Learn How Education Leadership Improves Student Learning

March 2022

This 2004 publication is not up to date. For an updated 2021 literature review see: How Principals Affect Students and Schools: A Systematic Synthesis of Two Decades of Research.

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Learning from Leadership Project

Review of research How leadership influences student learning

Kenneth Leithwood, Karen Seashore Louis, Stephen Anderson and Kyla Wahlstrom

University of Minnesota Center for Applied Research and Educational Improvement

University of Toronto Ontario Institute for Studies in Education

Commissioned by The Wallace Foundation

Center for Applied Research and Educational Improvement

Ontario Institute for Studies in Education at The University of Toronto

TM TM

Copyright ? 2004

Executive summary | 3

A review of research | 17

Successful school and district leadership | 20

The concept of leadership Evidence about leadership effects on students The basics of successful leadership Successful superintendent leadership Successful principal leadership Distributed leadership in districts and schools

The state | 30

Evolution of state approaches to school reform Policy and culture context A sense-making approach to studying state policy

and its impacts

The district | 36

A history of research on the district role Contemporary research on the district role Challenges faced by districts District strategies for improving student learning The impact of district-wide reforms on teaching

and learning

Student and family background | 46

Other stakeholders | 49

School conditions | 51

School structures School culture Instructional policies and practices Human resources

Classroom conditions | 59

Class size Teaching loads Teaching in areas of formal preparation Homework Student grouping Curriculum and instruction

Teachers | 64

Individual teacher qualities and mental models Teachers' professional community

Leaders' professional learning experiences | 67

Formal programs Less-formal learning experiences

Conclusion | 70

References | 71

About the authors | 87

Executive summary How leadership influences student learning

Kenneth Leithwood, Karen Seashore Louis, Stephen Anderson and Kyla Wahlstrom

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