Finals Study GuideName: - MR. BEST WORLD HISTORY - …



Finals Study GuideName:You should be prepared to answer any of the following questions for the Final Exam. I recommend you answering the ones you know in your notebook. The ones you don’t know, you can either find the answers from older work or look up the answers on my website.Unit 2 QuestionsWhat was better about hunter-gathering lifestyles compared to agriculture?Better diet, people lived longer, grew taller, were happier, less vulnerable to diseaseWhat changed about human societies once they began to farm?Stopped moving around, had food surplus, became more specialized, larger populations, technological advances increaseWhat advantages did farming civilizations have over their hunter-gathering neighbors?Could support a larger population and saw considerably quicker technological improvement.What is the theory of Geographic Luck?The theory that the most important factor for whether or not a society can develop an advanced civilization is whether they have geographic resources and advantages.What are the 3 important geographic factors for Geographic Luck?Useful animals, useful plants, good locationWhat makes a plant “useful?”Edible or can be made into clothes, able to be farmedWhy are Cereal Grains the most important plant?Very productive, easy to farm, easy to storeWhat are some examples of cereal grains?Rice, millet, wheat, barley, cornWhat makes an animal useful?Able to be domesticated by humans. Serves some sort of purposeWhat are the 6 ways an animal can be useful? Provide an example of eachFood (chicken), work (cow), transport (horse), security/war (dogs), clothes (alpaca), and meat (pig, guinea pig)Which parts of the world had no “Work” Animals?Most of the world except for EurasiaWhich parts of the world had no “Transportation” Animals?Most of the world except for EurasiaWhich parts of the world had no useful animals?Papua New Guinea, most of Indonesia and Oceania, (Central Mexico and Sub-Saharan Africa according to your maps but actually both had dogs and sub-sahara also had guinea fowl)What is diffusion?The spread of something (inventions, disease, organisms, ideas) to other areasWhy is access to diffusion so important for a civilization?You can “borrow” the good ideas of your neighbors and don’t just have to rely on your own innovationsWhat parts of the world had easy access to diffusion?Most parts of Eurasia had easy access to diffusion. Some parts of Africa also had easy accessWhat parts of the world saw little diffusion before the premodern era (1500AD)?There was little diffusion between the great civilizations of the Americas, even less to places like Australia, papua new guinea, oceaniaUnit 3 Questions:What is the definition of an empire?A state with control of over states, countries, or nationsWhat is a state?A state is a single political community living under one government. The USA is a state.What is a nation?A nation is a group of people who identify with each other as a political unit—bound together by culture, territory, language, etc.What is a country?A country is either a state or it is the land occupied by a certain nation.What does it mean to pacify?Pacification is the process of making people no longer resist your rule—to make them peacefulWhat does it mean to assimilate?Assimilation is the process of encouraging people to abandon their former ethnic, national, religious, or cultural identity to adopt that of the dominant culture.Rome:What things did Rome use to pacify?Distractions such as chariot races and gladiators. “Bread and Games.” And building things like sewers and aqueducts. They made sure to keep their people fed and content, therefore less likely to revolt. They also would sometimes violently pacify a place—killing those who opposed themHow did Rome treat those that it conquered? Who got lighter/rougher treatment?Rome was typically pretty harsh to conquered peoples. At best, many of your people would be enslaved and your churches changed to Roman gods. At worst, you would face genocide. Cultures Rome respected usually were treated better.What are some things that led to the fall of Rome?Division of the Empire into east and west, end to its ability to conquer new lands and take new slaves, cultural struggles with Germans, adoption of Christianity reduced loyalty to the empireWho conquered the Western Roman Empire?Germanic tribesWhat does it mean to latinize? how did Rome encourage people to do that?To Latinize means to abandon your previous ethnicity and become Roman. Rome encouraged people to do so by giving better positions in government and military to citizens and to people who could speak latin.What are some legacies of the Roman Empire?Romance languages, Julian calendar, roman architecture, roads, aqueducts, baths, sewers, republican governments, etc.China:What are the imperial exams? What did they measure?The imperial exams were tests that had to be passed to become part of China’s ruling class of bureaucrats. They mostly measured your memorization of 9 old books (the Confucian books and classics)How did the imperial exams make China a meritocracy?They made it so that everyone could have a chance at becoming part of the ruling class—no matter how poor they were born. It also meant that people were not guaranteed a civil service position just because their parents were wealthy/powerfulWhat are some of the beliefs of Confucianism?Confucianism says that people are essentially good but can be made evil by flaws in the system. It believes that people should express such virtues as wisdom, propriety, mercy, honesty, and compassion in all of their relationships. Confucianism states that everyone should know their place in society and perfect that place.What are some of the beliefs of legalism?Legalism believes that all humans are essentially evil and cannot be made better. It believes that extremely harsh laws are required to force people to act civillyWhich dynasties are most connected to Legalism? Which made Confucianism the standard?The Qin dynasty is the most connected with Legalism but its extremely harsh laws were very unpopular so the next dynasty—the Han Dynasty—replaced Legalism as the standard philosophy in favor of Confucianism.What is Sinification?sinification means to abandon your previous ethnicity and become Chinese. What was the Song Dynasty good at? What struggles did they have?The Song had a fantastic economy, coming close to many of the things we associate with industrialization. The Song struggled militarily—never actually totally uniting the Chinese. More so, they struggled with foreign invaders such as the Jurchens and Mongols.In what ways can the Song economy compare to industrialization?The Song saw remarkable increases in population, agricultural production, and metal industry. There was an increases in the use of mechanical energy such as windmills and watermills. Many mechanical inventions such as seedling horses, paper presses, and movable type printers were invented.How did the Song Dynasty fall? What dynasty came after? Who ruled that dynasty?The Song were conquered by the Mongols who formed the Yuan Dynasty.What is Haijin? What was it created to do? How successful was it?The Haijin or Sea Ban was a ban on all private naval trade in China. It was created to combat piracy and was extraordinarily ineffective, directly resulting in a massive increase in piracy.How did Haijin contribute to China’s decline?The Haijin closed China off from trade and diffusion. It weakened the economy and caused China to miss out on many new inventions from Europe such as steam engines, rifles, ironclads, etc.The Caliphates:What is the Qur’an according to Muslims? What other sources of religious instruction do Muslims follow?According to Muslims, the Qur’an is the literal word of God as recited to Muhammad. This is reinforced by the Sunnah—words, acts, or beliefs of the prophet Muhammad.What are the Hadiths? Hadiths are reports of the words, acts, or beliefs of Muhammad. What does “Caliph” mean?Means “successor.” The Caliphs claimed to be the successors to MuhammadHow were the first four “rightly guided” caliphs unique?All of them personally knew MuhammadWhat geographic advantages did the Abbasids possess?They stood at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa—which allowed them to become very successful traders.What regions were the Abbasids trading with?Europe, Byzantine Empire, Africa, India, China (Tang, Song, and Yuan), Indonesia, Central AsiaWhat was the House of Wisdom? Why was it such an important center of learning?The house of Wisdom was the library and university at the heart of Baghdad. It drew knowledge and scholars from all over the world and became the center of learning in Afro-Eurasia for centuries.What legacies did the Abbasid Caliphate leave for the Middle East and rest of the world?A focus on education and law—both instructed by religion. Numerous developments in math and science—such as the development of Algebra, use of Arabic Numerals, and understanding of how light works. They also had a very sophisticated understanding of medicine and pioneered pharmacies, surgical instruments, and were the first to understand how some diseases spread while some did not.How did the Abbasid Caliphate come to an end?Conquered by the MongolsWhat are some factors that led to the decline of the Caliphates?Conquest by the Mongols destroyed Baghdad and stole away the prosperity of the Caliphates for centuries. Intellectual conservativism discouraged science and philosophy, slowly ending the era of learning in the Caliphate. New trade routes permanently erased the Caliphate’s position at the heart of trade and allowed Europeans to block the Caliphate out from trade.Unit 4 QuestionsWhat is globalization?Globalization is an increasing interconnectedness of the world. Or you can say it is an increase in the rate of diffusion across the worldWhat traits need to be true for something to be an example of globalization?Increasing rate of diffusionInteraction between at least 2 regionsRegions must be distant from each otherWho were the Mongols? How were the Mongols unified?A group of nomadic peoples that banded together to conquer most of Asia in the 13th century. Genghis Khan unified the various peoples of what is now called Mongolia by conquest and renamed them Mongols.How long did the Mongol Empire last?The Mongol empire was very short. A fully unified Mongol Empire only lasted about 70 years. Within 200 years, most of the Mongol khanates had disappeared.How large was the Mongol Empire? What part of the world did it conquer?One of the largest empires in history. Conquered all of Asia except for India, Southeast Asia, and JapanWhat are some of the factors that allowed the Mongols to capture large parts of the world?Very capable army, were so feared that people surrendered rather than fight, much of Asia was struggling in the 13th centuryWhat are some of the ways the Mongols conducted wars/battles?Used almost all horsemen. Prioritized speed over strength. Used trickery to defeat enemies. Used psychological tactics to scare people into surrenderingHow did the Mongols treat the places they captured? Why did they treat those places that way?The Mongols sometimes put cities to the sword in order to make an example of those that resisted.How did the Mongols support trade?Kept the roads safe with extremely harsh laws, built a revolutionary postal system, and established a single tariff zone across AsiaWhat things were diffused under the Mongols?Technologies such as paper, compass, and gunpowder from China; glassmaking and astronomy from the Caliphate; and trebuchets from EuropeWhat is the Black Death?An extremely deadly and contagious disease that killed up to 25% of the world population in the 14th centuryWhat causes the Black Death? What are the varieties of Black Death?The Black Death is caused by an infection of the Yersinia Pestis bacteria. Depending on where it infects, you might get the bubonic plague—an infection of the lymph nodes, Pneumonic Plague—an infection of the lungs, or Septicemic Plauge—an infection of the blood.Which areas of the world did the Black Death strike?China, Central Asia, and Europe. Possibly elsewhereHow did the Black Death affect the world? How did it affect Europe?Killed a huge number of people, possibly up to 100 million (of a world population of 350-450 million). It caused massive depopulation. In Europe, it killed between 40-60% of the population, ended feudalism, and caused people to question the churchIn what ways was the Black Death advantageous to Europe?The high number of deaths made land cheaper and labor more valuable—which helps the poor and allows a more sophisticated economy to develop. It also crippled landlords, killing feudalism and allowing Kings and Queens to centralize their power—creating more powerful states. It also caused people to question the church, which helped lead to an era of science and discoveWho took control of international trade after 1500? Who did they leave out? Why?Europeans took control. They left out the Ottomans because the Ottomans were Muslim and trying to take over Europe—which made European Christians hate themWhat was the major discovery of Christopher Columbus? How did they impact the world?First sustained contact with the Americas from Europe the “discovery of America.” Caused a massive wave of diffusion known as the Columbian Exchange and facilitated an era of European control of the Americas.What was the major discovery of Vasco de Gama? What impact did it have on the world?Discovered the route around Africa. Allowed Europeans to trade with the Indian Ocean and East Asia without having to go through the Middle East. Resulted in an enrichening of Europe and the cutting off of the Middle East from trade.Why were Eurasian diseases so deadly to Native Americans? What percentage of the population died?Native Americans had not evolved alongside those diseases and had no resistance to them because of it (what’s called a “Virgin Soil” epidemic). Also, a huge number of deadly diseases struck at the same time such as smallpox, black plague, influenza, measles, typhus, malaria. Killed between 90-95% of the population of the Americas from 1500-1900Other than disease, why were European societies able to conquer the Americas?They had superior weaponry—especially steel and gunpowder weapons. They also had horses, which are very difficult to fight in battle if you don’t know how to do itHow much of the Americas was colonized by Europeans by the end of the Age of Exploration?Almost AllWhat was the effect of Europeans colonizing the Americas?Native Americans suffered massive numbers of deaths, faced forced assimilation, and were slowly concentrated onto reservation lands. Europeans and their descendants became the dominant culture of the Americas.What is the Columbian Exchange?Columbian exchange was the rapid diffusion of organisms, ideas, and cultures between Afro-Eurasia and the Americas that occurred after the European discovery of AmericaWhat was traded on the Columbian Exchange? Include some specifics.Food plants such as tomatoes, potatoes, and chili peppers to Afro-Eurasia or wheat, bananas, and sugar to the Americas. A large number of domestic animals including the horse, cow, sheep, and pig came to the Americas. Disease also was brought to the Americas including smallpox, black plague, and the flu. European culture and people were also diffused to the AmericasWho did the Columbian Exchange help? Who did it hurt?The Columbian exchange was beneficial to all of Eurasia but especially Europe. Afro-Eurasia got a lot of new food crops but Europe also got extremely wealthy because of the exchange. The Americas did receive beneficial crops and especially animals. However, this benefit was more than outweighed by the huge numbers of deaths from disease and colonizationUnit 5 QuestionsHow does feudalism work? Why did it hold back Europe’s economy and science in the Middle Ages?In Feudalism, a king or other monarch gives land out to other people, who then become lords. Lords administer that land like their own kingdom and in return for the land, they give the king taxes and soldiers. It holds Europe’s economy back because it is inefficient, keeps 97-99% of the population in poverty, and concentrates the wealth in the hands of lords—who are unlikely to invest in new industry.What were the Crises of the 14th Century? How did they end Feudalism?The Crises of the 14th Century were a series of disasters to strike Europe. The Black Death and Little Ice Age are the most important but there were also a number of long, bloody wars and a number of peasant revolts. In general, the Crises of the 14th Century tested feudalism and it proved unable to respond to the crises. The economic system collapsed and governments began to change the system towards something that could better respond to disasters.What were the 8 events all acting upon Europe during the transition from Middle Ages to Early Modern?Renaissance, Reformation, Scientific Revolution, Black Death, Little Ice Age, Age of Exploration, Military Revolution, Age of AbsolutismWhat were the effects of the Renaissance?Art improved and humanism was spread amongst the wealthy and educated (later the peasants as well—after the creation of the printing press)What are the 4 common aspects of Renaissance art?Perspective – the use of lines to force the eye to see things as having 3 dimensions. Realism – a focus on portraying things as they actually look. Naturalism – the portrayal of nature as beautiful and a value put on natural things. Humanism – a focus on humans and normal life and the portrayal of people as real, emotional beings.What is the Great Divergence? Why did it happen?The period during which Europe (especially Western Europe) greatly increases in wealth, power, and prestige compared to the rest of the world. It happened for a number of reasons such as the Mongols helping Europe overcome most Asian countries in tech and economy, the discovery of the Americas driving European profits, and a number of other reasons such as the Military Revolution.What is Humanism?Humanism is a focus on the physical world, rather than the spiritual. It states that humans and their emotions have value. It also states that human reason should be the basis of all understanding.Why is the Printing Press so important? What events did it help to start?The printing press made books cheap enough that even the poor could afford them. This made education much more accessible and literacy went up as a result. It facilitated the scientific revolution because otherwise science would not have been communicated fast enough to sustain that revolution. It also facilitated the Protestant Reformation because now everyone could afford a bible and some began to question the Catholic Church’s interpretation of it.What were the main effects of the Scientific Revolution?Birth of modern science, change in the majority world view, and an increase in technological development.How did the Medieval and Modern Science worldviews differ?The medieval worldview uses the Bible and writings of saints to define the physical world. It states that human reason is flawed, the earth is the center of the universe, and that supernatural beings cause physical events. The Modern Science worldview states that human reason must be what all knowledge is based upon. It states that all events and objects in the physical world are based on mathematical laws and that the earth is not the center of the universe but rather and tiny speck in a larger universe.Who are the six most significant figures of the Scientific Revolution?Nicolaus Copernicus, Francis Bacon, Galileo Galilei, Rene Descartes, Gottfried Leibniz, and Isaac NewtonWhat 3 major contributions did Isaac Newton make to the Scientific Revolution? Creation of Calculus (along with Leibniz), the discovery of the laws of Motion and Gravity, and the inspiration of the modern scientific method.What happed during the Reformation?The main effect was the creation of new kinds of Christianity called Protestants that became the dominant religion in several European countries. A less significant effect was that the Catholic Church became less conservative and considerably less corrupt.What were the reasons that people upset with the Catholic Church around 1500?Popes and priests were acting like kings and lords. Meanwhile, the church was selling indulgences.What is an indulgence? What message do they give people about the afterlife?An indulgence is something you buy from the church that states that you can get to heaven faster. Sends the idea that you can buy your way into heaven.Who was Martin Luther? How was he important to the Reformation?Martin Luther was a German Monk and theologian (religious scholar) who protested the corruption of the church and ended up forming a new religion, therefore launching the Protestant Reformation.How did the Catholic Church respond to the Protestant Reformation?The Catholic Church launched the counter-reformation, which sought to keep Protestantism from spreading and to bring people back to the Church. It also sought to put political pressure on rulers to not let their subjects become protestant. This led to a period of warfare known as the Wars of Religion, which were exceptionally bloody. ................
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