CHAPTER 13 - REFORMATION & RELIGIOUS WARFARE IN THE …



CHAPTER 13 - REFORMATION & RELIGIOUS WARFARE IN THE 16TH CENTURY

Section 1 - Prelude to Reformation

*Christian or northern Renaissance humanism – an intellectual movement in northern Europe in the late 15th and early 16th centuries that combined the interest in the classics of the Italian Renaissence with an interest in the early sources of Christianity

Desiderius Erasmus – influential Christian humanist who created and popularized the reform program of Christian humanism

The Praise of Folly (1509) – a satire of the most corrupt aspects of his society; harsh on abuses in the Church

Thomas More – a Northern humanist, devout Catholic, and government official; wrote Utopia; died for staying loyal to his religion

Utopia (1516) – portrayed a fictional, perfect community free from greed and power

*pluralism –the practice of holding several church offices at the same time; a problem of the late medieval church

Absenteeism - Holders not residing in the benefice or performing the duties attached to the benefice though still collecting the income from the benefice

Modern Devotion – downplayed religious dogma and stressed the need to follow the teachings of Jesus

Thomas a Kempis – author of the Imitation of Christ

• Johannes Geiler of Kaiserberg - a Swiss-born preacher, considered one of the greatest of the popular preachers of the 15th century.

The Oratory of Divine Love – an informal group of clergy and laymen who worked to foster reform by emphasizing spiritual development and outward acts of charity

Section 2 - Martin Luther & the Reformation in Germany

Martin Luther – a German clergyman who kick started the Protestant Reformation

*justification by grace/faith – primary doctrine of the Protestant Reformation; humans are saved by the grace and sacrifice of God and Jesus, respectively, not by good works

Johann Tetzel – a clergyman who promoted the sale of indulgences

Ninety-Five Theses – condemned the abuses in the sale of indulgences

Leipzig Debate (1519) – Luther’s beliefs were questioned by the Church

Johann Eck – the educated Catholic debater who forced Luther to deny the authority of popes and councils

Address to the Nobility of the German Nation – asked the German princes to overthrow the Papacy and establish a reformed German church

Babylonian Captivity of the Church – attacked the sacramental system as the means by which the pope and church had held the real meaning of the Gospel captive for a millenia

On the Freedom of a Christian Man – said faith alone, not good deeds, bring salvation

Reichstag – the imperial diet of the Holy Roman Empire

Emperor Charles V – ruled from 1519 to 1556; led the Diet of Worms against Luther

Diet/Edict of Worms (1521) – made Luther an outlaw; ordered for all his books to be banned

Elector of Saxony – Luther hid here after Worms; began to organize a reformed church here

Philip Melanchthon – a Christian humanist who was immediately attracted to Luther’s ideas and became a prominent supporter

Thomas Muntzer – Luther’s ex-follower; incited peasants against German princes and nobles

Against the Robbing & Murdering Hordes of Peasants – asked the German princes to stop the revolting peasantry

*transubstantiation – doctrine of the Roman Catholic church; substance of bread and wine is miraculously transformed into the body and blood of Jesus

“priesthood of all believers” – dismissed priesthood because all Christians who followed the word of God were their own priests

Katherina von Bora – a former nun, she married Luther in 1525; their marriage provided a new standard for Protestant marriages

Francis I of France – Valois king of France from 1515 to 1547

Habsburg-Valois Wars – conflicts with the Holy Roman Empire over disputed territories; fought intermittently for 24 years

Pope Clement VII – he allied with Francis I, leading to Rome becoming ransacked

Suleiman the Magnificent – led the Ottoman Turks from 1520 to 1566

Battle of Mohacs – the Ottomans defeated and killed King Louis of Hungary, Charles’ brother-in-law in 1526

Diet of Augsburg (1530) – attempt to solve the Lutheran problem; a demand of the Protestants to return to the Catholic church by April 15th, 1531

Schmalkaldic League – 8 princes and 11 imperial cities – all Protestant – formed this defensive alliance

Battle of Muhlberg – first phase of the Schmalkaldic wars; Charles I defeated the league

Peace of Augsburg (1555) – division of Christianity acknowledged; Lutheranism gained equal status; each German ruler could decide the religion of his territory

Section 3 - The Spread of the Protestant Reformation

Union of Kalmar – unification of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway under the rule of the king of Denmark; failed to achieve anything because of interfering nobles

Christian II of Denmark – rule of Denmark; in 1520, he was overthrown by Swedish nobles

Gustavus Vasa of Sweden – led the Swedish nobles that overthrew Christian II

Frederick I of Denmark – Christian II’s uncle; succeeded his nephew ; encouraged Protestantism in the Kalmar Union

Christian III of Denmark – Frederick’s successor; established a Lutheran state church with the king as head of all spiritual affairs

Cantons – thirteen self-governing states composing the Swiss Confederation

Ulrich Zwingli – began the reformation in Switzerland

Marburg Colloquy – an attempt to forge an alliance between the Swiss and German protestant churches; failed over mixed interpretations on the Lord’s Supper

Anabaptists – radical reformists; attempted to return to the practices and spirit of early Christianity

Swiss Brethren – an early group of Anabaptists that came from Switzerland; their ideas of adult baptism and other notions caused Zurich to throw them out

Melchioraites – a more-spirited group of Anabaptists

*millenarianism – the belief that the end of the world is nigh and the Kingdom of God is about to be established on earth

John of Leiden – leader of the Melchioraites

Menno Simons & Mennonites – revived Dutch Anabaptism; his followers

Henry VIII of England – started the English Reformation because he wanted to divorce his wife

Catherine of Aragon – Henry’s wife at the start of the English Reform

Anne Boleyn – Henry’s mistress who wanted a greater position; Henry wanted to marry her

Cardinal Wolsey – the highest-ranking English church-official and lord chancellor to the king; he was ordered to ask the pope for a divorce, but the pope said no, and due to this, he was dismissed

Thomas Cranmer – the King’s agent and advisor; became archbishop of Canterbury in 1532

Thomas Cromwell – the principal secretary after Wolsey’s dismissal

Act of Supremacy – completed the break of the Church of England from Rome; accepted the king as the supreme head of the church

Treason Act – made it punishable by death to deny that the King was the supreme head of the church

Jane Seymour – Henry’s third wife; produced a male heir, but died 12 days later

Anne of Cleves – Henry’s fourth marriage; he dismissed it after seeing her actual physical appearance

Catherine Howard – more attractive, but committed adultery – leading to her execution

Catherine Parr – married the king in 1543 and outlived him

Edward VI – the sickly and underage son of Jane Seymour

Book of Common Prayer – had the revised Protestant liturgy; a prayer book and liturgical guide

Mary Tudor/Mary I/”Bloody Mary” – a Catholic who intended to bring back England to Roman Catholicism; her marriage with Philip II was disliked; her loss of Calais brought down her popularity; burnt more than 500 Protestants

John Calvin – a systematic theologian and organizer of the Protestant movement; founder of Calvinism

Institutes of the Christian Religion – a masterful synthesis of Protestant thought; led to him becoming a prominent Protestant leader

*predestination – the belief, associated with Calvinism, that God, an all-knowing figure has predicted who would be saved and who would not

Ecclesiastical Ordinances – the Geneva city council accepted this, a church constitution, in 1541; created a church government that used both clergy and laymen in church service

The Consistory – used for problems, but later used for public penance and excommunication

John Knox – the Calvinist reformer of Scotland

Section 4 - The Social Impact of the Protestant Reformation

Puritan - English Protestants inspired by Calvinist theology who wished to remove all traces of Catholicism from the Church of England

Section 5 - The Catholic Reformation

Saint Teresa of Avila – a Spanish mystic and nun; experienced visions that led to her claimed unification with God; believed mystical experiences should lead to an active life of service on behalf of her Catholic faith

Society of Jesus/Jesuits – chief instrument of the Catholic Reformation

Ignatius of Loyola – injured in battle ended his military career; saw himself as a soldier of God after overcoming a deep crisis of faith; wrote the Spiritual Exercises

Francis Xavier – carried the message of the Catholic Church to Asia

Pope Paul III – practiced nepotism, involved himself in politics, and patronized the arts lavishly; but understood need for reform

Gasparo Contarini – advocate of reform who became a cardinal

Gian Pietro Caraffa/Pope Paul IV – advocate of reform who also became a cardinal; increased power of Inquisition while pope

Council of Trent – a general council of Catholics meant to resolve the differences caused by the Protestant Reformation

Roman Inquisition or Holy Office – eliminate Protestants in Catholic-dominated areas

Index of Forbidden Books – a list of books Catholics were banned from reading

Section 6 - Politics & the Wars of Religion in the 16th Century

*Huguenots – French Calvinists

House of Bourbon – converted to Calvinism; next to the Valois in the line of royal succession

Navarre – a southern French kingdom ruled by the Bourbons

Henry II of France – killed accidently in a tournament; leading to a series of weak and neurotic sons ruling

Catherine de’ Medici – dominated two of the sons who ruled after Henry’s death; a moderate Catholic who looked for compromise

House of Guise –led the extreme Catholic party, who favored strict rules against the Huguenots

*politiques – a group who emerged from the French Wars of Religion in the 16th century placed politics over religion

Saint Bartholomew’s Day massacre – in 1562, the duke of Guise massacred a peaceful group of Huguenots at Vassy

Henry of Navarre/Henry IV of France – the Bourbon ruler of Navarre at the time of the French Religious Wars

Henry, duke of Guise – placed by the ultra-Catholics as the true king, replacing Henry III, who previously replaced his brother, Charles IX

War of the Three Henries – the turning point in the religious conflict; Henry of Navarre won and converted to Catholicism in order to preserve peace

Edict of Nantes (1598) – acknowledged Catholicism as the official religion of France, but let the Huguenots worship freely

Philip II of Spain – ruled from 1536 to 1598; brought an age of Spanish greatness, politically and economically

Escorial – the royal palace where Phillip worked

Battle of Lepanto (1571) – the Spanish defeated the Turkish fleet in 1571

Duke of Alva – Phillip sent him with ten thousand troops to crush revolution in the Netherlands

Council of Troubles/Council of Blood – a special tribunal, which began a reign of terror in which even powerful nobles were persecuted

William of Nassau – the prince of Orange, who led and organized the Northern resistance

“Sea Beggars” - Dutch pirates who also fought against the Spanish

Pacification of Ghent – said that all provinces would stand together under William’s leadership, respect religious differences, and demand Spanish troops be withdrawn; failed from religious disagreements

Duke of Parma – the next Spanish leader, who smartly played with religious differences and split the united forces

Union of Arras – formed of Southern provinces in 1579; Catholic; accepted Spanish rule

Union of Utrecht – formed of Protestant, northern states; defied Spanish rule

Elizabeth I of England – ascended to the throne after Queen Mary in 1558; made England become the leader of the Protestant nations in Europe, lay the foundations of a global empire, and experience a cultural renaissance

Act of Supremacy (1559) – designated Elizabeth as the supreme ruler of England and English religious matters

Act of Uniformity – restored the church service of the Book of Common Prayer from the rule of Edward VI, with some revisions to appeal to Catholics

The Thirty-Nine Articles - the historic defining statements of Anglican doctrine in relation to the controversies of the English Reformation

*Puritans – English Protestants inspired by Calvinist theology who wished to remove all traces of Catholicism from the Church of England

Mary, Queen of Scots – although placed in house arrest, she planned badly thought-out plans to kill Elizabeth; one particularly dangerous led to her execution

Sir William Cecil & Sir Francis Walsingham – the principal secretary of state; held the office for 32 years; ensured Elizabeth’s success in foreign policy

Francis Drake – a privateer, who was skillful in plundering gold and silver from Spanish fleets returning from the New World

Spanish Armada – a fleet of warships that were sent in an attack against England; but were ultimately destroyed

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