An Introduction to Sociolinguistics - LU

An Introduction to Sociolinguistics

Blackwell Textbooks in Linguistics

The books included in this series provide comprehensive accounts of some of the most central and most rapidly developing areas of research in linguistics. Intended primarily for introductory and post-introductory students, they include exercises, discussion points, and suggestions for further reading.

1. Liliane Haegeman

2. Andrew Spencer 3. Helen Goodluck 4. Ronald Wardhaugh 5. Martin Atkinson 6. Diane Blakemore 7. Michael Kenstowicz 8. Deborah Schiffrin 9. John Clark and Colin Yallop

10. Natsuko Tsujimura 11. Robert D. Borsley 12. Nigel Fabb 13. Irene Heim and Angelika

Kratzer 14. Liliane Haegeman and

Jacqueline Gu?ron 15. Stephen Crain and Diane

Lillo-Martin 16. Joan Bresnan 17. Barbara A. Fennell

18. Henry Rogers 19. Benjamin W. Fortson IV

20. Liliane Haegeman

Introduction to Government and Binding Theory (Second Edition) Morphological Theory Language Acquisition Introduction to Sociolinguistics (Fifth Edition) Children's Syntax Understanding Utterances Phonology in Generative Grammar Approaches to Discourse An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology (Second Edition) An Introduction to Japanese Linguistics Modern Phrase Structure Grammar Linguistics and Literature Semantics in Generative Grammar

English Grammar: A Generative Perspective An Introduction to Linguistic Theory and Language Acquisition Lexical-Functional Syntax A History of English: A Sociolinguistic Approach Writing Systems: A Linguistic Approach Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction Thinking Syntactically: A Guide to Argumentation and Analysis

An Introduction to Sociolinguistics

FIFTH EDITION

Ronald Wardhaugh

? 1986, 1992, 1998, 2002, 2006 by Ronald Wardhaugh

BLACKWELL PUBLISHING 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK 550 Swanston Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia

The right of Ronald Wardhaugh to be identified as the Author of this Work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher.

First published 1986 by Basil Blackwell Ltd Second edition (1992), third edition (1998), and fourth edition (2002) published by Blackwell Publishers Ltd Fifth edition published 2006 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd

1 2006

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Wardhaugh, Ronald. An introduction to sociolinguistics / Ronald Wardhaugh. -- 5th ed. p. cm. -- (Blackwell textbooks in linguistics ; 4) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-1-4051-3559-7 (pbk. : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 1-4051-3559-X (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Sociolinguistics. I. Title. II.

Series. P40.W27 2006 306.44--dc22

2005019312

A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library.

Set in 10/12pt Sabon by Graphicraft Limited, Hong Kong Printed and bound in the United Kingdom by TJ International Ltd, Padstow, Cornwall

The publisher's policy is to use permanent paper from mills that operate a sustainable forestry policy, and which has been manufactured from pulp processed using acid-free and elementary chlorine-free practices. Furthermore, the publisher ensures that the text paper and cover board used have met acceptable environmental accreditation standards.

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Contents

Preface

vii

Acknowledgments

viii

1 Introduction

1

Knowledge of Language ? Variation ? Scientific Investigation ?

Language and Society ? Sociolinguistics and the Sociology of

Language ? Methodological Concerns ? Overview ? Further

Reading

Part I Languages and Communities

23

2 Languages, Dialects, and Varieties

25

Language and Dialect ? Regional Dialects ? Social Dialects ?

Styles, Registers, and Beliefs ? Further Reading

3 Pidgins and Creoles

58

Lingua Francas ? Definitions ? Distribution and Characteristics ?

Origins ? From Pidgin to Creole ? Further Reading

4 Codes

88

Diglossia ? Bilingualism and Multilingualism ? Code-Switching ?

Further Reading

5 Speech Communities

119

Definitions ? Intersecting Communities ? Networks and

Repertoires ? Further Reading

Part II Inherent Variety

133

6 Language Variation

135

Regional Variation ? The Linguistic Variable ? Linguistic and

Social Variation ? Data Collection and Analysis ? Further

Reading

7 Some Findings and Issues

162

An Early Study ? New York City ? Norwich and Reading ?

A Variety of Studies ? Belfast ? Controversies ? Further Reading

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