Aceh.b-cdn.net



FAMILIES AND COMMUNITIESFamilyBasic unit or group made up of two or more individualsCan be diverse in structure and sizeBonded by some form of interpersonal relationshipUsually live in the same household and are bonded by marriage, blood or lawMembers rely on one another for support to enhance their wellbeing through interactions and sharing resourcesABS definitionTwo or more people, one of whom is at least 15yo related by blood, marriage (registered or de facto), adoption, step or fostering and who are usually resident in the same householdFamily StructuresAdoptiveAdoption: legal process in which a child ceases to be the child of their biological parent and becomes the child of another person/sBlended Couple family that contains both a natural parent and step-parent. One child is the natural child of both parents and one child is the step to either parentChildlessA couple without childrenReason: biologically cannot, kids have moved out, choiceCommunalGroup of individuals related or unrelated living and sharing resources in one residencyDe factoCouple of the opposite or same sex who live together in the same household, not marriedEG loversExtendedOne main family plus at least one relative living in the same housePrevalent in some culturesFosterChildren place in other families for the long or short temAdults take on parental obligationsNuclear- 58% of AUS families“Traditional” familyHeterosexual couple with biological children of both parentsSame-sex2 people of the same sex in a sexual relationship, with or without childrenSole Parent – 85% of sole parents in AUS are womenSingle parents with at least one childKinshipUnique to particular ethnic groupsComprised of members relative by blood and marriage living communallyRoles individuals adopt within familiesRole: function assumed/part played by individuals in a familyRoles affect the functioning and wellbeing of the familyClear roles assist families ability to cope with chance, stress and daily lifeRoles change during an individual’s lifeSatisfying specific needs: EG resource providerBuilding relationships: EG nurturerPromoting wellbeing: EG support providerPersonal development: physical, emotional, socialManagement: financial, decision making, disciplineSatisfying Specific Needs NeedHow is it provided forSense of IdentityFamilies educate kids about their culture to maintain cultural traditionsHealthHealth care is required for family members to maintain adequate healthEducationDepending on family’s income, the parents may be able to afford various forms of educationAdequate Standard of LivingPrimary needs; food, clothing, shelter, essential for survivalSafety and SecurityFamily provides shelter, care, clothing as well as a sense of securityEmploymentEarn an income through various forms of employmentBuilding RelationshipsFamilies spend time together alone and with other familiesThrough these interactions, children learn how to interact with others and develop an understanding of what is socially appropriate behaviourPromoting WellbeingSocialDiscipline and respect are taught so children know what is socially acceptable and can make healthy relationshipsPhysicalFood, shelter, clothing, health care ensures optimal physical healthEmotionalLove, support, praise are provided creating a positive environment and positive individualsCultureFamilies educate their kids about their culture so they understand their originsEconomicIncome leads to education and the ability to be employed and then support a familySpiritualMorals, values and beliefs are founded so individuals know what is right and wrongs so individuals can make just choicesCommunitiesCommunity: group of people interacting who co-exist in a common locality EG school, sports, neighbourhood, town/cityProvide support networks and systems like libraries, childhood centresMembers take on special responsibilities follow regulations, consider the rights of others and maintain community harmonyReasons for formation:LocalityShared socioeconomic statusSocial connectionsFamily groupings (communal families)Shared interest (beach communities including surf lifesaving clubs)Questionnaire as a Primary Research MethodForm of survey that consists of a range of questionsQuantitative dataConstructing a QuestionnaireEstablish goal or clear purposeHave plenty of background knowledge about how to form a questionnaire, topic to be researchedConsider questionnaire design EG email or printTypes of questions to include, wording of questions, number of questions (length of questionnaire) layout providedShould have an introduction defining the questionnaire purposeLogical flow of questionsQuestion Types:Closed QuestionYes/noLimited answersQuantitative dataOpen QuestionFree answers, opinions can be expressedQualitative dataFrequency ScalesRating scales Numbers or wordsEG. On a scale of 1-10…Variable ResponsesCombination of open/closedCheckboxesMatrix of choicesResponder can pick multiple responsesFree Response AreasFree to add commentEG. If there is anything else you would like to add…Collecting and Recording DataResearcher must determine:Sample groupMethod of distribution/collectionQualitative or quantitative data neededConsider:Delivery of questionnaireWill it be electronic or by hand?Will they complete it in your time frame?How will you ensure anonymousWill the answers be truthful?How much time will you have?RecordingWhat will you do with the results?How will results be tallied? Online or by hand?AdvantagesDisadvantagesLarge number of people can be surveyedLarge amount of data can be collectedCan be completed in a short timeResults can be easily comparedLarge sample needed for reliabilityQuestions may be misinterpretedEmbarrassment = false answersNot all people may respondSNAP QuestionnairesSurvey demographicWhen starting questionnaire initial questions need to show respondents factors that may influence their answersEG dob/age, sex, household composition, employment status, ethnicityLevels of community organisationLocal eg councilBased in a particular part of a city/town/rural area and have the power to make laws applying to that areaAreas of responsibility: rubbish collection, community services, building regulationMeets needs: maintain infrastructure, provide/maintain recreation facilities, provide community services, cultural facilities State/Territory eg NSWResponsible for state only and have the power to make laws applying to that stateAreas of responsibility: public transport, education, health, forestryMeet needs: justice, public transport, emergency services, consumer protectionNational eg AustraliaLaw and decision-making have an impact on the whole of the nationAreas of responsibility: foreign affairs, social security, trade immigration, currency, defenceMeet needs: budgets for defences, environment, schooling, monetary budget, set policiesLegislative: power to make lawsExecutive power to enforce these lawsJudical: power to interpret those laws and to judge whether they apply to individual casesControls: department of health, department of education etc.Global eg UNESCO, United NationsUnites countries to ensure well-being of global communityAreas of responsibility: human rights, health, globalisation, world trade, refugees The UNFounded in 1945 made up of 51 countriesCommitted to maintaining international peace/security, developing friendly relationships, promotes social progress, better living standards and human rightsEXAMPLE” sustainable development, enviro and refugee protection for disaster reliefRoles Groups Adopt within CommunitiesCharity GroupsBeyondBlueRole: provides online counselling, advocate/raise awareness for mental healthServices: information, hotlinesAssistance in overcoming adversity: Empowers people suffering mental healthReligious GroupsSt VinniesRole: To assist those who are vulnerable in societyServices: low income support, op shopsAssistance in overcoming adversity: provides aid to those experiencing hardshipHealth Service GroupsChild and Family Health ServicesRole: Support new mothersServices: home visit nursesAssistance in overcoming adversity: supports mothers in learning to care for their newbornEmergency Service GroupsPoliceRole: ensure public safety by acting reduce crime against persons/propertyServices: Crime stoppersAssistance in overcoming adversity: ensures public safety and assists those victims of crimeSatisfying Specific NeedsNeedsSENSE OF IDENTITYProvide a feeling of belonging- sporting groups, SLS clubsHEALTHProvide health care. Primary health care, public/private hospitals, GP clinicsEDUCATIONCompulsory education. TAFE, Uni, private/public schoolingADEQUATE STANDARD OF LIVINGSewerage, rubbish collection, community housingSECURITY/SAFETYPolice, SES, DOCs EMPLOYMENTEmployment agenciesNeeds can be from people within the community or a group or wider communityIf needs are not met people can feel anxious, neglected or unsafeWhole communities can then live in disharmony Building RelationshipsIn communities specific groups are responsible for building new relationships and strengthening existing onesThis ensures relationships between all members of the community remain positiveEXAMPLE: NAIDOC week – all community members can build relationships based on knowledge, leading to further education of people. Observing + participating in activities = positive communityPromoting WellbeingSocial: markets, sports, groups/clubsPhysical: sport, hobbies, gym, healthy canteensEmotional: counselling services (headspace), community services (AAs)Cultural: NAIDOC week, Australia Day Celebrations, Tastings of the HastingsEconomic: centrelink, charities, bulk billing, PBS scriptsSpiritual: youth groups, churchesDecision Making in CommunitiesLegislativeGovernments are responsible for the development/implementation of lawsBills are presented to parliament, debated = lawsLaws provide guidelines for local/state/national community decision-makingEnvironmental factorsCommunities have resources available to do tasks.Decisions about these resources needs to be made after considering the enviro impactLobbying and community petitionsLobby groups work together to influence gov and community decisions, gain exposure for the cause etcCampaign to persuade legislators to make a decision in their favourProtestingProtest: expression of objection to particular events/policies Protest as a way of publicly making opinions heard in an attempt to influence public opinion or government policyArbitration (when a decision is in progress): seeks to resolve a dispute. The presentation of evidence and a discussion involving both parties must take place and then a ruling is made by the chairperson (arbitrator). This decision is legally bindingConsensus (when there isn’t many different opinions): aims to include everyone in the decision making process. Opinions are discussed and any objections resolved so that widespread agreement is achieved without taking a vote.Election/voting (when you quickly need a lot of opinions/votes): Gives individuals an opportunity to express their views and be involved in the decision-making by voting for one option over anotherReferendum (yes/no): Aims to include all adults of an electorate in voting on an important policy proposal. Requires the support of two-thirds majority to be successful Dr McDonald takes on McDonaldsPublic campaign where local PMQ residents lodged objections to councilBan of GPs joined to rally against the development of McDonalds near St PaulsLetter writing and petitioning to people in powerNature of ChangeInternal: changes that occur within a familyEg divorceExternal: changes that occur outside the family unit but that have various effects on the family’s functioningEg natural disasterPlanned: Change that result from outcomes that a family arranges or prepares forEg retirement, marriageUnplanned: unexpected or unintentional changesEg death, unemploymentTemporary: Changes that are impermanentEg treatable illness, moving back home to save moneyPermanent: changes that are lastingEg. Divorce/death, serious injuryImpact of Change on Families and CommunitiesFamily and Community WellbeingEg: A person has asthma in a rural area and the pharmacist has gone out of business, the change could have a great impact on the family’s wellbeingPositive: illness was discoveredNegative: difficult to find medical assistanceRoles Individuals AdoptEg. The family breadwinner falls ill and can’t work so children have to workPositive: children get work experienceNegative: Father is illEnvironmentalNatural disasters impact families and communities- may introduce water bans/fire bansLegislationEg Baby BonusPositive: provides financial support o families to assist in providing needs to a babyNegative: funding is only available for first 2 kidsTechnologyIn busy areas public transport is increased, in rural areas professions can rely on machinery to do the work rather than training peopleEffects of ChangePositiveNegativeIncrease in employment opportunitiesIncrease in stress and reduced feeling of securityIncreased community spirit due to rebuildingIf young people/families move away from the community continued growth is affectedNew business = more employmentLack of services causes families to travel further and money will be spent in other communitiesImpacts of change in communitiesCausePositiveNegativeWork and employment patternsIncreased variety of jobs due to an increase in technologyLess skilled workers losing their jobs due to increased technology = less likely to find employmentTrauma and crisisEmployment of people to rebuild communityLoss of life, destruction of buildings and homesDemographicsSocial opportunity to interact with people of similar interestsInsufficient resources to meet the needs of ageing populationTypes of SupportCommunity support servicesFamily Referral Service: vulnerable children and their families are provided with information/referrals to a range of support servicesCentacare: mentally ill are given accommodation and other supportStages of the LifespanSpecific individuals adopt roles within the family such as meeting of specific needs, building of relationships and promotion of wellbeing leads to socialisation of individualsLifespan= birth to death. Stages of development with specific needsThe needs changes as they grow/developAll these changes are integral to a person’s wellbeingMilestone= development stage achievedINFANCY Birth to 18 monthsGrow half your total height therefore adequate nutrition is requiredSafety, Health, Adequate standard of livingPositive parenting = self-esteem, autonomyExperiences shape identityCHILDHOOD 18months-13yearsBecoming more independent to build a sense of identity to then interact in the communitySafety, Health, Adequate Standard of living, Education, Sense of IdentitySocial emotional skills and skills to succeedFoundation of future developmentExpectations of culture/society gained through positive parentingADOLESCENCE Girls: 13-15 Boys: 13-16Safety, Health, Adequate Standard of living, Education, Sense of IdentityADULTHOOD 25-65 yearsAll needsFinished formal/compulsory education- need to provide for familyTHE AGED 65+Deteriorating health, limited income – dependent on government for resources, sense of identity can erode through death of loves ones, back log of nursing homes = safety/security vulnerable. Informal education needed to keep up with technologySocialisationSocialisation occurs when individuals are able to play a role in society because they recognise the behaviours that is expected of themthe behaviours we have learnt by associating with our family members and people in our communityIn order to become socialised, children must develop:communication skillsunderstanding of normsset of values and ethicsgross and fine motor skillsInfluences on SocialisationRelativesPotential to greatly influence socialisationOften people we look up to and show respect to, simple acts of being polite and showing respect influence our socialisationIf the occasions during which we are around our family members and relatives have a positive tone, whereby everyone uses proper etiquette and manners, our socialisation can be influenced positivelyExposed to behaviours such as smoking, swearing, abuse or alcoholism= socialisation influenced negativelyPeersThings our peers do can influence us to behave in a specific way/share specific viewsGroup members practise similar behaviours such as listening to the same musicWe might copy our peersPaid CarersCan have an impact on our health in numerous waysPeople who need a paid carer suffer from some sort of illness whereby they are prevented from being completely mobile.A carer will often become someone a person confides in, shares his or her news with and socialises with. Also enable people who are dependent on other people to get outdoors and out into the community, whereby the people’s wellbeing is increased and they are potentially able to live a happierHealth ProfessionalsProvide the opportunity to live a healthy and longer life that is free from illness or disease. Doctors, nurses, general practitioners, dentists, counsellors and psychiatrists. When we use them effectively, they can have a positive impact on our socialisation. Boy with a speech impediment without a speech pathologist= level of socialisation might be vastly less than his peers’, due to inability to communicate properly and might not be accepted socially. Health professionals provide us with education and knowledge so our life can be healthier and more fulfilling= positive impact on our socialisationOnline NetworksAnything online, including social media such as Facebook, Instagram and Twitter; gaming and chat rooms; and online support networks. If we use social media or gaming sites excessively and allow them to cut into the time we would otherwise be spending with friends etc they might be viewed as having a negative impact on our socialisation. cyber-bullying = negative impact might turn to online gaming and chat rooms to meet likeminded people to socialise online People can also use online networks as a support group. MediaThe media is an avenue for provision of specific news and information that we find useful and that can have a positive influence on us. Media has become the foundation of a global network - people on one side of the earth are able to connect with and socialise with people who live thousands of kilometres away from them. Must evaluate what we hear/ see because most media content is created to sell a product, a service, a belief or a way of life that might not be the best thing for everyone who encounters it in the mediaPrint and Digital InformationAs members of society, we are better able to equip ourselves to handle situations, because we can access information about how to do munities that have access to more information are often wealthier.Primary socialisation = comes from the family – warmth, food, attention. Most powerful an long-lasting influenceSecondary socialisation = begins when children move out of infancy. Occurs in schools where code of conduct etc is enforcedPeer groups influence behaviour and participation Media transmits info, roles models for trendsAssess how families and other groups within the community contribute to socialisation during infancy and childhood.= primary socialisation – family influences children at firstSecondary socialisation also becomes an influence as they move out of infancy – media, peers, online networksGender ConstructionThe learning of behaviours and attitudes appropriate of a given sexFrom an early age children are influenced to act, look, behave according to the social norms of their genderExample: Boys second birthday = presents of trucks, legoInfluences: interactions with family, friends associated with (same sex or opposite), clothing, sports/activities, socialisation (way people treat you)Literature Review as a Secondary Research MethodResearch completed before primary research involving extensive quantitative and qualitative dataAccessing DataSources must be credible (trained professionals, people with qualifications) Must ensure there is enough data available on the topic to compare and contrast the informationReview must be interesting eg. Look at the topic from a new angleAdvantagesDisadvantagesBuild own knowledgeResearch has already been done just have to collateHighlight any gaps in current researchLots of reading/researchCannot use any first-hand research in reviewMay do a lot of research only to find thesis has been answered ................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download