Collier High School



Name: ____________________________________________________________ Mr. ShalabyDate: ______________________________________________________________ Collier High SchoolPeriod : ____________________________________________________________ MythologyThe Middle AgesWestern Europe in DeclineAt its height, the Roman empire included much of Western Europe.Rome unified the region and spread ______________ ideas, the ______________ language, and Christianity to the tribal peoples of Western Europe.After the collapse of Rome, Western Europe entered a period of political, social, and economic decline.From 500 to 1000 A.D. it was _____________ divided, rural, and largely cut from civilizations in the Middle East and Asia. Waves of invaders swept across the region. Trade slowed to a trickle. Towns emptied.Classical _______________ virtually ceased.For those reasons, this period in Europe had sometimes been called the ____________ Ages.In reality this period was not “dark.” Greco-Roman, Germanic, and Christian traditions slowly ____________ creating a period between ancient times and modern times – roughly from 500 to 1500- called the _____________ Ages.Its culture would be called ______________ civilization, from the Latin words for “middle age.” The Rise of the Germanic KingdomThe Germanic tribes that conquered parts of the Roman empire included the ____________, Vandals, Saxons, and Franks.Their culture was very different from that of the Romans.Mostly ____________ and herders. Lived in small communities governed by unwritten customs.Kings were elected by ____________ councils.Warriors swore loyalty to the ___________ in exchange for weapons and a share in the plunder taken from conquered people.Between 400 and 700 A.D., Germanic tribes carved Western Europe into small kingdoms. The Muslim Empire Threatens EuropeAs the Franks and other Germanic people carved up Europe, a new power was emerging across the Mediterranean.The religion of _______________ began in Arabia in the 600s.Leaders of the Church and of Christian kingdoms became alarmed when Muslim armies overran Christian lands from _______________ to North Africa to present-day Spain. Feudalism DevelopsIn the face of invasions of the _____________, Muslims, and Magyars, kings and emperors were too weak to maintain law and order._______________ was established to provide people and their properties with protection.Feudalism is a _____________ and social system of the middle ages based upon relationships of mutual ______________.Feudalism was a loosely organized system of rule in which powerful local ___________ divided their landholding among lesser lords.In exchange, these lesser lords, or ______________, pledged service and loyalty to the greater lord.The way feudalism was put into practice varied from place to place and changed over time.Mutual ObligationsUnder the feudal contract:A powerful lord granted his vassal a __________, or estate. He also promised to protect his vassal.In return, the vassal pledged _____________ to his lord. He also agreed to provide the lord with 40 days of ____________ service each year, certain money payments , and advice.Fiefs ranged from a few acres to hundreds of square miles.In addition to the land itself, the fief included peasants to work the land, as well as any towns or buildings on it.A Structured SocietyAll _______________ had a place in this structure of power.The monarch is the highest.Below the monarch were powerful ____________, such as dukes and counts, who held the largest fiefs (Nobles)Each of these lords had ____________, and these vassals in turn had their own vassals (Knights)._____________ and peasants are all the way in the bottom.In many cases, the same man was both vassal and lord – vassal to a more powerful lord above him and lord to a less powerful vassal below him.Because vassals often held fiefs from more than one lord, relationships between them grew very complex. A vassal who had pledged loyalty to several lords could have serious problems if his overlords ______________ with each other.To solve this problem, a vassal usually had a ____________ lord to whom he owned his first loyalty. Knights and WarfareAt the age of _____________, a boy slated to become a knight was sent away to the castle of his father’s lord.He learned to ride and fight.Also learned to keep his armor and weapons in good condition.Training was difficult and _______________ was strict.Any laziness was punished with an angry blow or even a severe beating. With the training finished, the youth was dubbed ____________, often in a public ceremony.In addition to actual warfare, knights engaged in mock battles called __________. Castles and DefensePowerful lords _____________ their homes to withstand attack.By the 1100s, monarchs and nobles owned sprawling stone castles with high walls, towers, and _________________ over wide moats.Both homes for the lords, and fortresses.In time of war, the peasants in the nearby villages would take __________ within the castle walls.Wars often centered on seizing castles.Noblewomen: Restrictions and PowerNoblewomen played active roles in the warrior society.While her husband or father was off fighting, the “lady of the manor” took over his duties.She supervised vassals, managed the _______________ and performed necessary agricultural and ____________ tasks.Sometimes she might even have to go to war to defend her ___________.A few medieval noblewomen took a hand in politics.For example, Eleanor of ______________ was a leading force in European politics for more than 50 years.Women’s rights to inheritance were restricted under the feudal system.Although women did sometimes inherit fiefs. Land usually passed to the eldest _________ in the family.In her role as wife, a noblewoman was expected to bear many ____________ and be dutiful to her husband.Chivalry: Romance and RealtyIn the later Middle Ages, knights adopted a code of conduct called ____________.Chivalry required knights to be ____________, loyal, and true to their word.In warfare, they had to fight fairly.For example, a knight agreed not to attack another knight before the opponent had a change to put on his ____________.Warriors also had to treat a ______________ knight well or even release him if he promised to pay his ransom.Chivalry had limits, though. Its elaborate rules applied to nobles only, not to commoners.Chivalry dictated that knights protect the ____________. That included both peasants and noblewomen.In theory, if not always in practice, chivalry placed _____________ on a pedestal__________________, or wandering musicians, sang about the brave deeds of knights and their devotion to their lady loves.Their songs became the basis for epic stories and poems. Few real knights could live up to the ideals of chivalry, but they did provide a standard against which a knight’s behavior could be measured. Manors Support FeudalismThe heart of the feudal economy was the ____________, or lord’s estate.Most manors included one or more villages and the surrounding lands._____________, who made up the majority of the population in medieval society, lived and worked on the manor.Most peasants on a manor were ___________, bound to the land. Serfs were not ____________ who could be bought and sold. Still, they were not free.They could not leave the manor without the lord’s permission.If the manor was granted to a new __________, the serfs went along with it.A Self-Sufficient WorldDuring the early Middle Ages, the manor was generally __________________.That is, the peasants who lived there produced almost everything they needed, from food and clothing to simple _______________ and tools.Most peasants never ventured more than a few miles from their village.They had no ______________ and no knowledge of a larger world outside. A typical manor included… cottages and ____________ clustered close together in a village. Nearby stood a water mill to grind grain. A _____________ The lord’s manor house.The field surrounding the village were divided into narrow _____________. Each family had strips of land in different fields so that good land and bad land were shared evenly. Beyond the fields for growing crops, there were pastures for animals and meadows that provided hay.The forests that lay beyond the cleared land- and all the animals in them- were usually reserved for the use of the ___________. The Role of Parish PriestChristian rituals and faith were part of a fabric of everyday’s life.The priest of the _____________, or local region, was often the only contact people had with the Church.The priest administered the _________________, the sacred rites of the Church.Christians believed that participation in the sacraments would lead them to _______________, or everlasting life with God.The Importance of the Village ChurchThe ____________ was a social center as well as a place of worship because it was often the largest public building in a village.Daily life revolved around the Christian calendar which included many holidays, such as _______________, and local hold days dedicated to saints.Baptism marked entrance into the communityMarriage were performed on the church stepsThe dead were buried in _________________. Villages took pride in their church buildings and decorated them with care.In later medieval times, prosperous communities built _____________ churches rather than wooden ones.Some churches housed ___________, which could be possessions or remains of saints.Many people made ____________, or religious journeys, to pray before the relics.Chaucer's ________________ Tales is a series of stories told by 30 pilgrims as they traveled to Canterbury.The church required Christians to pay a _____________, or tax equal to a tenth of their income. In the early Middle Ages, the tithe supported the local parish.Later, increasing amounts of money were sent to Rome. The Rise of Cathedrals______________, who supervised parish priests, managed larger churches called cathedrals.By the 1100s, communities used new technology to build huge ________________ in the ornate, buttressed from known as the _____________ style.Were a source of pride to the communities that built them.Cities all over Europe competed to build grander, taller cathedrals.Members of the Church contributed ______________, labor and skills to help build these monuments. Monasteries and ConventsDuring the early Middle Ages, some men and women withdrew from worldly life to the _______________ life. They became monks and nuns.Behind the walls of monasteries and convents, they devoted their entire lives to spiritual goals. Monastic Life: Benedictine RuleAbout 530, ______________, a monk at the monastery of Monte Cassino in central Italy created rules to regulate monastic life.Under the Benedictine Rule, monks and nuns took three vows._____________ to the abbot or abbess who headed the monastery or convent.Poverty______________, or purity.Service and ScholarshipMonks and nuns…looked after the poor and sick. Set up _____________ for children.Gave food and lodging to travelers, especially to Christian ___________.Some monks became ____________ who spread Christianity throughout western and central Europe. Religious Authority and Political PowerThe Church developed its own body of laws, known as ____________ law, as well as its own courts.Canon law, based on religious teachings, governed many aspects of life, including ____________, marriages, and morals.Anyone who disobeyed Church law faced a range of penalties.The most severe and terrifying was ___________________.Those who were excommunicated could not receive the ______________ or a Christian burial, which condemned them to hell for eternity.A powerful noble who opposed the Church could face the _________________, an order excluding an entire town, region, or kingdom from receiving most sacraments and Christian burial.Even the strongest ruler gave in rather than face the interdict, which usually caused revolts by the _____________ people.New TechnologiesBy 1000, Europe’s economic recovery was well underway.Peasants adapted new farming ________________.Peasants were using new iron plows – Improvement from the wooden plows.A new kind of harness allowed peasants to use _____________ rather than oxen to pull the plows.______________ used to grind the peasants’ grain into flour. The Revival of Trade and TravelThe crusaders brought ____________ goods back to Europe from the Middle East.Wealthy nobles desired goods that could not be produced on manors.Peasants needed ___________ for farm tools. The Growth of Towns and CitiesSome boasted populations of 10,000, and by the fourteenth century, a few topped ______________.The richest cities emerged in northern Italy and _______________.To meet the needs of the changing economy, Europeans developed new ways of doing business.Groups of merchants joined together in ________________.Merchants developed a system of insurance.Using _____________ rather than cash in their business.The Rise of the Middle ClassIn towns, the old social order of nobles, _____________, and peasants gradually changed.By the year 1000, merchants, traders, and ___________ formed a new social class – The middle class, between the nobles and the peasants.Royal Power GrowsDuring the early Middle Ages, monarchs in Europe had limited power.Nobles and the _____________ had as much power as monarchs. In some cases, they were more powerful than monarchs.Both nobles and the Church had their own _____________, collected their own ____________, and fielded their own armies. They jealously guarded their rights and privileges against any effort by monarchs to increase royal authority. During the High Middle Ages—about 1000 to 1300—the balance of power started to shift. Monarchs used various means to ____________ power. They expanded the royal domain and set up systems of royal justice that undermined __________ and Church courts. The CrusadesA series of ___________ which began in 1096, Christians battled _____________ for control of lands in the Middle East. The World in 1050In the 1050s, the Seljuk Turks invaded the ______________ empire (former Eastern Roman Empire).By 1071, the Seljuks overrun most Byzantine lands in Asia Minor (present day _____________).extended their power over the Holy Land, ______________ and other places in ______________ where Christians believe Jesus lived and preached.The conflict prevented Christian pilgrims from traveling to the Holy Land.The CrusadesThe Byzantine emperor _____________ I urgently asked Pope ____________ II for Christian Knights to help him fight the Muslim Turks.Although Roman popes and Byzantine emperors were longtime rivals, Urban agreed.By 1096, thousands of knights were on their way to the ___________ land.The factors that motivated the Crusade:Religious _____________.Many knights hoped to win wealth and land.Some crusaders sought to escape troubles at home.Others yearned for _______________.Fighting a Losing BattleThe Crusades continued, off and on, for over 200 years.The Crusades left a bitter legacy of religious ______________.In the Middle East, both Christians and Muslims committed appalling atrocities in the name of ______________.The Impact of the CrusadesThe Crusades helped quicken the pace of changes in Europe that were already underway.European _____________ ExpandEven before the Crusade, Europeans had developed a taste for __________ from the Byzantine empire.Returning crusaders brought even more ____________, spices, and perfumes.Trade increased and expanded.Merchants in _____________ and other northern Italian cities had built large fleets to carry crusaders to the Holy land. Effects on Monarchs and ChurchThe Crusaders helped to increase the power of _____________.These rulers won new rights to collect taxes in order to support the Crusaders.Some rulers such as the French king ____________ IX and the English king ____________ I, called the Lion-Heart, led Crusades, which added greatly to their prestige. Medieval Universities EmergeAs economic and political conditions improved in the High Middle Ages, the need for ______________ expanded.By acquiring an education, the sons of wealthy townspeople might hope to qualify for high positions in the _____________ or with royal government.By the 1100s, schools had sprung up around the great ________________ to train the clergy.Some of these cathedral schools evolved into the first _______________. The Italian city of Salerno had a respected medical school.Bologna’s university – founded in 1158 - became famous for _____________ studies.Paris and Oxford founded their universities in the later 1100s.The Black Death: A Global EpidemicIn the autumn of 1347, a fleet of Genoese trading ships loaded with grain left the Black Sea port of ____________ and set sail for Messina, Sicily. By midvoyage, sailors were falling sick and dying. Soon after the ships tied up at Messina, townspeople, too, began to fall sick and die. Within months, the disease that Europeans called the ____________________ was raging through Italy. By 1348, it had reached _____________ and France. From there, it ravaged the rest of Europe. One in ____________ people died—a death rate worse than in any war in history.The Plague Spreads from AsiaThe sickness was _____________ plague, a disease spread by fleas carried by rats. Bubonic plague had broken out before in Europe, Asia, and North Africa but had subsided. One strain, though, had survived in ________________. In the pre-modern world, ________ infested ships, towns, and even the homes of the rich and powerful, so no one took any notice of them. In the early 1300s, rats spread the plague in crowded Chinese cities, which killed about 35 million people there. ___________ jumped from those rats to infest the clothes and packs of traders traveling west. As a result, the disease quickly spread from Asia to the Middle East and then to Europe.Normal Life Breaks DownIn Europe, the plague brought terror and bewilderment, as people had no way to stop the disease. Some people turned to magic and _________________ for cures.Others saw the plague as God’s punishment. They beat themselves with whips to show that they _______________ their sins. People fled cities or hid in their homes to avoid contracting the plague from neighbors and relatives.Some blamed the ___________, charging unjustly that they had poisoned the wells to cause the disease. In the resulting hysteria, thousands of Jews were slaughteredThe Economy SuffersAs the plague kept recurring in the late 1300s, the European economy plunged to a low ebb. When workers and employers died, production ______________. Survivors demanded higher wages. As the cost of labor soared, inflation, or rising prices, broke out too. Landowners and merchants pushed for laws to limit ___________. The Hundred Years’ WarOn top of the disasters of famine, plague, and economic decline came a long, destructive war. Between 1337 and 1453, England and France engaged in a series of conflicts, known as the _____________ Years’ War French and English Rivalry GrowsReasons of the war:English rulers had battled for centuries to hold onto the French lands of their _______________ ancestors. French kings indented on extending their own power in France. Control over the ______________ Channel, the waterway between the two countries.Control of trade in the region.Once fighting started, economic rivalry and a growing sense of national ____________ made it hard for either sides to give up the struggle. The English Win Early VictoriesAt first, the English won a string of victories—at Crécy in 1346, Poitiers in 1356, and _____________ in 1415. In 1429, a 17-year-old peasant woman, __________________, told King Charles VII of France that God had sent her to save France. Desperate, Charles authorized her to lead an army against the English.Joan of Arc Fights for FranceJoan inspired the battered and despairing French troops to fight anew Joan paid for success with her life. To discredit her, the English had Joan tried for ________________. She was convicted and burned at the stake. Much later, however, the Church declared her a _____________.The execution of Joan rallied the French, who saw her as a martyr. After Joan’s death, the French took the offensive. With a powerful new weapon, the _____________, they attacked English-held castles. By 1453, the English held only the port of Calais in northwestern France.Impact of the Hundred Years’ WarCreated a growing sense of national feeling in France.Power in English government began to swing towards _________________ for funds. The Hundred Years’ War brought many changes to the late medieval world. ______________ and armored knights were doomed to disappear. Monarchs needed large armies, not _____________ vassals. ................
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