ROLES OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS IN …



The role of non-governmental organisations in poverty alleviation among the youth in

Busiisi Sub-County in Hoima District

BY

KWESIGA VICENT

(09/U/14040/EXT)

A report submitted to the School of Distance and Open Learning in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the commonwealth Diploma in

Youth Development Work of Makerere University

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this is my original work and it has never been by submitted to this institution or any other institution for any award.

Researcher …………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Signature ………………………………………………

Date ……………………………………………………

Supervisor …………………………………………………………………………………………………

Signature ………………………………………………

Date ……………………………………………………

DEDICATION

THIS WORK IS DEDICATED TO THE FAMILY OF MR NDYANABAISI FRANCIS FOR THE GREAT SUPPORT IN EDUCATING CHILDREN.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I wish to express my sincerest gratitude to my supervisor Mrs Bbuye Juliana for the continued efforts in guiding, correcting and discussing with me this study. It is great that you have always been my key role model and am very grateful for the support you have rendered to me

Sincere thanks go to my wonderful parents Mr Ndyanabaisi Francis and Mrs Mbabazi Gorret for their time and moral support without which I would have not reached where Iam.

Special thanks go to my lovely sister Mpairwe Jackline for moral and financial support she rendered to me through my education career up to the production of this work. Without you I might not have completed this education.

Thanks go to my sisters Kabasinguzi Sylvia, Birungi Winfred, Asiimwe Angella and my beloved brothers Bagonza Phillip, Bainomugisa Godfrey, Businge Ronald and John for the great support you rendered to me. The contributions of my friends Muyombya Andrew, Osinde Stephen, Mbabazi Ronald and Mutaganywa Tahir are highly appreciated for you will always be good friends.

Thanks go to Kugonza Kenneth, Paul, Irene and Judith who have always been giving me joy when am writing this work thank you for being good kids.

I cannot end without mentioning my Almighty God who has guided me throughout the completion of this work.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Contents

DECLARATION…………… ii

DEDICATION………….. iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS v

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRYNOMS viii

ABSTRACT……….. ix

CHAPTER ONE……….. 1

1.0 Introduction 1

1.1 Background of the study area 1

1.2 Statement of the problem 3

1.3 Objectives of the study area 4

1.4 Research questions 4

1.5 Scope and the purpose of the study 4

CHAPTER TWO……………

LITERATURE REVIEW 5

2.0 Introduction 5

2.1 The Role of NGO’s in poverty alleviation among the youth 5

2.2 NGO contribution to poverty alleviation among the youth 6

2.3 Contributions of NGOs to Poverty alleviation 7

2.4 Problems that are affected by NGOs in poverty alleviation among the youth in Busiisi sub-county Hoima district………………………………………………………………………………8

2.5 Solutions to the problems faced by NGOs in poverty alleviation among the youth 11

2.6 Characteristics of poverty 15

2.7 Poverty alleviation strategies among youth 16

2.8 Programs of poverty alleviation among youth 20

CHAPTER THREE 24

3.1 Introduction 24

3.2 Research design 24

3.3 Description of the study area 24

3.4 Population of the study 24

3.5 Sampling techniques 25

3.6 Methods of data collection. 26

3.6.1 Observation 26

3.6.2 Questionnaire 26

3.6.3 Focus Group Discussion 26

3.6.4 Interviews Schedules 27

3.6.5 Documentary Review 27

3.6.6 Data processing and analysis 27

CHAPTER FOUR……… 29

RESEARCH FINDINGS, DISCUSSION AND INTERPRETATION OF FIELD DATA 29

4.0 Introduction 29

4.1 The Contributions brought by NGOs in Busiisi Sub County 30

Plate l: Growing of Maize supported by HODFA 31

Plate 2: Improved cassava variety supplied by Africa 2000 Net work 32

Plate 3: Poultry Keeping 32

Plate4: Brick making in Kibingo village with the support of loans from HOFOKAM 33

Table 2: Showing number of animals supplied by NGOs in 2009 to the young people 35

Plate 11: A primary school supported by World Vision 36

Plate 12: Monitors laying plots in the forest to monitor human impact in the forest 37

Plate 13: Tree planting supported by CSWCT as a way of saving environment 38

Table 3: Showing the different NGOs involved in poverty alleviation among youth in Busiisi Sub county Hoima District 38

Plate 14: The location of Chimpanzee Sanctuary and Wildlife Conservation Trust 41

4.2 Challenges that affect NGOs in Poverty Alleviation among Youth 43

Table 4: Showing response on how challenges affecting NGOs can be minimized among youth 44

CHAPTER FIVE…………. 46

DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 46

5.0 Introduction 46

5.1 Discussion 46

5.2 Conclusions 50

5.3 Recommendation 51

REFERENCES…… 54

APPENDIX 11: QUESTIONNAIRE FOR THE LOCAL COUNCIL OFFICIALS 56

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRYNOMS

NGO Non-government Organizations

WHO World Health Organization

PEAP Poverty Eradication Action Plan

PMA Plan for Modernization Agriculture

NAADS National Agriculture Advisory Services

PHC Primary Health Care

MFPED Ministry Of Finance, Planning and Economic Development

UNDP United Nation Development Program

EPRC Economic Policy Research Centre

GDP Growth Domestic Policy

DHS Democratic and health Survey

MFI Micro Finance Institutions

HIPC High Indebted Poor Communities

DFID Department For International Development

PMTCT Prevention of Mother To Child HIV Transmit ion

ANCs Antenatal Clinics

ARVs Antiretroviral drugs

AVIS International Services Volunteers Association

UNO United Nation Organization

TASO The AIDS Support Organization

CSWCT Chimpanzee Sanctuary and Wildlife Conservation Trust

ABSTRACT

The study was carried out to assess the role of Non Governmental Organization towards poverty alleviation among youth in Busiisi. The major objectives were to identify the different NGOs operating in Busiisi Sub County and how they have contributed towards changes which are in the Sub County.

The data was collected through use of the Questionnaires, observation and interviews.

Findings showed that young people have benefited from NGOs in Busiisi Sub County through acquiring loans to start up Business, which has helped them to be self reliant. Sensitization has been carried out by the NGOs, HODFA, and this has helped young people who have been shown how to carry out agriculture as agri business. Young people have also been helped to acquire basic necessities, as a way of reducing poverty, they are getting involved in different activities to promote development.

It was concluded that the contribution of NGOs toward poverty alleviation programs, to a large extent lies in the hands of individuals, especially where these NGOs bring the programmes, and yet the local young people are the one to be involved in the running of these programmes, if they are to benefit. It was recommended that sustainability measures should be put in place so that the projects are long term benefit, provision of employment centres especially markets and industries to the young people in Busiisi Sub County should be done. It was further recommended that social services like health centres, school, water electricity and roads be extended and improved. Decentralisation should be promoted so that young people keep to their cradle lands. A bottom up approach be encouraged for easy identification of needs and helping in decision making and the proper allocation of resources, co-ordination where by the government fosters but does not dominate, Government should be in position to monitor the progress and help these NGOs when it is called upon.

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction

Non-Governmental organizations are organizations that are not part of any government. A key distinction is between not-for-profit groups and for-profit corporations; the vast majority of NGOs are not-for-profit. In some countries, particularly socialist ones, some NGOs are government-organised. The purposes of NGOs cover the entire range of human interests and may be domestic or international in scope. Many NGOs are key sources of information for governments on issues such as human rights abuses and environmental degradation. Some NGOs fulfill quasi-governmental functions for ethnic groups that lack a state of their own. NGOs may be financed by private donations, international organizations, governments, or a combination of these. In Britain, quasi-autonomous non-governmental organizations, or “quangos’’, are organizations that have no elected boards and receive public funds which they also disburse.

NGO is a term that has become widely accepted as referring to the legally constituted NGO created by natural or legal persons with no participation or presentation of any government. In the case where NGOs are funded totally or partially by government, NGOs maintains its Non-Governmental status and excluded government representatives from membership in the organization unlike intergovernmental organization. These NGOs are defined as civil society organizations. (Drezes’sen, 1989).

1.1 Background of the study area

In Uganda, there are many NGOs which participate in different activities towards poverty alleviation among the young people. They contribute 80% in development and most of them are based at district level as well as Sub county level. These NGOs help focus on future investment to target the raising income as well as improve the quality of life of young people. They carry out measures to increase on the house hold income, they focus on road improvement, land, agriculture, rural market, employment, labour productivity, rural credit and financial services, micro and small scale enterprises. They carry out measures to improve the quality of life of the youth, they target the provision of basic services like Primary Health Care, Primary education, water and the environment as well as disaster management.

On the other hand, poverty has no universal definition but it can be defined in absolute or relative terms. Ravallion (1996) defines poverty as lack of command over market goods. According to Fields (1994) poverty is an inability of an individual or a family to command sufficient resources to satisfy basic needs. Absolute poverty is the situation where the house hold is unable to feed, clothe or house itself ( a situation where people are un able to meet their survival needs and basic requirements). And Relative poverty is the situation of unequal distribution of income and other valued goods and services in a society. The people feel deprived when they compare themselves with others who may be better off although they may not be living in absolute poverty.

Since 1987 a period of economic recovery program was implemented. Uganda embarked on poverty alleviation among the youth, because of the record of the war on poverty proclaimed by many countries. Uganda in 1980s saw a reassessment of the role of NGOs in the economic development though by no means of retreat from anti poverty goals. The NGOs strategy is a growth orient policy that uses labour, strengthening of institution, infrastructure and market incentives and at the end of the distribution of the information and adoption of technology, provision of basic social services to the poor youth in the area of PHC, education, nutrition and family planning services. Land in Uganda is considered a very important natural resource where 90% of the country’s young population live, in rural areas and depend on agriculture, and the productivity is low which make 80% of the population in Uganda living below the poverty line(us$24) per month and in 1995/96,45.6%. To the population pressure and land being fixed, it needs proper planning to make the best use of it.

Busiisi sub-county as an area of study, found in Hoima district which is in Bunyoro Kingdom in mid western Uganda and other sub-countries in Hoima district include; Kigorobya, Buseruka, Kitoba, Kyabigambire. Busiisi sub-county has got different parishes which include; Kibingo, Kihukya, Kasingo, Kihomboza, and Katasiha. In those areas, agriculture is the major economic activity where by 80% of the young people grow crops on small scale like maize, rice, cocoa, cassava, beans all this at subsistence level. There are also other activities like brick laying, poultry, and cattle keeping. All these require support from NGOs to perform some services for the purpose to achieve efficiency.

Different NGOs operate Worldwide, in Africa, and Uganda and in Busiisi subcounty. These organization involve some transfer of certain public function and services to in order to improve on the development of an area. If these NGOs achieve their objectives in Busiisi sub county, by the next 20 years poverty among the youth will be reduced at a rate less than 10% (absolute poverty) and below 30% (relative poverty). This can be done through the expansion of health centres, Primary schools, access to safe and clean water, increased income for house hold as well as security of the young people and property.(MFPED, 2006). It is because of this background that, a study is done to find out the role of NGOs in alleviating poverty among the youth.

1 Statement of the problem

A big number (90%) of young people in Busiisi Sub County are living below the poverty line, and this is far much higher than the 31% nation wide. NGOs play an important role in poverty alleviation for the development of the rural area where they get involved in areas such as provision of safe water, roads, sanitation facilities, primary health care, but their role is not fully known in Busiisi subcounty. When these NGOs come into existence, it is a big challenge since most times they come in the middle of the financial year when most of public organizations budgets and priorities areas have been set. But they also come with different plans, objectives, conditions, priorities, and strings attached which do not favour young people’s immediate needs. Therefore this study set out to examine the roles of NGOs in poverty alleviation among the youth of Busiisi sub-county Hoima.

2 Objectives of the study area

The study was based on the following objectives;

1. To identify the different NGOs involved in poverty alleviation among the youth in Busiisi Sub County Hoima District.

2. To establish the contribution and changes brought by NGOs in Busiisi subcounty Hoima district.

3. To examine the challenges affecting NGOs in poverty alleviation among the youth in Busiisi subcounty Hoima district.

3 Research questions

The study was guided by the following research questions:

1. What are the different NGOs involved in poverty alleviation among the youth in Busiisi sub-county?

2. What are the contributions and changes brought by NGOs in Busiisi Subcounty Hoima district?

3. What are the problems facing NGOs in poverty alleviation among the youth in Busiisi subcounty Hoima district?

4 Scope and the purpose of the study

The research was carried out in Hoima district specifically in Busiisi sub-county . The study aims at identifying the NGOs which are operating in Busiisi subcounty in the process of poverty alleviation among the youth and how they have contributed to the development of this rural area and for how long are they going to operate and in which areas are they operating within Busiisi.

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Introduction

Literature on the role of NGOs in poverty alleviation in Busiisi sub-county is reviewed. young people’s views about the problem are explored and their perception of how they can solve such problems is shown in the documents already written . There are different issues to be considered in poverty alleviation among the youth in rural areas and what has been written about them is considered from international perspectives and is narrowed down to Uganda up to Hoima then Busiisi sub-county. The literature is reviewed following the objectives of the study.

2.1 The Role of NGO’s in poverty alleviation among the youth

It is not easy to identify which of the sectors an organization belongs to. When a business exerts significant influence over an NGO’s operations, the term business-organised NGO (BONGO) is used. Governments often contract with NGOs to provide certain public services. If a government exerts significant influence over an NGO, it is called a government organized NGO (GONGO) or quasi-non governmental organization (QUANGO). The divisions get juzzy. It is often difficult to determine when an NGO is independent of a business or government partner and when it’s partner, in fact, controls the NGO.

In most NGO/business and NGO/government partnerships, the NGO retains its independence. For example, the Ford Foundation and the Soros Foundation are well known. These organizations engage in charitable activities and administer research grants while taking advantage of the tax law benefits. These foundations operate independently of the founding business; they are not BONGOs.

You are likely to encounter additional local language (s) names for NGO- type Organisations.

Beyond providing services, a second and perhaps more important function of NGOs is as a facilitator of citizens’ participation in their societies. NGOs enables all voices to be heard when individuals form a group with others who have similar values and interests. NGOs often aim to promote understanding between citizens and the state.

NGOs contribute to a civil society by providing a means for expressing and actively addressing the varied and complex needs of society. They are seen as serving several essential functions.

NGOs promote pluralism, diversity, and tolerance in a society while protecting and strengthening cultural, ethnic, religious, linguistic and other identities.

NGOs advance science and thoughts; develop culture and art; protect the environment; and support all activities and concerns that make a vibrant civil society.

NGOs motivate citizens in all aspects of society to act, rather than depend on state power and beneficence.

NGOs create an alternative to centralized state agencies and provide services with greater independence and flexibility (Anheier et al 2001).

2.2 NGO contribution to poverty alleviation among the youth

Fields (1989) noted that the incidence of poverty has fallen in most regions of the world since 1945. Yet despite of the expanding economy, huge numbers of young people remain poor because of unprecedented economic growth. Because of the influence of NGOs in poverty alleviation among the youth, many programs have come up to improve on the young people’s livelihood, infrastructure development, as well as primary health care which will improve on the economic situation of Busiisi subcounty. These rural areas have potential to development since they have high soil fertility. Since Agriculture is the major economic activity it would increase on the level of standards of living and encourage development in the area.

Abercromble (1963) observed that poverty alleviation occurs when man makes definite and continuous attempt to mould his environment. Therefore NGOs result from the relationship and to accommodation of different units so as to make a complete but harmonious functional system to reduce on the rate of poverty level among the youth. For anyone to be considered to be free from poverty, one should have a pleasant environment where by all natural features which have a right to live should be considered; that is to say Forests, Wetlands and hills. When this principle is applied in Busiisi subcounty it will reduce on poverty because it will help young people use natural resources sustainably.

The Uganda Human Development Report (2007) adds that although poverty level declined to 31% in 2005/6 a number of areas enjoy slow progress. There is still little achievement in reducing poverty, malaria, improving environmental sanitation and living standards in the rural areas and reversing the loss of environmental resources e.g. Fuel resources, high erosion and other related environmental services.

2.3 Contributions of NGOs to Poverty alleviation

NGOs at times operate on a different set of rules and pursue different priorities than the local leaders think appropriate. They have attracted complaints that have attracted dependence in communities where they operate. But some areas have failed to develop even after NGOs have been helping them. Different priorities help these NGOs to achieve their objective at specific time (Nanyonga 1998)

NGOs in Uganda have been pivotal in the past years providing a unique contribution in channeling the huge funding coming from the west countries and international institutions such as International Monetary Fund, The World Bank and UN agencies. NGOs represent a fundamental link in the aid chain, the fugal phase of a process that from donors funding leading to implementation of development oriented activities in the areas where they are operating. This has helped young people to improve on their standards of living and attainment of basic services like health, safe water and primary education (World Bank, 2006)

Hoima a collection of some 15,000 people about 200 km North West from Kampala is a small town in one of the poorest areas in Uganda with one of the highest rate of HIV cases registered in non conflict areas. One of the biggest Italian developments oriented NGO AVSI has been present in Hoima for the last 15 years with a small break in the three years proceeding 2000. It is the only International NGO with a full time presence in the district dealing with reduction in poverty. AVIS presence is related mainly to health and sanitary programs along with side projects dealing with local NGOs support, food distribution and youth sensitization on HIV related matters. (UDHS, 2000)

In 2004, the project Prevention of Mother to Child HIV Transmission (PMTCT) is part of vast joint worldwide program by WHO. The project is proposing HIV test to all pregnant young women referring to specific antenatal clinics (ANCs) in the district following pre test counseling. HIV positive young women, after birth, the new borns are given Antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) which reduce 50% vertical virus transmission. PMTCT is contributing in the fight against HIV/AIDS, the project evolution in Hoima gave rise to synergies that have somehow boosted a slow and partial improvement of people’s health conditions in the district via the integrated development of health services at various levels. The project has enhanced the ANCs involved in the creation of a complex aimed at supporting people living with HIV. Health outcomes indicate that there were no significant improvements in child and maternal health outcomes during the 1990s. Throughout the 1990s, almost one in ten Ugandan children died before their first birthday. Improvement in incomes, water supply and access to health services appear to have been counteracted by increasingly dangerous malaria. (UDHS, 2000)

2.4 Problems that are affected by NGOs in poverty alleviation among the youth in Busiisi sub-county Hoima district

Laws and regulations where the laws and regulations of Uganda sometimes hinder the operation of these NGOs in implementing their work in rural areas. This may be as a result of absence in the timely and righteous enforcement of these laws as stressed in National development plan 2010-2015.

Some of these NGOs normally come at the wrong time, in the middle of the financial year when the government budget and the priority areas have already been set. They come with strings attached and some of their objectives do not favour the local communities and the interest of young people to solve the immediate problems and this may take a relatively long period of time to work on the real problems which are affecting young people (Bratton, 1990).

The financial system may not favour the NGOs to operate well in the field area of study. This is because the current position of the financial sector in Uganda is weak and fragile and this end up affecting activities in the rural area especially Busiisi sub-county where by many financial services are not readily available even those which operate are few with high interest rate (Salamon and Anheiner, 1991 and 1992).

The physical structure of Busiisi sub-county is not appreciative where by almost all roads are poorly developed and this may make NGOs to fail to reach the exact and where they want to extend their services. In most cases the rural areas have been ignored by the government in terms of infrastructure development, and rural electrification. This makes some areas unable to be reached by these NGOs services in poverty alleviation among the youth (Population’s housing census, 1991).

In Uganda most of the young people are concentrated in agriculture sector where by 80% of the population is engaged in farming and these changes in labour force and various sectors have remained small in Busiisi sub-county. This has brought the level of industrialization to be small that is to say 2% have engaged themselves in industry and without industrialization it is hard to reduce on poverty levels (Muyuni and Muramira, 2001), and this is an area NGO’s ought to think about

Lack of commitment and political will in the implementation of Anti-poverty Policies. The civil services have limited logistics, poorly motivated, and insufficient. Therefore anti-poverty services of NGOs delivery suffers corruption and lack of accountability. The economic policy research centre (1997) revealed that only one third of the resource released from the centre did reach the final beneficiaries during the period under study.

Nanyonga (1998) revealed that cultural barrier is a strong problem leading to poverty to the youth in rural areas that is to say in Busiisi Sub County where many people still don’t go to hospitals when they are sick. Many young women who participate in the test of HIV/AIDS refuse any help and they neglect themselves which affect the development. A survey was made aimed at comprehending the reason for the young women refusal to participate to the initiatives directed to improve life quality, stress, that much of the tension lie inside the family and most of the young women are abandoned by their husbands when they prove to be HIV positive. This indeed is a big problem too in operations of NGOs.

Political instabilities that is to say in Hoima district, the work of AVIS is continuously threatened by the re current insurgencies by rebels from DRC. In that case they always keep their suitcases ready to leave and this has forced them to limit their action to emergency projects and humanitarian interventions with responsibilities to even think about human development. Hunger and violence have almost spread throughout Sub Saharan Africa; in many countries mass killing reached its maximum. In few years in Liberia, Sierra Leon, Cote d’Ivory is increasingly worsening and threats even traditionally peaceful countries like Senegal and Ghana (Chambers and Riddell, 1995)

NGOs are sketchy which enables them to operate on a small scale. The evolution of NGOs picture stated in to emerge in 1986 when the National NGO Forum was established and by the end of 2007 the number of NGOs had increased to 7000 in Uganda few of them are operational. A survey was done in 2003 by the office of the prime minister established that about 20& of NGOs who are registered go into operation (MFPED, 2006)

According to MFPED (2008), there is a high infant mortality rate in NGO sector in Uganda; It is a sector that is small on the ground than what is on a paper. There is a rapid registration but less operation however much they contribute to 40% of services, explains Larok (2000). Those that are in operational create public awareness on various issues, contribute to policy making, capacity building, employment opportunities thus contributing to the growth of the economy and it has 10.9% of its non agriculture employment.

Riddell and Robison (1995) asserted that while NGOs project reach the poor they tend not to reach the poorest. They tend to be small and the total numbers of those who are assisted are also small and rare. They are financially self sufficient and many of them appear to be unwilling to innovate in certain areas.

2.5 Solutions to the problems faced by NGOs in poverty alleviation among the youth

World development report (1990) concluded that governments in developing countries could best make sustainable progress against poverty by following the twin-track strategy. Here by the first strategy is growth of oriented policy that uses labour which is the poor’s most abundant asset. It calls for strengthening of infrastructures, institutions, market incentives and to that end of the distribution of information and adoption of technology. The second element is the provision of basic social services to the poor young people in the primary health care, education, nutrition and family planning services which all aim at reducing poverty level in Busiisi subcounty Hoima district.

According to MFPED (2006), majority of Uganda force is employed in agriculture sector (76.8%). This meant that for any rural area to reduce poverty like in Busiisi sub-county, much emphasis should be put on agriculture modernization and supply of inputs like fertilizers, machines like tractors so that agriculture can be carried out on a large scale. This will increase on young people’s lively hood, access to health services, infrastructure development, education which leads to the development of Busiisi sub-county.

The government of Uganda is now advocating for two prolonged strategies for poverty alleviation as spelt out in PEAP. This involves increasing income and improving the quality of life of poor young people, measures to improve on the house hold income, focus on roads, land, agriculture, rural market improvement, employment, labour productivity, rural credit and financial services. On the other hand, measures to improve in the quality of life of young people target the provision of basic services like primary education, water and environmental these focused on by NGOs which are operating in Busiisi sub-county as a means of development through poverty alleviation (Kanbur, 1987)

Definition causes and types of poverty

Depending on the objectives at hand, poverty can be defined as lack of command over market goods (Ravillion, 1996). According to fields (1994) it is in ability of an individual or a family to command sufficient resources to satisfy basic needs. Poverty in Uganda is a complex and multi dimensional phenomenon; it is defined by poor young people themselves as not only “a situation of perpetual need for the daily necessities of life…” but also a feeling of powerlessness to influence the things around you.

Economic and social development is not an economic subject at all in Busiisi subcounty Hoima district. It is politics and it needs to be addressed through serious political commitment, if not so far many NGOs and the young people they try to help because the development challenge will permanently focus on the one sole clear goal.

Larok (2000) asserted that in Africa many NGOs follow similar pattern spending almost half of their budget on administration, this limits their impact when carrying out their activities. He suggested that NGOs should spent 15% of their total budget on administration but some use as much as 60%.

According to Muramira (2001), the prevailing poverty in Uganda as well as in Busiisi SubCounty is as a result of both external and internal factors which vary from one locality to another. Insecurity both across and within boarders has considerable loss and neglect of productive assets such as land and live stock and agriculture being neglected because young people are ever up and down. In Uganda agriculture is the back of economic development where most of population in rural areas depends on agriculture for their lives so when there is low out put the area has to be affected by poverty.

In adequate provision of social services as government often allocates insufficient Funds to Hoima district, Busiisi Sub County during annual budgeting. According to UNDP (2006), for a country to do well in human development, not less than 40% of public expenditure should be on social services in the case of Uganda. The average social allocation ratio has been 10% which has caused many social services like roads, health sanitation not be catered for which all causes poverty to the youth in Busiisi Sub county.

Lack of commitment and political will in implementing anti poverty policies in Busiisi Sub County has been a major cause of poverty to the youth in this area. The civil service has limited logistics and is poorly motivated and insufficient. This has caused anti poverty services delivery to suffer. Lack of accountability and corruption also cause poverty among the youth in rural areas particularly Busiisi Sub County. For example the expenditure tracking study of PHC and primary education revealed that only 1/3 of resources release from the centre did reach the final beneficiaries during the Economic Policy Research Centre (1987). Since the social allocation ratio was about 10% only 3% of public expenditure actually went to social priority areas far below the proposed minimum of 40%. (MFPED, 1997)

World Bank (2005) asserted that poverty is caused by the growing inequality among the Ugandans where inequality is in access to assets and especially the productive ones land. This undermines young people’s capacity to re invest in sustainable land management. Poor young farmers who are able to save small farm surplus sell them in the market but have limited capacity to replenish soils with commercial fertilizers, manure and other soil and water conservation technologies. Data from 1992-2006 indicate that rural inequalities is declining after an increase in urban inequalities and in Uganda there is a disparity between rural and urban income level with a mean consumption of the richest area in Kampala being 2.5 times that of the poorest area in rural areas.

World Bank (1996) observed that there is a heavy debt burden with dismal tax collection and low levels of domestic savings of about 5% of the GDP. The government of Uganda has no option but to borrow from external resources. Because of this, the annual debt service ratio on average rose to about 26%. If these funds were to be spent on social services delivery, a lot of difference could be made with regard to the quality of life of young people in Busiisi Sub county. Uganda is trying to address this problem although its impact on poverty alleviation among the youth is yet to be seen (MFPED, 2006)

Decrease in the amount of land for cultivation. This is as a result of increasing population pressure on land as a result of high population. This has caused young people to carry out deforestation, wetland degradation and land fragmentation. Young people are now forced to live in marginal lands which are not productive, exploited and more prone to natural hazards. The illiteracy level among the young people of Busiisi sub county where the local communities are not willing to adopt appropriate technology or high yielding varieties to increase their levels of output, cultural belief coupled with lack of awareness has also impoverished some communities to rise in poverty

Drunkardness, laziness and ineptitude have also been cited as a cause of poverty to the youth in a number of house hold particularly in Busiisi sub county Katasiha village. In this case communities an individual have taken full time drinking and therefore are not engaged in any gainful employment. Addition from a Three year Development Plan for Busiisi Subcounty (2006)

Poverty is particularly categorized into two. Absolute and Relative poverty; Absolute poverty is a situation where young people are unable to meet survival needs and other basic requirements e.g. education and health care. The absolute poverty line stands at 44% (1997) is based on nutrition (food consumption patterns and price levels in different regions). The cost of obtaining per day was us $15 per day and us $24 per month including allowance for basic expenditure. It is found out that 86.2% of population were living below the poverty line of us$15 per month according to (UDHS, 1995)

Relative poverty is defined as a situation of an equal distribution of income and other valued goods and services in the society. Young People feel deprived when they compare themselves to others who may be better off although there may be none living in absolute. In Uganda two relative poverty line exists of 2/3 (Ush 7864) of mean monthly per capita expenditure for the poor and 1/3 (Ush 3932) for the core poor. To add on that, 41.1% of young people by 1993/4 were living below the upper relative poverty line and 8.3 were below the lower relative poverty line. Therefore 41.1% of populations are relatively poor while 8.3% were relatively very poor.

According to UDHS (19950, 48.7% of the population that had access to safe water and only 11% were within 15 minutes of a water source. The most common sources of drinking water is spring water and public wells with grave implication for health. Few health facilities are available and most children are not fully immunized, thus low health indicators coupled with inadequate food consumption, children become stunted, under weight and suffer from malnutrition. In some homes 38% of house hold had radios and 34% had bicycles and 93% had no electricity. Inspite of all, there is decline in poverty level cited in 1992, 59.4% of the rural population were poor as compared to 49.7% in 1995/6. The apparent reduction in poverty in Uganda there is need for consistent and realistic reviews to ensure that monetary yard sticks for in securing poverty are not yet out dated.

2.6 Characteristics of poverty

Poverty is characterized in to two main groups. The destitute who have no assets and the poor young people who have limited assets, skills and knowledge. The poor youth are commonly referred to as Economically Active Poor (EAP) which constitutes majority of women depending for most of their lively hood and small hold agriculture while destitute need safety net type of intervention in rural areas. The following are some of the characteristics which cut across.

1. Insufficient food 2. Low yields 3.Few productive assets 4. Inadequate income for basic costs. 5. Restricted access to services 6. Large families 7. Lack social support 8. Poor health 9. Low levels of education.

2.7 Poverty alleviation strategies among youth

When there is economic growth and decelating population growth, there are clear avenues for poverty alleviation to the youth. In Uganda based on Busiisi subcounty, the National population policy of 2008 (MFPED) aims at tracking the development challenges posed by the rapidly growing population. Under this scheme, social transformation and sustainable development intends to slow down the population growth rate that is seen to be too high for the country to sustain. It calls for planning and investing in the productive assets so that Uganda develops human capital and expedite its social transformation through specific programs that must be pursued in the interest of eradicating poverty among the youth.

Macroeconomic policies promoting an open and private sectors based economy along with sound social policies aimed at improving quality and efficiency in the provision of social services. This enhances conductive environment and sustainable economic growth and employment through market based economic policies and sectoral policies. It also aims at lowering budget deficit, reducing inflation, and establishing market oriented and competitive exchange rates. This should aim at creating conducive credit environment including affordable interest rate so that the growths of labour intensive private firms can be accelerated (MFPED, 2008)

Public expenditure should focus on increasing opportunities of the poor young people to improve their income by providing rural infrastructures, roads and market expansion. The public expenditures are essential tool in a country’s strategy for growth and poverty reduction through income redistribution, withdrawing the state from productive sector acts. (MFPED, 2006)

The development of micro and small scale enterprises offer one of the most important means of poverty alleviation to the youth in Busiisi Sub county. Micro and small scale enterprises have arrange of characteristics which place them in strategic position to contribute significant attainment of poverty alleviation among the youth. They tend to use low cost and labour intensive technologies, provide openings of young people who may not be highly educated but have in born talents and entrepreneurial inclination. The micro and small scale enterprises are the most promising in terms of securing jobs and income earning opportunities for young people who are poor thus poor tend to find employment in informal sector and they aim at building on existing mechanisms by collaborating with the NGOs which have been successful in Busiisi sub county (World Development Report 1990)

Micro financing institutions involves credit and saving activities conducted outside the formal financial institutions. These MFIs are dominated by small farmers, casual income earners most of whom have limited or no access to financial facilities in the formal sector. The actors in the informal sector, are generally poverty stricken, poorly educated with limited access to the social financial services. The enterprises are small both in terms of size and capital outlay but comprise a very vital economic force in poverty reduction to the young people. The sector provides income and employment to rural poor youth, produce basic goods and services used by low income young people. Therefore it is vital for the MFIs to be supported by NGOs so that the informal sector can be effectively used as an instrument to fight against poverty among the youth. This was according to Opondo and Okumu (1998) and Obwona and Musinguzi (1998) which have shown that MFIs play a very important role in micro lending as well as saving mobilization.

Agriculture modernization is likely to be beneficial to the poor youth. These interventions in agriculture should be designed to slow down the environmental degradation, increase returns to labour, and create employment opportunities. These interventions stimulate equitable agricultural growth were constraints faced by poor young farmers such as lack of information, limited marketing opportunities and insufficient inputs are addressed. Since small farmers constitute rural poor youth, the poverty reduction impact of small farmer development can be significant. The majority of small farmers grow their own food and contributes substantially in solving the problems of hunger. (UDHS, 1995)

Improvement in small farmers incomes increase the demand for locally produced goods and services and therefore strengthens link between agriculture house hold and nonfarm economies particularly in Busiisi sub county. Thus small farmers should be given fair consideration in the development of national agricultural development strategies, agriculture food security of the urban people. Attention need to be given to the development of improved varieties of the crops grown by small marginal farmers. Export promotion programmers’ of other sectors like coffee, Irish potatoes, which account for more the 10% total export earnings. These small scale farmers provide about 12% of employment in rural areas and 40% in urban areas. Government should develop a cost effective way of delivering services to them, particularly for business development skills, and review the method of taxation used for this subsector. (Nanyonga 1998)

Health, through improving health services the ministry of health is currently implementing a 5 year policy plan. According to MOH (2008) and the theme is to increase the access to minimal essential package of health services. It is recommended that resources allocated to PHC and preventative medicine be increased, the drug procurement and distribution system be reformed. Preventative care is given priority in the allocation of resources for health care and effective AIDs program be improved upon. This will increase on the standard of living in terms of health sector among the young people living in Busiisi Sub County.

Young Women and development, strategies to redress the special problems facing young women to increase on their income include adopting laws regarding matrimonial rights and land ownership, launching information, education and communication campaign to raise young women’s awareness of their rights, expanding organization to promote credit programs targeted to poor young women and promoting female enrollment at all levels of education, since women are the particular sex which is mostly affected by poverty. (Mugyenyi 1992)

Family planning is also important to reduce national population growth rate to a managerial level, Uganda needs to develop a family planning program by launching information, education and communication campaigns targeting social constraints of family planning, reinvigorating family planning services by increasing the professionalism of its volunteers improving management, care and logistics in public health systems. This will help to use the resources efficiently without over exploiting the environment. (UDHS, 1995)

Enhancing access to education can also be a strategy to alleviate poverty to the youth. Education is apriority to the government in 2008/9 budget government indicate plan to improve the efficiency in quality of UPE, USE by strengthening the Education Standard Agency (ESA) to undertake the inspection function and avoid wastage. Efficiency gap in primary sector can be addressed by reduction of teacher, head teacher and pupil absenteeism and reduction of reputation and dropout rates Resources be provided to the science, vocational and technical education in order to support the building of qualified and adaptable workforce to support Uganda to develop and promote the quality of education standard contribute to reduction of high fertility rate especially 1 rural areas and thus positively impact on poverty. (UNICEF, 1994)

Financial sector development should focus on commercial banks, as there is a limited sector of Non-Bank Financial Institutions. So the priority should be reduced to commercial bank holdings of Government securities, which were larger than their loans to the private sector by mid-2003, in order to free up funds for private sector lending. Financial deepening should be pursued by the expected increase in the savings rate and mobilization of deposits. Government should also establish a credit reference bureau, and promote microfinance institutions, now that their legal status has been defined. The pensions sector will be reformed: this will help private investment, because the NSSF has invested mainly in property and Government securities, rather than acting as a source of long-term finance. Investment and trade are being promoted by the environment of macroeconomic stability and liberal trade policy. Because exports are only profitable if they reflect comparative or competitive advantage, Government allows international trade to reflect market. (Obwona and Musinguzi, 1998)

2.8 Programs of poverty alleviation among youth

Government has implemented policies geared towards poverty alleviation among our young people. These policies have led to a substantial reduction in poverty levels from 56% in 1992 to 38% in 2003. More needs to be done to ensure that all Ugandans move and stay out of poverty. In 1997 the Poverty Eradication Action Plan (PEAP), a framework for addressing the key poverty challenges, was developed and launched. During the process of implementation, new challenges arose which led to the first revision of the PEAP in 2000. The fact that economic growth has been key to poverty alleviation among the youth in Uganda, the majority of the poor young people are engaged in agricultural sector in general this has enhanced the government to come up with programs such as.

Plan for Modernization of Agriculture (PMA). The agriculture modernization is designed to drive agriculture away from predominantly subsistence to commercial farming. It has given priority to research and extension services for the food sub sector. It is recommended that during the implementation of research and extension, component priority given to the food and crop sector. It is also imperative to take steps to insulate agriculture production from drought by introducing cost effective means of rain water harvesting and small holder irrigation. This will increase the level of output of agricultural produce in Busiisi SubCounty(UNDP,1998)

Government should ensure effective implementation of PEAP. I n 1998/99, Uganda established poverty eradication fund through savings from High indebted Poor Communities (HIPC) debt relief initiative. This will be channeled to the priority poverty alleviation programs in the area of primary education, maintenance of rural roads, agriculture extension and safe water in the rural areas in Busiisi Sub County. This is to ensure that effective mechanism is in place to foster effective implementation of this commitment. PEAP majorly improves on the delivery of health services but there is no evidence on trends in infant and child mortality in the early 2000s, but it is hoped that the improvements in service will have started to improve the outcomes. Similarly, much less progress has been made than was hoped in reducing maternal mortality. As a result, Government missed its targets from infant and mortality (UNDP, 1998)

With the assistance from DFID, World Bank and UNDP, government has planned participatory poverty assessment among the youth in the country starting in 1998. In this programs areas are to be critically examined include the dimensions of poverty, causes of different dimensions of poverty, indicators for monitoring these dimensions, issues of trends in sources of house hold incomes, feasible alternatives of raising house hold income and cause of rural urban migration (World Bank, 1995)

PEAP presents specific policies and measures to achieve its objectives which are grouped into five pillars of economic management they include; enhancing competitiveness, security, conflict resolution, disaster management and government human resource development which all these aim at reducing the rate of poverty to the youth in Busiisi sub county. This program was developed in 1997 and the key goal was to raise small holder farmers’ incomes and improving the quality of life of the vast majority of the population. The primary strategy is to increase earnings from productive employment, including self employment, with active participation by all in economic decision making. Strong emphasis is placed on the liberalization and privatization of supply of goods and services and on progressive commercialization of public service provision. Uganda with debt relief of US$347 million in 1998 and US$65million in 2000 is actively directing resources through the poverty Action Fund (PAF) to social development with particular focus on rural transformation and modernization of agriculture. (MFPED, 1997)

The National Agricultural Advisory Services program began implementation in 2001. It seeks to increase the proportion of market orientation production by empowering young farmers to demand and control agricultural advisory and information services. Implementation of the program will be consolidated and reviewed in depth during 2004/05. As NAADS expands into the sub counties of each district, the existing district agricultural extension staff is replaced by contracted services. Extension staffs are being assisted to become service providers in the private sector if they wish. Uganda’s low productivity is not the consequence of lack of research or extension activity. It is attributed to poor functioning farmer’s extension research linkages and consequent failure in research and extension system to respond to the real needs of farmers.

NAADs addresses this program by placing emphasis not only on extension and research effort but also transform institutional arrangement to ensure increased responsiveness to farmers need by creating options for financing and delivery of advisory and technical services appropriate for different types of farmers in Busiisi sub county. Increasing of overall spending on agriculture extension from just over 0.4% of agriculture GDP currently to over 3% in the long run, reduce the share of public financing of farms advisory cost such that by end of 25 years of NAADS it will account for not more than 50% and empower young subsistence farmers to access private extension services and market information (UNHS 2003)

However, it is an important challenge how to ensure that the selection of enterprises is based on good social and economic analysis. It is essential for the success of NAADS that products can be marketed at prices that make them profitable for farmers. This requires realistic technical assessments of productive potential as well as a sound assessment of future market conditions for the product. Some useful work has been done by organizations in the area and how to balance support for crops grown for subsistence and those for the market. Women may have a better chance of sharing in the benefits of subsistence production than marketed production. Significant increases in productivity in most ‘subsistance’ crops are likely to lead either to production of a surplus for the market, or a shift in labour to other activities. NAADS will therefore focus mainly on crops that can be developed into marketable ventures. There is a risk, because NAADS alone cannot guarantee a market for any product (Natural devt plan 2010)

Poverty Action Fund(PAF) was set up in 1997 to provide a mechanism to strengthen the poor orientation of the budget.PAF resources are part of the pool of general budget resources in the Uganda Consolidated Fund and PAF expenditures as an integral part of government of Uganda (GOU) expenditures. The PAF consists of a subset of the GOU budget which is considered to contribute directly to poverty reduction to the youth. These expenditures fall under the former pillars 3 and 4 of the PEAP, notably primary education, primary health care, water and sanitation, agriculture and rural roads. (Natural Development Plan, 2010)

The subset of the GOU budget which comprises the PAF receives privileged treatment in three respects. First, Government has progressively increased the share of the GOU budget allocated to expenditures in the PAF, from 17% in 1997/98 to 35% in 2003/04. In summary, since 1997 expenditure has risen fast. Achievements include the development of sector programs, expansions in service-delivery, and some improvements in efficiency. Challenges include weak implementation capacity, lack of discipline, the development of high cost capital projects, and imperfect targeting of services to the poor young people. Government has developed precise criteria for public expenditure.

Government is guided by the following strategy:

• Ensure that service delivery is maintained and pension obligations are met

• Continue with infrastructural programs, but phase them over the LTEF Period

• Increase expenditures on previously under-funded priority areas

• Restrain growth in other areas

• Cut back on areas of waste

• Account for possible increase in unit costs.

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

This chapter spells out the methodology that was used by the researcher to gather information. It shows the details of the research designs, area of study, population, sample selection and size, instruments, data collection procedure, data analysis and anticipated limitations

3.2 Research design

The researcher employed case study design. According to H. Odum, The case study is a technique by which individual factor whether it can be an institution or just an episode in the life of an individual or a group is analysed in its relationship to any other in the group. Burgess has used the words “Social microscope” for the case study research design. While Pauline V. Young describes case study as “a comprehensive study of a social unit be that unit a person, a group, a social institution, a district or a community.

3.3 Description of the study area

This study was carried out in Busiisi sub-county Hoima district. Hoima is located in the mid western region in Uganda, about 200kms north-west of Kampala city in Bunyoro region. Busiisi sub-county is found in Bugahya constituency in Hoima district. Hoima municipality cover the current town council, Busiisi sub-county, Kinogozi parish, part of Nyarugabo parish, Kitoba sub-county and Buhanika sub-county, Busiisi sub-county is made up of five parishes namely Kibingo parish, Kihukya parish, Kasingo parish, Kihomboza parish and Katasiha parish.

3.4 Population of the study

In this process different categories of young people are involved and data collected from each group was used to achieve the objectives of the study. They include house hold heads 5, NGOs services 6, and beneficiaries 4. The NGOs like Africa 200 net work, and Uganda change agent.

3.5 Sampling techniques

Here different samples were used to determine for the study purpose . Random sampling was used where two parishes were chosen to represent the six parishes e.g. Kibingo, Katasiha and for convenient purposed, a sample of 20 respondents was used for interviews and answering of questionnaires. The information is based on poverty spread and extent among the youth. Category distribution is as follows:

School Dropouts

The school dropouts were chosen because they have no qualifications to compete for jobs on the market and so they remain un-employed and thus, becoming more poor. This is mainly comprised of young girls who dropped out because of early marriages and un-wanted pregnancies

Description of the Respondents

The researcher discovered that not every body in this population was useful for this study. So you find that some members from this community cannot provide useful information.

Youth with Disabilities

These people were included in the research simply because of their inability. Though, disability is not inability, these people are facing discrimination and prejudice in the area. Most of them are not educated, supported and their programs are not well financed. This makes them to be lagging behind and increases on their poverty rates and inability.

Local leaders

These people were included because they are concerned in making policies about youth wellbeing. These people were pointed out because they constitute a very big number in the area. Most of them are below the poverty line and those few who work in different sectors are less paid and therefore cannot afford to fully attain their basic necessities of life.

Street youth and Orphans

They were included in the population because they are the right people to give the right information about poverty. Most of them have no where they reside so they stay and eat on the street. To make matters worse, they have no parents and relatives to take care of them so they decide to involve themselves in mal-practices such as pick-pocketing, thuggery, prostitution, and becoming drug addicts among others for survival. Fortunately, relevant NGOs, government agencies in the area have come up and support them with second hand clothes, little food and offering them free vocational training but still they live in alarming conditions.

3.6 Methods of data collection.

Different methods of data collection were used depending on the type of data collected.

3.6.1 Observation

The method was used to find out settlement patterns, road condition. This will go in results.

3.6.2 Questionnaire

Amin (2005;269) stated that a questionnaire is a carefully designed instrument for collecting data in accordance with the specifications of research questions. It consists of a set of questions to which the subject responds in writing. This was given to local leaders in the area.

3.6.3 Focus Group Discussion

This was another research method. Discussions was conducted with the youth since most of them were illiterate, all aimed at exploring poverty among youth.

3.6.4 Interviews Schedules

This is the interaction between the researcher and the respondent. It was face to face questionnaire which involved introductions and questions were directed to specific people.

3.6.5 Documentary Review

Documents were collected from different offices dealing with the NGOs in poverty alleviation among the youth. Even at the district headquarters to see the level of population at the district level as well as sub county level, education and health sector.

3.6.6 Data processing and analysis

Data from different sources was sorted, classified, compiled, and analyzed.

3.7 Significance of the study area

The study is important in providing the information which can help in further research for example, determining whether the level of poverty is reducing among the youth or is still core in the rural area of Busiisi Sub County Hoima district.

The study can help to get knowledge about the area in terms of infrastructural development, level of health and what causes Busiisi Sub County to be in such situations.

Significant in determining the solutions to come up with which can help young people to overcome poverty. After knowing the situation, it can be easy to come up with a particular solution to the problems affecting Busiisi Sub County.

3.8 Limitations of the Study

These are the challenges which were faced during field data collection.

High illiteracy level where people were not willing to give data since it was towards elections mostly on data concerning their life style and income. However this problem was minimized by not talking about any political related issues and clear explanation of the importance of research and what the research is all about.

Financial problem was also encountered whereby you need to hire transport for long distances from one parish to another, one village to another. This was minimized by sampling where areas like Kasingo, Kihukya and Katasiha were reached to represent the whole sub county.

Time was not enough to cover the whole area. Some people needed high attention in the process of interviewing in order to get data which was required. This was also supported by secondary data to supplement on the data got from the field.

In adequate data especially secondary data where some NGOs in Busiisi did not have specific offices. To supplement on the data observation, some features were seen where there was sign posts indicating the funders of that project and observation of some features like schools, hospitals and forests which are in the area.

High ignorance of the young people in all parishes. Some people were asking for money in exchange for information and in areas where photos were taken young people were worried of which craft that they were going to lose all their things. But permission from the local council one would help young people to reduce on their beliefs since he was an individual person.

Road sector was in a poor state which made other areas to be in accessible and some areas didn’t have roads to link up with other villages. This was minimized where by data was to be collected when the sky was clear and only in accessible.

REFERENCES

1. Ahikire, J.(1996). Land rights for Wives or for women? Makerere University, Department of Women and Gender Studies

2. Asiimwe,K.D(2007).Social research methodology.

3. Boating, O.E; Ewusi, K; Kanbur R; and McKay A. (1987/88), A poverty profile for Ghana, Research Programmes in Development Studies, Ghana Statistical Office, pp.27-51.

4. Chambers R. (1995). Rural development of youth projects –putting the last first. Published by Longman Group Limited.

5. Dixon.(1990). Gendered Poverty and Wellbeing. London: Longman.

6. Francis, Gimara. (2005). Guiding principles for young people’s participation in politics in Uganda: Uganda Youth Network, Kampala, and Friedrich Ebert Stiftung Acasia Avenue.

7. .

8. International Monetary Fund. Washington D.C. Poverty Eradication Action Plan among the youth (2004/5-2007/8). Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development

9. Kanbur R. (1987), Measurements and Alleviation of poverty. With an application to the effect of macroeconomic Adjustment. Oxford. Clarendon press.

10. MPED (1997),Poverty Eradication Action Plan among the youth. A national challenge for Uganda. Population secretariat Kampala.

11. MFPED (2006), State of Uganda’s population Report. Linking population, Energy and environment as a critical path way to poverty eradication and sustainable development among the young people. Population secretariat Kampala.

12. MFPED (2008), National population policy for social Transformation and sustainable Development among the youth. Population Secretariat.

13. Muyoyi Y and Muramira T (2001). The cost of Environmental Degradation and Loss to Uganda’s economy IUCN. The world Conservation, Uganda Country office Kampala Uganda

14. National Development Plan (2010/11-2010/15), A transformed Ugandan society from a peasant to a modern and prosperous country within 30 years. International Monetary Fund Washington D.C

15. Ravillion M,(1996). How Well Can Method Substitute for Data. Five experiments in Poverty Analysis among the youth. World Bank

16. State of Environment Report (2008). Ensuring Sustainable Development among the youth. NEMA Kampala Uganda.

17. Uganda Vision 2025(1998). A strategic Frame Work for National Development of the youth. Long term perspective studies project Ministry of Finance and Economic Development. Population secretariat Kampala.

18. UNDP (2007) Uganda Human Development Report to the young people. Rediscovery Agriculture for Human Development. United Nations Human Development Programme Kampala.

19. UNDP (2007) Uganda Human Development Report 1997 to the young people. New York, Oxford University Press

20. World Bank. (1992). Terms of reference for study on the NGO sector in Uganda to the youth. Eastern Africa Development, Population and Human Resources Operations.

APPENDIX 11: QUESTIONNAIRE FOR THE LOCAL COUNCIL OFFICIALS

Iam Vicent Kwesiga, as a requirement of the award of the commonwealth Diploma in Youth Development work of Makerere University. I am carrying out research on the role of Non Governmental Organizations in poverty alleviation among the youth in Busiisi subcounty. This information is confidential and only for this research.

Write answers in the space provided

Put a tick to the right option

Interview guides to the local communities.

101. Name of Sub County…………………………………………………………….

102. Name of the village parish ………………………………………………………

103. House hold number ………………………………………………………………

104. Sex of the respondent …………………………………………………………….

(1) Single (2) Married (3) widowed

(4) Others specify……………………..

105. Age of the respondent ……………………………………………………………..

106. Level of education

(1) None (2) Primary (3) Secondary

(4) Tertiary

107. Occupation of the respondent

(1) Civil servant (2) Business (3) others specify………

108. For how long have you been in this area?

………………………………………………………………………………………………

109. What are the major land uses in this area?

(1) Agriculture (2) Industrial (3) Commercial

(4) Others Specify ………………….

110. What are the economic activities in this area?

(1) Agriculture (2) Trade and commerce (3) Fishing

(4) Others specify ……………………..

111. Who participates and decides in the location of these land use?

(1) Local authorities (2) Land ownership

(3) Market demand driven (4) others specify …………………….

112. How did you own land?

(1) Purchase (2) Lease (C) Hereditary

113. Have you benefited from any NGOs in addressing your needs?

Yes No

114. If yes, in what ways

……………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………..

115. List the NGOs

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………..

116. Do you have any problem regarding NGOs in this sub county in poverty alleviation among the youth?

(1) Yes (2 ) No

114. If yes what are they?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

115. How can they be solved?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

116. What roles do they play in the development of the youth in Busiisi Sub county?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

117. Any other important information to comment on NGOs?

(1) Yes (2) No

118. If yes explain?

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

119. Is there any impact regarding to NGOs operation in Busiisi Sub County?

(1) Yes (2) No

120. If yes what are they?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

121. How can you minimize the negative impact?

………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………….

201. Title of the official………………………………………………………………….

202. How long have been in your position in this area?

…………………………………………………………………………………………….

203. How is most of the land in Busiisi sub county?

(1) Private

(2) Government

(3) Communal Land

204. What system of land tenure system prevails in Busiisi Sub County?

(1) Mailo land tenure

(2) Lease hold tenure

(3) Customary land tenure

(4) Free hold land tenure

(5) Others specify …………………………………….

205. Do you think that the type of land tenure system in Busiisi Sub County is favorable?

(1) Yes (2) No

206. If no give reasons

(1) Expensive to acquire

(2)Ownership not permanent

(3) Lack of security

(4) Others specify…………………………………………………….

207. Do you play any role in poverty alleviation among the youth?

(1) Yes (2) No

202. Are there NGOs dealing with poverty alleviation programs to the youth in the area?

(1) Yes (2) No

203. If yes, list them down

………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

204. What activities/ sectors are they involved in during implementation of poverty alleviation programs to the youth in Busiisi Sub County/

……………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………

205. What challenges do they face when implementing poverty alleviation programs among young people in Busiisi Sub County?

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

206. How can such challenges be solved or minimized?

………………………………………………………………………………………………

207. What factors encourages NGOs to participate in poverty alleviation among the youth in Busiisi Sub County?

…………………………………………………………………………………………….

208. What factors discouraging NGOs to come to Busiisi Sub County to participate in poverty alleviation among the youth?

………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

2.9. List some of the ways in which you encourage NGOs to come to operate in Busiisi Sub County in alleviating poverty among the youth?

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

210. List the most important sectors that you encourage NGOs to come and operate in Busiisi Sub county in poverty alleviation to the youth.

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

211. Are the NGOs the best solution for encouraging poverty alleviation among the youth in Busiisi Sub county?

…………………………………………………………………………………………........

……………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………

212. If yes why?

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

213. If no what is the best solution for poverty alleviation among the youth in Busiisi Sub county?

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

214. Do NGOs complement government efforts in implementing poverty alleviation programs to the youth?

(1) Yes (2) No

215. If yes, how?

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

216. Is there any other change they have brought in terms of development to the youth in the area?

…………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………

INTERVIEW GUIDES TO THE NGOs

Iam Vicent Kwesiga, as a requirement of the award of the commonwealth Diploma in Youth Development work of Makerere University. I am carrying out research on the role of Non Governmental Organizations in poverty alleviation among the youth in Busiisi sub-county. This information is confidential and only for this research.

301. Name of the NGO …………………………………………………………………………

302. When did your NGO start to operate in Busiisi Sub County in poverty alleviation among the youth?………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

303. In which area within Busiisi Sub County do you operate?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

304. List the activities/ sectors on which your NGO is involved in Busiisi Sub county in poverty alleviation to the young people

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

305. How many young people/ village has your poverty alleviation program benefited?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

306. List down your funding sources for the poverty alleviation programs among the youth you implement?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

307 What are your sustainability strategies for your poverty alleviation programs to the young people?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

308. How many young people are employed by your organization in Busiisi Sub County?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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