Parietal Lobe



THE BRAIN

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Parietal Lobe

• plays important role in:

– integrating sensory information from various parts of the body,

– knowledge of numbers and their relations,

– manipulation of objects

– portions of parietal lobe are involved with visuospatial processing

– video

Video Questions ():

1. List 4 functions the parietal lobe mediates.

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2. What visual field does the parietal lobe receive information from?

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3. What does the parietal lobe watch?

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4. If you wake up in the middle of the night, why might you not know, until you move them, where your arms and/or legs are?

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5. What does the left half of the parietal lobe maintain an image of?

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6. What does the right half of the parietal lobe maintain an image of?

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7. If you had a left parietal injury, why might you still be able to recognize your right hand?

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8. If you had a massive stroke that destroyed the right hemisphere of the parietal lobe, what would you lose?

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9. What might people report if they damage the right parietal lobe?

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10. What is this called?

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11. What might a patient suffering from right parietal damage draw when asked to draw a clock?

12. If a person had a tumor pressing against a part of the parietal lobe, what might the person feel?

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13. What is “hysteria”?

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14. What is “phantom limb”?

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15. Why does phantom limb occur?

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16. Why might a person feel like his hand is sticking right out of his shoulder?

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17. What is the worst thing about “phantom limb”?

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18. Who is more likely to experience phantom limb pain – younger people or older people?

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19. What might be involved in body image distortions such as a “skinny” person who feels “fat”?

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20. What is the problem with this theory of anorexia?

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21. The parietal lobe is often referred to as the “lobe of the _____________.”

22. What is “apraxia”?

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23. If a person has a left parietal lobe injury, how what might be a result (give an example)?

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24. If a person has a right parietal lobe damage, what might result and what is this called?

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25. What if the damage was fairly mild?

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26. Define the following:

a. Agraphia: ___________________________________________________

b. Alexia: ____________________________________________________

c. Dislexia: _________________________________________________

d. Acalculia: _________________________________________________

e. Disnomia: _________________________________________________

f. Anomia: _________________________________________________

27. What is the “Angular Gyrus”?

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Frontal Lobe

• Play a part in impulse control, judgment, language production, working memory, motor function, problem solving, sexual behavior, socialization, and spontaneity.

• Assist in planning, coordinating, controlling, and executing behavior.

• People with damaged frontal lobes may experience problems with these aspects of cognitive function, being at times impulsive; impaired in their ability to plan and execute complex sequences of action or change actions when a change is needed.

• Dopamine-sensitive neurons found primarily in the frontal lobes -- associated with pleasure, long-term memory, planning and drive -- involve the ability to recognize consequences of behaviour, to choose between good and bad actions, suppress unacceptable social responses (damage often leads to socially unacceptable behaviour)

• Area: Broca's area is a section of the brain involved in language processing, speech production and comprehension

• People suffering from damage to this area may show a condition called Broca's aphasia, which makes them unable to create grammatically-complex sentences: their “telegraphic” speech often contains little but content words. Patients are usually aware that they cannot speak properly. Comprehension is relatively normal.

• For example, in the following passage, a Broca's aphasic patient is trying to explain how he came to the hospital for dental surgery: "Yes... ah... Monday... er... Dad and Peter H... (his own name), and Dad.... er... hospital... and ah... Wednesday... Wednesday, nine o'clock... and oh... Thursday... ten o'clock, ah doctors... two... an' doctors... and er... teeth... yah."

• frontal lobe video

Video Questions:

1. If you lost part of your LEFT frontal lobe, what ability would you use?

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2. Why might people who have Broca’s/Expressive aphasia not lose the ability to pray or to sing?

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3. What would a person look like if his/her Broca’s area is damaged?

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4. What is Catatonia and what lobe is it associated with?

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5. What are “frozen panic states”?

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6. What is the first part of the brain affected by alcohol?

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7. Why does this make people do things they might normally not do?

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8. What is Freeman’s frontal lobotomy?

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9. What happened to Rosemary Kennedy through a frontal lobotomy?

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10. What did wives of men who had frontal lobotomies complain of?

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11. What else would people who have had this procedure do?

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12. After massive damage, what eventually happens to people?

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13. Why is the frontal lobe the “senior executive” of the brain?

a. ________________________________________________________________

b. ________________________________________________________________

14. The limbic system contains the impulse system of the brain. When the limbic system wants to do something, how does the frontal lobe react?

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15. How did the very conservative patient change when he had right frontal lobe stroke?

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16. What delusions did the woman who had right frontal damage respond to right frontal damage?

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17. What kind of behaviour did the man who had shot out his frontal lobe display?

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18. What was the man’s IQ at the time he entered therapy?

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19. What is another term for repeating words or phrases?

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20. What might be related to perseveration?

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21. Why are children impulsive?

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Notes: The Left frontal lobe has an excitatory function

The Right frontal lobe has an inhibitory function

22. IF the left frontal lobe is damaged, what might they become emotionally?

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23. If the right frontal lobe is damaged, what might a person develop?

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24. What is “tangential speech”?

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25. What is confabulation?

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26. How is this related to frontal lobe?

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Temporal Lobe

• involved in auditory processing. It is also heavily involved in semantics (meaning) both in speech and vision.

• contains the hippocampus responsible for storing practical information into long term information

• contain amygdala which stores emotional information into long term memory

• The underside of the temporal cortices are involved in high-level visual processing of complex stimuli such as faces and scenes.

• The medial temporal lobes (near the Sagittal plane that divides left and right hemispheres) are thought to be involved in episodic/declarative memory.

Wernicke’s area

• Wernicke’s area, which spans the region between temporal and parietal lobes, plays a key role (with Broca's area).

• Functions of the left temporal lobe extend to comprehension, naming, verbal memory and other language functions.

• Sound processing is controlled by the temporal lobes- in the Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area.

• Wernicke’s Aphasia: this condition results in an impairment of language comprehension and in speech that has a natural-sounding rhythm and a relatively normal syntax, but otherwise has no recognizable meaning (a condition sometimes called fluent or jargon aphasia).

– Speech is preserved, but language content is incorrect. This may vary from the insertion of a few incorrect or nonexistent words to a profuse outpouring of jargon. Grammar, syntax, rate, intonation and stress are normal.

– Example: “I called my mother on the television and did not understand the door. It was too breakfast, but they came from far to near. My mother is not too old for me to be young.”

Temporal Lobe video



Video Questions:

1. What two limbic structures are located in the temporal lobe?

a. ________________________________

b. ________________________________

2. What kinds of functions do the temporal lobes serve?

a. ________________________________

b. ________________________________

c. ________________________________

d. ________________________________

3. What kinds of problems might you see with abnormalities in temporal lobe?

a. ________________________________

b. ________________________________

c. ________________________________

d. ________________________________

e. ________________________________

4. When the man fell off his horse, banging his head on a tree, what did he start doing?

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5. What lobe did he have damage to?

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6. What else, other than shaking or banging the head, can cause temporal lobe injury?

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7. What types of delusions of grandeur are caused by left temporal lobe damage?

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8. What part of the brain is involved in this?

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9. IF you have massive damage in left temporal area, what ability would you lose and what is this called?

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10. What might this be confused with?

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11. What is called when people with Wernicke’s damage talk nonsense?

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12. What does Agnosagnosia mean?

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13. What kind of schizophrenia would you get with left temporal lobe damage?

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14. What kind of hallucinations are most common in temporal lobe damage?

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15. What types of these hallucinations are the worst?

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16. What might you hear if you stimulate the RIGTH temporal lobe?

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17. What kind of information does the RIGHT temporal lobe store?

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18. What does the hippocampus do?

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19. What does the amygdala store into long-term memory?

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20. What two phenomena draw from the “depositories” that the amygdala and hippocampus have stored?

a. ____________________________________

b. ____________________________________

21. What happens if the right temporal lobe is damaged?

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22. What would the left temporal lobe recognize?

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23. What is prosopagnosia?

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24. What might this give rise to?

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25. What research did Penfield do and what did he find out?

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26. What is a small hallucination called?

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27. What is a huge hallucination called?

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28. What visual fields do the temporal lobes watch?

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29. What temporal lobe produces the most profound hallucinations?

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30. What is paradoxical sleep?

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31. What temporal lobe do you see activity in during dreaming?

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32. What happens with your eyes during dream sleep?

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33. During non REM sleep, where is the activity?

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34. Why is déjà vu more common during childhood?

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35. What is another possibility?

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36. What is lucid dreaming?

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37. Why might the alam clock be incorporated into a dream we are having?

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Cerebellum

• region of the brain that plays an important role in the integration of sensory perception and motor output.

• Many neural pathways link the cerebellum with the motor cortex—which sends information to the muscles causing them to move—and the spinocerebellar tract—which provides feedback on the position of the body in space (proprioception). The cerebellum integrates these pathways, using the constant feedback on body position to fine tune motor movements.

• observations during the 18th century indicated that patients with cerebellar damage show problems with motor coordination and movement

• Research in 19th century suggested the cerebellum was a motor control structure.

• modern research shows that the cerebellum has a broader role in a number of key cognitive functions, including attention and the processing of language, music, and other sensory temporal stimuli.

The Brain Stem

• Three main functions:

– conduit functions: all information related from the body to the cerebrum and cerebellum and vice versa, must traverse the brain stem: pain and temperature sensation, touch, proprioception and pressure sensation.

– Second, cranial nerves 3-12 emerge from the brain stem.

– Third, the brain stem has integrative functions (it is involved in cardiovascular system control, respiratory control, pain sensitivity control, alertness and consciousness).

• Diseases of the brainstem can result to abnormalities in the function of cranial nerves which may lead to visual disturbances, pupil abnormalities, changes in sensation, muscle weakness, hearing problems, vertigo, swallowing and speech difficulty, voice change and co-ordination problems.

• The brain stem plays a vital role in basic attention, arousal, and consciousness. All information to and from our body passes through the brain stem on the way to or from the brain.

• brain stem is located in an area near bony protrusions making it vulnerable to damage during trauma.

Occipital Lobe

visual processing center.

- function of the occipital lobe is to control vision and colour recognition

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