TwelfTh ediTion Sociology - Pearson School
Twelfth Edition
Sociology
A Down-to-Earth Approach
James M. Henslin
Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville
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To my fellow sociologists,
who do such creative research on social life and who communicate the sociological imagination to generations of students. With my sincere admiration and appreciation,
Editor in Chief: Dickson Musslewhite Publisher: Charlyce Jones Owen Editorial Assistant: Maureen Diana Director of Marketing: Brandy Dawson Senior Marketing Manager: Maureen Prado
Roberts Development Editor: Dusty Friedman Program Manager: LeeAnn Doherty Project Manager: Marianne Peters-Riordan Manufacturing Buyer: Diane Peirano Senior Art Director:
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Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page within text [or on page xx].
Copyright ? 2014, 2012, 2010 by James M. Henslin. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290.
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Library of Congress Control Number: 2013948984 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Student Version: ISBN 10: 0-205-99164-5 ISBN 13: 978-0-205-99164-8
Instructor Review Copy: ISBN 10: 0-205-99190-4 ISBN 13: 978-0-205-99190-7
Books A La Carte ISBN 10: 0-205-99189-0 ISBN 13: 978-0-205-99189-1
Brief Contents
Part I The Sociological Perspective
1 The Sociological Perspective 1 2 Culture 33 3 Socialization 61 4 Social Structure and Social Interaction 93 5How Sociologists Do Research 124
Part II Social Groups and Social Control
6 Societies to Social Networks 144 7 Bureaucracy and Formal Organizations 170 8Deviance and Social Control 193
Part III
9 10 11 12 13
Social Inequality
Global Stratification 225 Social Class in the United States 256 Sex and Gender 287 Race and Ethnicity 320 The Elderly 358
Part IV Social Institutions
14 The Economy 387 15 Politics 420 16 Marriage and Family 450 17Education 486 18 Religion 512 19 Medicine and Health 545
Part V
20 21 22
Social Change
Population and Urbanization 578 Collective Behavior and Social Movements 613 Social Change and the Environment 638
iii
Contents
To the Student from the Author xx To the Instructor from the Author xxi About the Author xxxiii
Part I The Sociological Perspective Chapter 1 The Sociological Perspective1
The Sociological Perspective2 Seeing the Broader Social Context3 The Global Context--and the Local3
Sociology and the Other Sciences4 The Natural Sciences4 The Social Sciences4
Down-to-Earth Sociology An Updated Version of the Old Elephant Story6 The Goals of Science6
Down-to-Earth Sociology Enjoying a Sociology Quiz-- Testing Your Common Sense7 The Risks of Being a Sociologist7
Origins of Sociology7 Tradition Versus Science7
Testing Your Common Sense--Answers to the Sociology Quiz8 Auguste Comte and Positivism9 Herbert Spencer and Social Darwinism9 Karl Marx and Class Conflict10 Emile Durkheim and Social Integration10 Max Weber and the Protestant Ethic11
Values in Sociological Research12 Verstehen and Social Facts13
Weber and Verstehen13 Durkheim and Social Facts14 How Social Facts and Verstehen Fit Together14
Sociology in North America15 Sexism at the Time: Women in Early Sociology15
Down-to-Earth Sociology Harriet Martineau and U.S. Customs: Listening to an Early Feminist17 Racism at the Time: W. E. B. Du Bois17
Jane Addams: Sociologist and Social Reformer18 Down-to-Earth Sociology W. E. B. Du Bois: The Souls
of Black Folk19 Talcott Parsons and C. Wright Mills: Theory Versus Reform19
The Continuing Tension: Basic, Applied, and Public Sociology20
Down-to-Earth Sociology Careers in Sociology: What Applied Sociologists Do21
Cultural Diversity in the United StatesUnanticipated Public Sociology: Studying Job Discrimination22
Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology22 Symbolic Interactionism23 Functional Analysis24 Conflict Theory27 Putting the Theoretical Perspectives Together28 Levels of Analysis: Macro and Micro28
Trends Shaping the Future of Sociology29 Sociology's Tension: Research Versus Reform29 Globalization29
Summary and Review30
Chapter 2 Culture33
What Is Culture?34 Culture and Taken-for-Granted Orientations to Life35
iv
Cultural Diversity in the United States Culture Shock: The Arrival of the Hmong36
Practicing Cultural Relativism37
Cultural Diversity around the World Dancing with the Dead38
Cultural Diversity around the World You Are What You Eat? An Exploration in Cultural Relativity39
Components of Symbolic Culture41 Gestures41 Language42
Cultural Diversity in the United StatesMiami-- Continuing Controversy over Language44
Language and Perception: The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis44 Values, Norms, and Sanctions45 Cultural Diversity in the United States Race and Language: Searching for Self-Labels46
Folkways, Mores, and Taboos47 Many Cultural Worlds47
Subcultures47 Countercultures50
contentsv
Values in U.S. Society51 An Overview of U.S. Values51 Value Clusters52 Value Contradictions52 An Emerging Value Cluster52 When Values Clash53 Values as Distorting Lenses53 "Ideal" Versus "Real" Culture54
Cultural Universals54 Thinking Critically Are We Prisoners of Our Genes?
Sociobiology and Human Behavior55 Technology in the Global Village56
The New Technology56 Cultural Lag and Cultural Change57 Technology and Cultural Leveling57 Summary and Review59
Chapter 3 Socialization61
Society Makes Us Human62 Feral Children62
Down-to-Earth Sociology Heredity or Environment? The Case of Jack and Oskar, Identical Twins63 Isolated Children64 Institutionalized Children64 Deprived Animals66
Socialization into the Self and Mind67 Cooley and the Looking-Glass Self67 Mead and Role Taking67 Piaget and the Development of Reasoning68 Global Aspects of the Self and Reasoning70
Learning Personality, Morality, and Emotions70 Freud and the Development of Personality70 Kohlberg and the Development of Morality71 Socialization into Emotions72 What We Feel73 Society within Us: The Self and Emotions as Social Control73
Socialization into Gender74 Learning the Gender Map74 Gender Messages in the Family74 Gender Messages from Peers75
Cultural Diversity around the World When Women Become Men: The Sworn Virgins76 Gender Messages in the Mass Media77
Mass Media in Social Life Lara Croft, Tomb Raider: Changing Images of Women in the Mass Media78
Agents of Socialization79 The Family79 The Neighborhood80 Religion80 Day Care80 The School81 Peer Groups81
Cultural Diversity in the United StatesImmigrants and Their Children: Caught between Two Worlds82
Down-to-Earth Sociology Gossip and Ridicule to Enforce Adolescent Norms83 The Workplace84
Resocialization84 Total Institutions84
Down-to-Earth Sociology Boot Camp as a Total Institution85
Socialization through the Life Course86 Childhood (from birth to about age 12)86 Adolescence (ages 13?17)87 Transitional Adulthood (ages 18?29)88 The Middle Years (ages 30?65)88 The Older Years (about age 63 on)89 Applying the Sociological Perspective to the Life Course89
Are We Prisoners of Socialization?90 Summary and Review90
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