Research Methods - AP PSYCHOLOGY
Research Methods
|Research Method |Characteristics |Results |Advantages |Disadvantages |
|Case History |. Measure all variables |. Generate |. Provides in-depth |. Individual may not be |
|Case Study |. Insight from observations |hypotheses |information |representative or typical (hard to |
|Descriptive Study |. Few People |. Describe possible |. Examine long-range effects |generalize to large group) |
|Longitudinal study |. In-depth, info from many sources|complex |. “experiments of nature” |. Difficult to know which subjective|
| |. Study the most variables |relationships |shed light on |interpretation is best |
| | | |situations/problems that are |. Can be expensive and time |
| | | |unethical or impractical to |consuming |
| | | |study in other ways |. Subjects may drop out if |
| | | | |longitudinal |
| | | | |.Expectancy bias may occur |
|Naturalistic |. Studies places more than |. Create context |. Allows description of |. No control over the setting |
|observation |individuals, “What goes on here?” |. Generate |behavior as it occurs in the |(confounding variables) |
|Field Study |. Similar to case study, also many|situational |natural environment |. Limited to overt behavior |
| |variables |variables |. Often useful in first |(observable) |
| | | |stages of research program |. Does not allow firm conclusions on|
| | | | |cause and effect |
| | | | |. Observations may be biased |
|Laboratory |. Observation in more controlled |. Generate |. Allows more control than |. Limited control of the situation |
|Observation |environment |situational |naturalistic observation |. Observations may be biased |
| | |variables |. Allows use of sophisticated|. Does not allow for firm |
| | | |equipment |conclusions on cause and effect |
| | | | |. Behavior in lab may differ from |
| | | | |behavior in natural environment |
|Surveys |. Large number of people |. Relational info |. Provides large amount of |. If sample is nonrepresentative or |
| |. Measure many variables |. Gather info for |information on a large number|biased, it may be impossible to |
| |. Random sampling important |hypothesis |of people |generalize from the results |
| | | |. Relatively inexpensive |. Responses may be inaccurate or |
| | | | |untrue |
|Correlational Studies|. Measures all variables |. Relational |. Show whether two or more |. No cause and effect |
| |. Large # of people |information |variables are related | |
| |. Random sampling most important | | | |
|Formal Experiment |. Specific manipulations |. Cause & effect |. Allows researcher to |. Situation is artificial and |
| |. Control & experiment group | |control the situation |results may not generalize well to |
| |. Random assignment to groups | |. Permits researcher to |real world |
| |. Control of all other factors | |identify cause and effect |. Sometime difficult to avoid |
| |. Fewest variables | | |experimenter bias/effect |
Random Sampling is important for all types of studies
Random Assignment important only for experiments
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