence contains two independent clauses.

3. Zipping around the park in her little sportster, Juditha began to feel, at last, like a millionaire.

a. The underlined part is the independent clause.

b. Trick question: there is no independent clause.

c. The independent clause begins with "Juditha."

4. Although Jerzy had taken several courses in computer science, he couldn't solve the problems with his hard drive.

a. The underlined part is the independent clause.

b. The independent clause begins with the word "he."

c. The sentence contains two independent clauses.

5.  The Celtics have begun their long journey back to championship basketball, working seriously on fundamentals and beginning to attract new fans to the game.

a. The sentence is one long independent clause.

b. The sentence contains two independent clauses.

c. Only the underlined part is the independent clause.

6.  Ernesto wanted to spend the night studying, but his wife had other ideas.

a. The sentence contains two independent clauses.

b. Only the underlined part of the sentence is an independent clause.

c. The sentence is one long independent clause (with a compound verb).

7.  The crowd began to clap and cheer as the team entered through a cloud of smoke.

a. The sentence contains two independent clauses.

b. The independent clause begins with the word "as."

c. The underlined part is the independent clause.

8.  Gordy worked his way up to middle management but kept on wishing for a better job.

a. The underlined part of the sentence is the independent clause.

b. The sentence is one independent clause.

c. The sentence contains two independent clauses.

9.  Gesualdo began to leap around the room when his wife fed him the jalapeño peppers.

a. The independent clause is the part of the sentence not underlined.

b. The independent clause is the part of the sentence that is underlined.

c. The sentence contains two independent clauses

10.  Heitor signed the contract but never agreed to purchase the CDs.

a. This sentence contains two independent clauses.

b. The underlined part is the complete independent clause.

c. The entire sentence is one independent clause.

11. American Idol and Survivor are examples of terrible reality TV shows.

a. Inverted Order of a Sentence b. Simple Sentence c. None of the above

12. Mrs. Mueller likes lecturing, criticizing, and commending her students.

a. Parallel Structure b. Simple Sentence c. Both a and b

13. Although vocabulary words are given every week, many students still forget to study.

a. Simple Sentence b. Complex Sentence c. Compound-Complex

14. The singers on Idol and the participants on Survivor are looking for their 15 minutes of fame.

a. Simple Sentence b. Compound Sentence c. Parallel Structure d. Both b and c

15. Idol produces some good singers, but Survivor glorifies manipulative attitudes and backstabbing words.

a. Compound Sentence b. Complex Sentence c. Parallel Structure d. Both a and c

16. Into the room walked Mrs. Mueller. All was silent.

a. Simple Sentence b. Inverted Sentence c. Both a and b

17. Although her students are sometimes lazy, they really are very bright children.

a. Complex Sentence b. Simple Sentence c. Compound Sentence

18. Every day Mrs. Mueller teaches them something new, and although they complain about each topic and assignment, the students quickly learn the material and apply it to their lives.

a. Simple Sentence b. Compound Sentence c. Complex Sentence d. Compound-Complex

Are the following appositives punctuated correctly? If yes, fill in A. If no, fill in B.

19. My son, the policeman, will be visiting us next week.

20. The captain ordered the ship's carpenters to assemble the shallop, a large rowboat.

21. Walter, the playboy and writer, is very attached to his mother, Mrs. Hammon.

22. The actor Paul Newman directed only one picture.

23. Elizabeth Teague, a sweet and lovable girl, grew up to be a mentally troubled woman.

24. Sweetbriar a company known throughout the South is considering a nationwide advertising campaign.

25. An above-average student and talented musician John made his family proud.

Are the following sentences punctuated with a semicolon correctly? If yes, fill in A. If no, fill in B.

26. The garden contained vegetables; they will harvest them in fall.

27. Some colleges offer full time scholarships others do not.

28. Their house and garden are extremely important to them; that's why they take care of their property so well.

29. There is a lot of financial aid around; you just have to know where to look for it.

30. When planting impatiens, it's important to plant some in the sun; and some in the shade because it's hard to tell how much of each they need.

31. Some institutions require a lot of financial support from parents; some require only a little.

32. All of the garden tools are kept in the garage they are cleaned every spring.

33. You should always choose a college according to whether you believe you'll be happy; you're the one who will be attending for four years.

34. My favorite flower is forget-me-nots; even though some people consider it a weed.

35. It's such a beautiful day I will walk in Niagara Falls.

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Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Dependent Clause

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Dependent Clause

Dependent Clause

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Dependent Clause

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