Emotions and Life - Bibliothek

[Pages:5]Emotions and Life

Perspectives From Psychology, Biology, and Evolution Robert Plutchik

American Psychological Association Washington, DC

Contents

Figures and Illustrations

xiii

Preface

xvii

Acknowledgments

xix

1 The Landscapes of Emotion

1

Preview

1

Why Is the Study of Emotion Difficult?

3

Dichotomies

5

Emotions in Nonverbal Individuals

8

Emotions in Nonhuman Animals

9

Problems of Verbal Reports

15

A First Approximation to a Deinition of Emotions

17

Summary

22

2 Major Historical Traditions in the Study of Emotions

23

Preview

23

Charles Darwin and the Evolutionary Tradition

24

William James and the Psychophysiological Tradition

29

Walter B. Cannon and the Neurological Tradition

31

Sigmund Freud and the Psychodynamic Tradition

35

Attempts at Integration of Theories

39

A Recent Development

41

Summary

41

3 Emotions and Cognitions

45

Preview

45

Historical Beginnings

45

Cognition and Evolution

53

Why Predict the Environment

57

Summary

58

4 The Language of Emotions

61

Preview

61

Terms Related to Emotion

62

How Can We Identify the Language of Emotion?

64

How Many Basic Emotions Are There?

69

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Contents

Relation of Basic Emotions to Secondary Ones

72

A Dictionary of Emotions?

75

How Are Emotions Related to One Another?

75

Is There a Circumplex for Emotion Words in Other Languages?

81

Latent Semantic Analysis Theory

88

Summary

88

? Theories of Emotions

91

Preview

91

Psychophysiological and Motivational Theories of Emotion

92

Clinical Theories of Emotion

99

Current Evolutionary Theories of Emotion

102

Summary

114

6 The Measurement of Emotions

117

Preview

117

Self-Report Measures of Emotions

117

Some Recent Studies of Mood

121

Self-Report Questionnaire Scales

123

A Cross-Cultural Questionnaire Study of Emotions

127

Measuring Emotions by Rating Behavior

128

Scales for Rating Emotions in Animals

131

Measuring Emotions Through the Products of Human Behavior

135

Physiological and Neural Measures of Emotion

140

Summary

145

7 Facial Expressions and Emotions

147

Preview

147

Studies of Facial Musculature

147

Studies of Photographs

150

The Search for Universal Facial Expressions

153

Computer Simulation Studies of Facial Expression

156

Studies of Anthropological Artifacts

161

Emotional Expressions in Children Born Blind

165

Bodily Expressions of Emotion

167

Vocal Expressions of Emotion

168

Gestures as Communications

169

The Neurophysiology of Facial Expression

171

Theories of Facial Expressions of Emotions

173

Evolutionary Origins of Facial Displays

178

Summary

181

8 Emotional Development

183

Preview

183

Behavior Patterns in Infants

183

Varieties of Infant Behaviors

188

Inferring Emotions in Infants

190

Inferring Emotions in Monkeys

192

Social Attachment and Fear in Infants

192

Vocalizations as Expressions of Emotions

193

Function of Emotional Behavior in Infants

194

Contents m

Mutual Interaction of Parents and Infants

196

Facial Expressions in Infants

198

Attachment Theory

200

When Do Children Learn Emotion Concepts?

204

Do Children Understand the Causes of Emotions?

206

Summary

207

9 Emotions and Evolution

209

Preview

209

Nature of Evolution

211

General Evolutionary Adaptations

215

Functions of Emotion

223

Studying Emotions in Animals

226

Problems of Self-Awareness of Emotional States

232

Summary

236

10 Emotion and Communication

237

Preview

237

Communication and Social Behavior

238

Identifying the Communication Functions of Emotional Displays

in Animals

241

Genital Displays as Communication

244

Can Monkeys Read Emotions on the Face?

246

Chemical Communications

247

Conflicts Among Emotional Displays

249

Evolution and Communication

251

Language in Animals

255

Summary

258

11 Emotions and the Brain

261

Preview

261

Animals Without Nervous Systems: Is the Concept of Emotion Relevant?

261

The Evolution of the Brain

263

An Overview of the Major Brain Structures

265

Paul MacLean and the Visceral Brain

271

Robert Heath and the Neural Substrate for Emotion

276

Jose M. R. Delgado: Emotions and the Fragmental Organization of Behavior 277

Jaak Panksepp: Neural Control Systems for Emotions

279

Detlev Ploog: Neuroethology and the Vocal Expression of Emotions

282

Descartes' Error: Mind and Body Are Separate

284

Joseph E. Le Doux: Emotional Evaluation and Brain Systems

285

The Influence of Drugs on Emotions

288

Neurotransmitters and Emotions

288

Some Implications of Knowledge of Brain Functioning

290

Summary

290

12 Love and Sadness in Everyday Life

293

Preview

293

Love

293

Sadness and Depression

298

The Treatment of Depression

304

XII Contents

The Function of Sadness and Depression

307

Summary

308

13 Understanding Emotional Disorders

311

Preview

311

What Is an Emotional Disorder?

311

Fear and Anxiety

314

Theories of Anxiety

319

The Treatment of Anxiety

321

The Function of Fear and Anxiety

321

Anger and Aggression

322

The Interaction of Suicide and Violence

324

The Functions of Anger and Aggression

326

The Control of Anger

330

Summary

333

References

335

Author Index

359

Subject Index

367

About the Author

383

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