Emotions and Life - Bibliothek
[Pages:5]Emotions and Life
Perspectives From Psychology, Biology, and Evolution Robert Plutchik
American Psychological Association Washington, DC
Contents
Figures and Illustrations
xiii
Preface
xvii
Acknowledgments
xix
1 The Landscapes of Emotion
1
Preview
1
Why Is the Study of Emotion Difficult?
3
Dichotomies
5
Emotions in Nonverbal Individuals
8
Emotions in Nonhuman Animals
9
Problems of Verbal Reports
15
A First Approximation to a Deinition of Emotions
17
Summary
22
2 Major Historical Traditions in the Study of Emotions
23
Preview
23
Charles Darwin and the Evolutionary Tradition
24
William James and the Psychophysiological Tradition
29
Walter B. Cannon and the Neurological Tradition
31
Sigmund Freud and the Psychodynamic Tradition
35
Attempts at Integration of Theories
39
A Recent Development
41
Summary
41
3 Emotions and Cognitions
45
Preview
45
Historical Beginnings
45
Cognition and Evolution
53
Why Predict the Environment
57
Summary
58
4 The Language of Emotions
61
Preview
61
Terms Related to Emotion
62
How Can We Identify the Language of Emotion?
64
How Many Basic Emotions Are There?
69
ix
x
Contents
Relation of Basic Emotions to Secondary Ones
72
A Dictionary of Emotions?
75
How Are Emotions Related to One Another?
75
Is There a Circumplex for Emotion Words in Other Languages?
81
Latent Semantic Analysis Theory
88
Summary
88
? Theories of Emotions
91
Preview
91
Psychophysiological and Motivational Theories of Emotion
92
Clinical Theories of Emotion
99
Current Evolutionary Theories of Emotion
102
Summary
114
6 The Measurement of Emotions
117
Preview
117
Self-Report Measures of Emotions
117
Some Recent Studies of Mood
121
Self-Report Questionnaire Scales
123
A Cross-Cultural Questionnaire Study of Emotions
127
Measuring Emotions by Rating Behavior
128
Scales for Rating Emotions in Animals
131
Measuring Emotions Through the Products of Human Behavior
135
Physiological and Neural Measures of Emotion
140
Summary
145
7 Facial Expressions and Emotions
147
Preview
147
Studies of Facial Musculature
147
Studies of Photographs
150
The Search for Universal Facial Expressions
153
Computer Simulation Studies of Facial Expression
156
Studies of Anthropological Artifacts
161
Emotional Expressions in Children Born Blind
165
Bodily Expressions of Emotion
167
Vocal Expressions of Emotion
168
Gestures as Communications
169
The Neurophysiology of Facial Expression
171
Theories of Facial Expressions of Emotions
173
Evolutionary Origins of Facial Displays
178
Summary
181
8 Emotional Development
183
Preview
183
Behavior Patterns in Infants
183
Varieties of Infant Behaviors
188
Inferring Emotions in Infants
190
Inferring Emotions in Monkeys
192
Social Attachment and Fear in Infants
192
Vocalizations as Expressions of Emotions
193
Function of Emotional Behavior in Infants
194
Contents m
Mutual Interaction of Parents and Infants
196
Facial Expressions in Infants
198
Attachment Theory
200
When Do Children Learn Emotion Concepts?
204
Do Children Understand the Causes of Emotions?
206
Summary
207
9 Emotions and Evolution
209
Preview
209
Nature of Evolution
211
General Evolutionary Adaptations
215
Functions of Emotion
223
Studying Emotions in Animals
226
Problems of Self-Awareness of Emotional States
232
Summary
236
10 Emotion and Communication
237
Preview
237
Communication and Social Behavior
238
Identifying the Communication Functions of Emotional Displays
in Animals
241
Genital Displays as Communication
244
Can Monkeys Read Emotions on the Face?
246
Chemical Communications
247
Conflicts Among Emotional Displays
249
Evolution and Communication
251
Language in Animals
255
Summary
258
11 Emotions and the Brain
261
Preview
261
Animals Without Nervous Systems: Is the Concept of Emotion Relevant?
261
The Evolution of the Brain
263
An Overview of the Major Brain Structures
265
Paul MacLean and the Visceral Brain
271
Robert Heath and the Neural Substrate for Emotion
276
Jose M. R. Delgado: Emotions and the Fragmental Organization of Behavior 277
Jaak Panksepp: Neural Control Systems for Emotions
279
Detlev Ploog: Neuroethology and the Vocal Expression of Emotions
282
Descartes' Error: Mind and Body Are Separate
284
Joseph E. Le Doux: Emotional Evaluation and Brain Systems
285
The Influence of Drugs on Emotions
288
Neurotransmitters and Emotions
288
Some Implications of Knowledge of Brain Functioning
290
Summary
290
12 Love and Sadness in Everyday Life
293
Preview
293
Love
293
Sadness and Depression
298
The Treatment of Depression
304
XII Contents
The Function of Sadness and Depression
307
Summary
308
13 Understanding Emotional Disorders
311
Preview
311
What Is an Emotional Disorder?
311
Fear and Anxiety
314
Theories of Anxiety
319
The Treatment of Anxiety
321
The Function of Fear and Anxiety
321
Anger and Aggression
322
The Interaction of Suicide and Violence
324
The Functions of Anger and Aggression
326
The Control of Anger
330
Summary
333
References
335
Author Index
359
Subject Index
367
About the Author
383
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