TwelfTh ediTion Sociology - Pearson School

Twelfth Edition

Sociology

A Down-to-Earth Approach

James M. Henslin

Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville

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To my fellow sociologists,

who do such creative research on social life and who communicate the sociological imagination to generations of students. With my sincere admiration and appreciation,

Editor in Chief: Dickson Musslewhite Publisher: Charlyce Jones Owen Editorial Assistant: Maureen Diana Director of Marketing: Brandy Dawson Senior Marketing Manager: Maureen Prado

Roberts Development Editor: Dusty Friedman Program Manager: LeeAnn Doherty Project Manager: Marianne Peters-Riordan Manufacturing Buyer: Diane Peirano Senior Art Director:

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Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page within text [or on page xx].

Copyright ? 2014, 2012, 2010 by James M. Henslin. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290.

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Library of Congress Control Number: 2013948984 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Student Version: ISBN 10: 0-205-99164-5 ISBN 13: 978-0-205-99164-8

Instructor Review Copy: ISBN 10: 0-205-99190-4 ISBN 13: 978-0-205-99190-7

Books A La Carte ISBN 10: 0-205-99189-0 ISBN 13: 978-0-205-99189-1

Brief Contents

Part I The Sociological Perspective

1 The Sociological Perspective 1 2 Culture 33 3 Socialization 61 4 Social Structure and Social Interaction 93 5How Sociologists Do Research 124

Part II Social Groups and Social Control

6 Societies to Social Networks 144 7 Bureaucracy and Formal Organizations 170 8Deviance and Social Control 193

Part III

9 10 11 12 13

Social Inequality

Global Stratification 225 Social Class in the United States 256 Sex and Gender 287 Race and Ethnicity 320 The Elderly 358

Part IV Social Institutions

14 The Economy 387 15 Politics 420 16 Marriage and Family 450 17Education 486 18 Religion 512 19 Medicine and Health 545

Part V

20 21 22

Social Change

Population and Urbanization 578 Collective Behavior and Social Movements 613 Social Change and the Environment 638

iii

Contents

To the Student from the Author xx To the Instructor from the Author xxi About the Author xxxiii

Part I The Sociological Perspective Chapter 1 The Sociological Perspective1

The Sociological Perspective2 Seeing the Broader Social Context3 The Global Context--and the Local3

Sociology and the Other Sciences4 The Natural Sciences4 The Social Sciences4

Down-to-Earth Sociology An Updated Version of the Old Elephant Story6 The Goals of Science6

Down-to-Earth Sociology Enjoying a Sociology Quiz-- Testing Your Common Sense7 The Risks of Being a Sociologist7

Origins of Sociology7 Tradition Versus Science7

Testing Your Common Sense--Answers to the Sociology Quiz8 Auguste Comte and Positivism9 Herbert Spencer and Social Darwinism9 Karl Marx and Class Conflict10 Emile Durkheim and Social Integration10 Max Weber and the Protestant Ethic11

Values in Sociological Research12 Verstehen and Social Facts13

Weber and Verstehen13 Durkheim and Social Facts14 How Social Facts and Verstehen Fit Together14

Sociology in North America15 Sexism at the Time: Women in Early Sociology15

Down-to-Earth Sociology Harriet Martineau and U.S. Customs: Listening to an Early Feminist17 Racism at the Time: W. E. B. Du Bois17

Jane Addams: Sociologist and Social Reformer18 Down-to-Earth Sociology W. E. B. Du Bois: The Souls

of Black Folk19 Talcott Parsons and C. Wright Mills: Theory Versus Reform19

The Continuing Tension: Basic, Applied, and Public Sociology20

Down-to-Earth Sociology Careers in Sociology: What Applied Sociologists Do21

Cultural Diversity in the United StatesUnanticipated Public Sociology: Studying Job Discrimination22

Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology22 Symbolic Interactionism23 Functional Analysis24 Conflict Theory27 Putting the Theoretical Perspectives Together28 Levels of Analysis: Macro and Micro28

Trends Shaping the Future of Sociology29 Sociology's Tension: Research Versus Reform29 Globalization29

Summary and Review30

Chapter 2 Culture33

What Is Culture?34 Culture and Taken-for-Granted Orientations to Life35

iv

Cultural Diversity in the United States Culture Shock: The Arrival of the Hmong36

Practicing Cultural Relativism37

Cultural Diversity around the World Dancing with the Dead38

Cultural Diversity around the World You Are What You Eat? An Exploration in Cultural Relativity39

Components of Symbolic Culture41 Gestures41 Language42

Cultural Diversity in the United StatesMiami-- Continuing Controversy over Language44

Language and Perception: The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis44 Values, Norms, and Sanctions45 Cultural Diversity in the United States Race and Language: Searching for Self-Labels46

Folkways, Mores, and Taboos47 Many Cultural Worlds47

Subcultures47 Countercultures50

contentsv

Values in U.S. Society51 An Overview of U.S. Values51 Value Clusters52 Value Contradictions52 An Emerging Value Cluster52 When Values Clash53 Values as Distorting Lenses53 "Ideal" Versus "Real" Culture54

Cultural Universals54 Thinking Critically Are We Prisoners of Our Genes?

Sociobiology and Human Behavior55 Technology in the Global Village56

The New Technology56 Cultural Lag and Cultural Change57 Technology and Cultural Leveling57 Summary and Review59

Chapter 3 Socialization61

Society Makes Us Human62 Feral Children62

Down-to-Earth Sociology Heredity or Environment? The Case of Jack and Oskar, Identical Twins63 Isolated Children64 Institutionalized Children64 Deprived Animals66

Socialization into the Self and Mind67 Cooley and the Looking-Glass Self67 Mead and Role Taking67 Piaget and the Development of Reasoning68 Global Aspects of the Self and Reasoning70

Learning Personality, Morality, and Emotions70 Freud and the Development of Personality70 Kohlberg and the Development of Morality71 Socialization into Emotions72 What We Feel73 Society within Us: The Self and Emotions as Social Control73

Socialization into Gender74 Learning the Gender Map74 Gender Messages in the Family74 Gender Messages from Peers75

Cultural Diversity around the World When Women Become Men: The Sworn Virgins76 Gender Messages in the Mass Media77

Mass Media in Social Life Lara Croft, Tomb Raider: Changing Images of Women in the Mass Media78

Agents of Socialization79 The Family79 The Neighborhood80 Religion80 Day Care80 The School81 Peer Groups81

Cultural Diversity in the United StatesImmigrants and Their Children: Caught between Two Worlds82

Down-to-Earth Sociology Gossip and Ridicule to Enforce Adolescent Norms83 The Workplace84

Resocialization84 Total Institutions84

Down-to-Earth Sociology Boot Camp as a Total Institution85

Socialization through the Life Course86 Childhood (from birth to about age 12)86 Adolescence (ages 13?17)87 Transitional Adulthood (ages 18?29)88 The Middle Years (ages 30?65)88 The Older Years (about age 63 on)89 Applying the Sociological Perspective to the Life Course89

Are We Prisoners of Socialization?90 Summary and Review90

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