The Process of Research Methods in Psychology



Multiple Choice1. The empiricism canon of the scientific method states that new knowledge is gained froma. authority figures*b. observationsc. intuitiond. logicCognitive domain: Knowledge; Answer location: Empiricism; Question type: MC2. The parsimony canon of the scientific method states that*a. the simplest explanation of a phenomenon is most likely to be correctb. observation is the best way of gaining new knowledgec. phenomena have observable causesd. explanations of phenomena should be able to be falsified if they are incorrectCognitive domain: Knowledge; Answer location: Parsimony; Question type: MC3. The determinism canon of the scientific method states thata. the simplest explanation of a phenomenon is most likely to be correctb. observation is the best way of gaining new knowledge*c. phenomena have observable causesd. explanations of phenomena should be able to be falsified if they are incorrectCognitive domain: Knowledge; Answer location: Determinism; Question type: MC4. The testability canon of the scientific method states thata. the simplest explanation of a phenomenon is most likely to be correctb. observation is the best way of gaining new knowledgec. phenomena have observable causes*d. explanations of phenomena should be able to be falsified if they are incorrectCognitive domain: Knowledge; Answer location: Testability; Question type: MC5. External validity is typically more important for ________ research than for _________ research.a. scientific; non-scientificb. non-scientific; scientificc. basic; applied*d. applied; basicCognitive domain: Knowledge; Answer location: Basic and Applied Research; Question type: MC6. External validity isa. a type of research conducted in psychology*b. the degree to which a study’s results can be generalized to individuals and situations outside of the studyc. the degree to which a study provides a good test of a causal predictiond. the degree to which the study accurately predicts resultsCognitive domain: Knowledge; Answer location: Basic and Applied Research; Question type: MC7. The scientific method involves gaining new knowledge througha. deductionB intuitionc. authority*d. observationCognitive domain: Knowledge; Answer location: How Psychologists Use the Scientific Method; Question type: MC8. Deciding that it must be raining because the weather person said it would rain today is an example of which method of knowing?a. intuition*b. authorityc. observationd. deductionCognitive domain: Comprehension; Answer location: Why Psychologists Conduct Research; Question type: MC9. Deciding it must be raining because you look out the window and see rain falling is an example of which method of knowing?a. intuitionb. authority*c. observationd. deductionCognitive domain: Comprehension; Answer location: Why Psychologists Conduct Research; Question type: MC10. Deciding it must be raining because you felt it would rain today is an example of which method of knowing?*a. intuitionb. authorityc. observationd. deductionCognitive domain: Comprehension; Answer location: Why Psychologists Conduct Research; Question type: MC11. Deciding it must be raining because you hear thunder is an example of which method of knowing?a. intuitionb. authorityc. observation*d. deductionCognitive domain: Comprehension; Answer location: Why Psychologists Conduct Research; Question type: MC12. A psychologist investigating the research question “Which neurotransmitters affect depressive behaviors?” is most likely conducting __________ research.*a. basicb. appliedc. externald. internalCognitive domain: Comprehension; Answer location: Basic and Applied Research; Question type: MC13. A psychologist investigating the research question “Which type of therapy most effectively reduces depressive behaviors?” is most likely conducting __________ research.a. basic*b. appliedc. externald. internalCognitive domain: Comprehension; Answer location: Basic and Applied Research; Question type: MC14. ______ research investigates fundamental aspects of behavior, whereas _______ research investigates solutions for real-world problems.a. internal; externalb. external; internal*c. basic; appliedd. applied; basicCognitive domain: Knowledge; Answer location: Basic and Applied Research; Question type: MC15. A study that investigates behavior as it naturally occurs in individuals would have a high degree ofa. basic researchb. applied research*c. external validityd. internal validityCognitive domain: Comprehension; Answer location: Basic and Applied Research; Question type: MC16. One reason that Freud’s theories of personality have not been more influential in the field of psychology is thata. the theories do not specify causes for behaviorb. the theories are not the simplest explanations for behaviorc. the theories are too unusual*d. the theories are difficult to falsifyCognitive domain: Knowledge; Answer location: Testability; Question type: MC17. The method of gaining knowledge that is most likely to yield accurate information isa. intuitionb. authority*c. observationd. deductionCognitive domain: Knowledge; Answer location: How Psychologists Use the Scientific Method; Question type: MC18. Relying on the works of Plato and Aristotle for knowledge about the world is an example of what way of knowing?a. intuition*b. authorityc. observationd. deductionCognitive domain: Knowledge; Answer location: Why Psychologists Conduct Research; Question type: MC19. Seeking only evidence that supports our beliefs and ignoring evidence that contradicts those beliefs isa. belief bias*b. confirmation biasc. evidence biasd. contradictory biasCognitive domain: Knowledge; Answer location: Testability; Question type: MC20. Who was an influential scientist who used observations to understand the world?*a. Galileob. Freudc. Richardsd. MatsonCognitive domain: Knowledge; Answer location: Empiricism; Question type: MC21. What helps scientists test their ideas more easily, because it is easier to develop a study that might falsify a simple explanation than to develop a study that might falsify a more complex explanation?a. determinism*b. parsimonyc. testabilityd. empiricismCognitive domain: Knowledge; Answer location: Parsimony; Question type: MC22. Early neuroscientists (e.g., Santiago Ramón y Cajal, Meyers, 2007) conducted _______ research studies to understand how neurons function.a. complex*b. basicc. confirmationd. applied Cognitive domain: Knowledge; Answer location: Basic and Applied Research; Question type: MC23. When we ask people to complete a survey we are using __________ to learn about behavior.a. determinismb. parsimonyc. testability*d. empiricismCognitive domain: Application; Answer location: Empiricism; Question type: MC24. The ____________ provide(s) a general “how to” guide for psychologists designing research studies, because they help us conduct good tests of our explanations of the causes of behaviors and further our understanding of why certain behaviors occur.*a. cannons of scienceb. cannons of phenomenac. guide to scienced. guide to knowledgeCognitive domain: Knowledge; Answer location: Testability; Question type: MC25. Knowledge gained in ________ studies can also help basic researchers refine their theories about how behavior works.a. complexb. basicc. confirmation*d. appliedCognitive domain: Knowledge; Answer location: Basic and Applied Research; Question type: MC26. When one encounters reports of research in the media, all but which question should you be asking yourself?a. Who were the research subjects? b. Was an appropriate sample tested?c. Was an appropriate method used to investigate the question?*d. What is the gender of the researcher(s)?Cognitive domain: Knowledge; Answer location: Why Should I Care About Research If I Don’t Want to Do Research in My Career?; Question type: MC27. A psychologist investigating the research question “How much information can we store in short-term memory?” is most likely conducting __________ research.*a. basicb. appliedc. externald. internalCognitive domain: Comprehension; Answer location: Basic and Applied Research; Question type: MC28. A psychologist investigating the research question “What type of work environment increases productivity of employees?” is most likely conducting __________ research.a. basic*b. appliedc. externald. internalCognitive domain: Comprehension; Answer location: Basic and Applied Research; Question type: MC29. Applications of __________ research may not be obvious when it is initially conducted.*a. basicb. appliedc. externald. internalCognitive domain: Knowledge; Answer location: Basic and Applied Research; Question type: MC30. “I want to know if my phone is on. I decide that it is because my phone is always on.” is an example of*a. intuitionb. authorityc. observationd. deductionCognitive domain: Comprehension; Answer location: How Psychologists Use the Scientific Method; Question type: MC31. “I want to know which direction I am facing. The sun is setting to my right, and I know the sun sets in the west so I know that west is the direction where the sun is setting.” is an example ofa. intuitionb. authorityc. observation*d. deductionCognitive domain: Comprehension; Answer location: How Psychologists Use the Scientific Method; Question type: MC32. “I want to know what my pancreas does. I know that my pancreas produces hormones important for digestion because that is what my high school biology teacher told me.” is an example ofa. intuition*b. authorityc. observationd. deductionCognitive domain: Comprehension; Answer location: How Psychologists Use the Scientific Method; Question type: MC33. “I want to know how much sleep on average Americans get per night. I determine this by conducting a survey of Americans to learn that most Americans get an average of 6 to 8 hours of sleep per night” is an example ofa. intuitionb. authority*c. observationd. deductionCognitive domain: Comprehension; Answer location: How Psychologists Use the Scientific Method; Question type: MC34. These are all ways to use empiricism to learn about behavior except a. observing people in their normal environmentb. asking people to complete a survey*c. relying on common sensed. asking people to come into a lab and complete a task on a computer Cognitive domain: Comprehension; Answer location: Empiricism; Question type: MC35. A reporter who is writing an article on an important issue may only interview experts that support her or his views on the issue. This is an example ofa. belief bias*b. confirmation biasc. evidence biasd. contradictory biasCognitive domain: Comprehension; Answer location: Testability; Question type: MCTrue/False36. Observation is really what sets scientific fields apart from other fields of study.*a. Trueb. FalseCognitive domain: Knowledge; Answer location: Using Science to Understand and Explain Behavior; Question type: TF37. As you encounter descriptions of psychological research, you may find that not all research fits neatly into basic or applied categories.*a. Trueb. FalseCognitive domain: Knowledge; Answer location: Basic and Applied Research; Question type: TF38. Some behaviors, such as mental processes, can be directly observed.a. True*b. FalseCognitive domain: Knowledge; Answer location: Using Science to Understand and Explain Behavior; Question type: TF39. Research is the foundation of the field of psychology.*a. Trueb. FalseCognitive domain: Knowledge; Answer location: Using Science to Understand and Explain Behavior; Question type: TF40. The applications of basic research may not be obvious when it is initially conducted.*a. Trueb. FalseCognitive domain: Knowledge; Answer location: Basic and Applied Research; Question type: TF41. There are six primary facets or canons (i.e., rules or principles that guide a field of study) that define the scientific method.a. True*b. FalseCognitive domain: Knowledge; Answer location: How Psychologists Use the Scientific Method; Question type: TF42. Relying on an authority to learn about behavior gives researchers a more accurate understanding of the causes of behaviors than other methods of gaining knowledge.a. True*b. FalseCognitive domain: Knowledge; Answer location: Why Psychologists Conduct Research; Question type: TF43. The only goal of psychological research is to be able to explain behavior by understanding the causes of different types of behavior.a. True*b. FalseCognitive domain: Knowledge; Answer location: Determinism; Question type: TF44. It takes many studies conducted in many different contexts that produce results consistent with an explanation of behavior to support it.*a. Trueb. FalseCognitive domain: Knowledge; Answer location: Testability; Question type: TF45. The goal of applied research is to understand the most fundamental processes of behavior and how they operate.a. True*b. FalseCognitive domain: Knowledge; Answer location: Basic and Applied Research; Question type: TFShort Answer/ESSAY46. What are the four canons of the scientific method? Explain how each canon is used in scientific research.Empiricismobservations are made to learn about behaviorDeterminismobservable phenomena are assumed to have observable causesthus, determinism is used in psychological research to test causal explanations about behaviorParsimonysimpler explanations are tested before more complex explanations are pursued because simpler explanations are easier to testTestabilitystudies are designed in such a way to allow explanations to be falsified in order to avoid the positive test biasCognitive domain: Knowledge; Answer location: How Psychologists Use the Scientific Method; Question type: ESS47. Explain why the scientific method is not used to determine if an afterlife exists after death.The existence of an afterlife is difficult to test in such a way that it can be falsified, because its nature is defined as something that is unobservable to living individuals.Cognitive domain: Application; Answer location: Testability; Question type: ESS48. What is the difference between basic and applied research? In what ways do these types of research interact in the field of psychology?Basic research examines fundamental elements of behaviorApplied research is conducted to solve a real-world problemBasic research allows theories of behavior to be developed that allow applied researchers to use the theories to develop solutions to problems that they can test. The results from applied research then feedback to basic researchers to determine if the theories can be applied to real-world behaviors.Cognitive domain: Analysis; Answer location: Basic and Applied Research; Question type: ESS49. How do the goals of basic and applied research differ? Provide an example of a research question for each type of research.Basic research examines fundamental elements of behaviorApplied research is conducted to solve a real-world problemExamples will vary,Cognitive domain: Analysis; Answer location: Basic and Applied Research; Question type: ESS50. What is external validity? External validity is the degree to which results of a study can be generalized to individuals and behaviors outside of the study.Cognitive domain: Knowledge; Answer location: Basic and Applied Research; Question type: ESS ................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download