Mr
1. Which of the following correctly describes Harappan civilization?
a. It showed no similarity to the civilizations of ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia.
b. Its culture never attained the status of a true civilization.
c. It was much more agricultural than its contemporaries in Egypt and Mesopotamia.
d. It was a trading and merchant-based society.
e. It never developed an urban center of over 3,000 people.
2. It can be said of gender relations among ancient Indians that
a . Hinduism advocated respect for the equal rights of men and women.
b. men often dominated women.
c. women often had no influence or power within individual families.
d. women were actually slaves.
e. almost all of the early Indian gods were female.
3. A key difference between Hinduism and Buddhism was that Buddhism
a. claimed that each individual possessed an individual, reincarnatable soul.
b. followed the way of Allah.
c. rejected the caste system.
d. required belief in a different, two-tier caste system.
e. originated in Mongolia, Siddhartha’s birthplace.
4. Which of the following statements is not an accurate observation of the Mughal rule of Akbar in India?
a. He appointed many Hindus to lower administrative posts.
b. His “Divine Faith” was just one example of the great religious toleration of his regime.
c. He permitted zamindars (tax collectors) to yield significant independent authority in their local regions.
d. He greatly expanded the Mughal Empire
e. He became a militant Buddhist during the latter half of his reign.
5. Before 1858, British India was in the hands of the
a. VOC.
b. British East India Company.
c. British crown.
d. forces of the Marquess of Wellesley.
e. Hindu Marathas.
6. The apparent motivation for the assassination of Gandhi was that Gandhi
a. was discovered to be a secret Sikh.
b. favored Indian partition.
c. did not want to see the Muslims get what they wanted.
d. was against creating only a Hindu India.
e. was staunchly anti-Hindu.
7. Which of the following statements is not true?
a. Gandhi believed that, ultimately, a non-materialist village society was best.
b. Many Congress Party leaders had little in common with the masses
c. Nehru rejected complete socialism and favored a “free market” at the local level
d. Foreign control of commerce in India was strongly encouraged after independence
e. The Muslim League demanded partition
8. Which of the following statements best characterizes the nature of India today?
a. India, unlike China, has rejected its cultural traditions and adopted those of the West
b. The majority of India’s population is part of a large and growing middle class
c. India’s economy is a perfect model of the modern, successful socialist state
d. India today is a nation of contrasts, with a majority of its population living in poverty
e. Rural and urban poverty in India is rapidly becoming the norm for the first time in Indian history.
9. Pakistan’s first decade
a. was unexpectedly smooth, as industrial production skyrocketed and the country became agriculturally self-sufficient.
b. was marked by deep internal struggles over language, religious and regional issues.
c. produced a Constitution in 1956 with a Western-style parliamentary system.
d. saw unexpectedly peaceful relations develop between it and India.
e. saw Pakistan become a secular society
10. In medieval India
a. trade was so small in scale that cities shrank and overall wealth declined.
b. the Parsis dominated the Hindu priestly caste by the eighth century C.E..
c. merchants were universally poor, a reflection of the areas hostility to merchants.
d. cotton goods, spices and sandalwood were major exports.
e. warfare disappeared.
11. The Aryans
a. dominated ancient India after their arrival from the north.
b. assimilated with the Dravidians to form an egalitarian India.
c. introduced agriculture to India.
d. created a unified system of tribal alliances and kingdoms within ancient India.
e. came originally from Persia and the Arabian peninsula.
12. Sikhism
a. tried to blend Islam and Hinduism
b. practiced pacifism spite of attacks from Hindus and Muslims
c. ultimately provided a third religious alternative in Persian Afghanistan
d. was founded by Nanak, a guru in Tamiland, in the early 500s
e. followed the Five Pillars of Asoka.
14. The results of the partition of the Indian subcontinent were
a. bloody
b. peaceful
c. due to imperialist boundary drawing
d. a and c
e. b and c
15. One of the main problems facing India has been that symbolized by the BJP party, which calls for a government based
on Hindu principles. The problem is
a. a religious party is incapable of running a government
b. there are many Muslims and Sikhs in India
c. following Hindu principles will make it impossible for India to increase its population
d. the Muslim south will most likely try to secede
e. All of the above
“India Strives for Grain Self-Sufficiency by 1970”
“New Wheat Variety Grows in Arid Climate”
“Chemical Fertilizer Use Rises 10% in 1960”
“Sri Lanka’s Rice Production Increases 25% in Three Years”
16. These newspaper headlines from the 1960s and 1970s describe some of the results of the
a. Population problem on the subcontinent
b. Kashmir crisis
c. Green Revolution
d. Computer Revolution
e. Famine of 1968
17. In 1971, two decades after Pakistan separated from India
a. It became a secular (non-religious) state
b. It surged ahead economically
c. It renounced use of nuclear weaponry
d. East Pakistan split away and became Bangladesh
e. It adopted modifications to its caste system
18. Border conflicts between India and Pakistan have most often occurred in
a. Kashmir
b. Tibet
c. East Timor
d. Afghanistan
e. Baluchistan
19. In India, Bangladesh, and much of Southeast Asia, agricultural productivity is most affected by the
a. tides
b. numerous deserts
c. unnavigable rivers
d. cold climate
e. seasonal monsoons
20. A major problem of “nation-building” in Pakistan during its first two decades of independence was
a. It was separated geographically
b. It was separated by language
c. It was separated ethnically
d. Different regions had different interests
e. All of the above
21. In India today, a major reason that the caste system remains strongest in rural areas is that
a. economic change occurs rapidly in villages
b. village laws have resulted in immediate social change
c. Islam is the dominant religion in the countryside
d. Agricultural work naturally leads toward caste distinction
e. Tradition remains a strong influence in small villages
22. During the Cold War period, India’s foreign policy was committed to
a. supporting communism’s expansion in Asia
b. rejecting democracy in Pakistan
c. nonalignment with the world powers
d. isolationism in international affairs
e. the ending of caste
23. The Upanishads, the Ramayan, and the Bhagavad Gita are considered to be significant pieces of Indian literature because they
a. demonstrate the similarities between Hinduism and Islam
b. provide guidelines for Hindu living and behavior
c. identify basic Buddhist principles
d. show the constant class struggle in Indian life
e. reveal the key role of Indian Ocean commerce in the 600-1450 period
24. The “homespun movement” and the Salt March promoted by Mohandas Gandhi are examples of his policy of
a. industrialization
b. abolition of caste
c. nonalignment
d. nonviolent protest
e. isolationism
25. Which statement best describes a problem facing India today?
a. Democracy has failed to gain popular support.
b. Religious and ethnic diversity has continued to cause conflict.
c. A decrease in population has led to labor shortages.
d. State socialism continues to dominate the economy
e. Lack of technology has limited military capabilities.
“. . . Passive resistance is a method of securing rights by personal suffering, it is the reverse of resistance by arms.
When I refuse to do a thing that is repugnant [objectionable] to my conscience, I use soul-force. For instance, the Government
of the day has passed a law which is applicable to me. I do not like it. If by using violence I force the Government to repeal the law,
I am employing what may be termed body force. If I do not obey the law and accept the penalty for its breach, I use soul-force. It
involves sacrifice of self. . . .”
Source: M. K. Gandhi, Indian Home Rule
26. This statement reflects the belief that individuals
a. have no control over events
b. become overwhelmed by the power of the state
c. can influence events by following moral guidelines
d. must use violence to influence events
e. can influence events by using military force
27. Geographical, language, and ethnic differences within Pakistan were the primary cause of
a. Its lagging economy
b. Military dictatorship
c. The formation and independence of Bangladesh
d. Its nuclear weapons build-up
e. The partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947
28. On a practical level, reincarnation
a. destroyed the caste system.
b. provided hope for the lower class.
c. prevented the assimilation of the poor into Indian society.
d. weakened the authority of Jainism.
e. did all of these things except weaken the authority of Jainism.
29. Buddhism gradually lost popularity in India because
a. It did not promise to make life easy for its adherents.
b. Brahmans, the dominant class of classical India, no longer tolerated Buddhism.
c. Buddhist monasteries were abolished in India by the Guptas
d. It grew increasingly remote from the population at large.
e. All of the above.
30. In ancient China, aristocrats
a. often were required to work on dikes to protect the irrigation system.
b. performed physical labor for others, for two weeks at a time, two times each year.
c. often served as government officials.
d. served only as bureaucratic advisors.
e. rarely played any political or military role.
31. According to the Zhou concept of the Mandate of Heaven
a. the king was expected to rule in a considerate and effective manner because he was selected by the gods to rule in order to maintain the order of the universe
b. the king, as a deity, was the arbiter of the use of power on earth.
c. the gods ruled that all must obey the king without question.
d. the chief priest was the supreme ruler.
e. territorial chieftains chose kings from the members of the Grand Assemblage
32. A core belief in the need to force people to behave properly through the use of restrictive regulations was the foundation of the philosophy of
a. Confucianism
b. Legalism
c. Daoism
d. Tangism
e. Huangism
33. The Han dynasty
a. was unable to enlarge the territorial domain of the Chinese Empire
b. greatly increased Chinese territorial control to the south and west.
c. incorporated all of Southeast Asia into the Chinese realm.
d. lasted only seventy years.
e. was replaced by the Qin dynasty
34. In the civil service examination system developed in China,
a. stress was placed on geometric and foreign language skills.
b. under the Song, Confucian doctrine had been replaced by Buddhist teachings as the sole contents of the exam.
c. in comparison to other civilizations, the process provided a means for upward social mobility.
d. the elimination of all bureaucratic shortcomings was achieved.
e. the establishment of the Censorate eliminated all possibilities of official wrongdoing.
35. In medieval China, the tribute system
a. was a domestic policy used by Tang rulers to exact taxes from local villages.
b. was a method by which Mongol rulers dealt with the Han Chinese.
c. was the foundation of a working trade relationship between the Chinese and foreign merchants and rulers
d. was first introduced by the Manchu Dynasty
e. was maintained in opposition to the tenets of Confucianism
36. The main purpose for the development of Neo-Confucianism was to
a. provide a set of beliefs that dealt with the issues of the universe that had been introduced into Chinese religion by Buddhism and Daoism and which were able to fit into the original Confucian value system.
b. counteract the appeal of Islamic ideas.
c. turn the Chinese people away from Christianity
d. fortify the believer’s responsibility to withdraw rather than participate
e. act as a buffer against Muslim missionaries
37. China’s population had soared by the end of the 1700s for all of the following reasons except
a. relative peace and stability had prevailed during the early years of Qing rule.
b. new crops had been introduced from the New World.
c. introduction of the development of faster growing Southeast Asian rice into China
d. the political stability of China in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries
e. the central government’s termination of legal abortio
38. Which of the following was not a major technological innovation of Tang and Song China?
a. Gunpowder
b. The magnetic compass
c. Moveable type rinting
d. Paper making
e. Fine porcelain
39. The Boxer Rebellion
a. started after a riot initiated by kickboxing fans
b. was an uprising against foreigners by a secret society opposed to foreign imperialism
c. was a reaction to the invasion of southwest China by Thai guerrilla troops
d. successfully occupied Beijing, murdering all of the non-Chinese inhabitants.
e. led to the successful reoccupation of Taiwan by China.
40. The so-called “May Fourth Movement” was
a. a reaction by Chinese business leaders to the policies of Yuan Shikai.
b. the effort on the part of Sun Yat-sen to gain control of the Peking government
c. nationalist demonstrations by Chinese students and others in opposition to the Japanese being awarded Germany’s sphere of influence in Shandong province
d. an effort by peasants to show support for the radical reform program of Yuan Shikai.
e. the first, unsuccessful attempt by the CCP to stage a coup
41. Which of the following was not correct regarding Chiang’s programs in China?
a. His dependence on gentry support neutralized his ability to achieve major land reform.
b. His repressive policies alienated many intellectuals and political moderates
c. Confucianism was no longer generally accepted in the country
d. He was able to solve China’s economic and social problems.
e. The pressures of the Japanese presence in northern China, and the effects of the Great Depression, undermined his efforts
42. All of the following are correct about Mao’s Red Guards except
a. in many instances, they brutalized their victims with impunity
b. they were composed of discontented Chinese youth
c. they received re-enforcements from Communist Vietnam
d. contained disgruntled party members.
e. were urged to take to the streets to cleanse China of impure elements
43. Which of the following was part of China’s new educational policies after Mao?
a. Mao’s Little Red Book is still the mainstay of Chinese education.
b. Foreign models, and the knowledge gained abroad, are now practiced.
c. Westernized educational paradigms are discouraged.
d. Scientific and mathematical courses of study are no longer considered significant
e. The Confucian examination system has been restored in its entirety.
44. In the 1990s
a. the Chinese Communist Party has worked to conciliate the rural population by increasing the political democracy in urban areas.
b. rural conditions are more problematic, as most peasants have only superficially benefited from the post-Mao reforms, and corruption continues unchecked
c. the Party is apparently experimenting with Confucianism and jingoistic nationalism to unite the society, and thus limiting individualism and economic expectations
d. China’s economy suffered a devastating depression.
e. China prohibited any further foreign investment
45. The term “the Dao” in China means
a. intellectual brilliance
b. the Way
c. karma.
d. incredible beauty
e. the How
46. For Confucius, the main thing to concentrate on was the
a. significance of the deities.
b. nature of the real aspects of daily living
c. metaphysical concepts of heavenly existence
d. relationships of religious thoughts and values
e. the Middle Way
47. The Qin dynasty
a. permitted all philosophies to compete freely for public acceptance
b. had a shy, highly religious Buddhist as its first ruler
c. lasted exactly four hundred years.
d. carried out public book burnings.
e. developed the first direct democracy in human history
48. The principle of filial piety
a. made the needs and desires of patriarchal family heads the family’s central concern.
b. was a concept that undermined the significance of the Chinese family
c. subordinated the father’s role in the Chinese family
d. was not developed in China
e. led to the end of female subordination to males
49. Neo-Confucianism
a. was greatly aided in its intellectual development by Lao Tse
b. divided the world into a material world and a transcendent world
c. maintained that the world is illusory unless one possesses a rare variety of karma.
d. was a translation of the Master’s works into Japanese
e. succumbed to a revived Buddhism
50. The Mongols
a. were, under Genghis Khan, aggressive traders virtually obsessed with making profits
b. ruled China, by means of the Yuan Dynasty, for four hundred and thirty-seven years.
c. established their capital in China at Nanjing.
d. destroyed the Chinese economy by outlawing all trade
e. made use of Chinese institutions in governing China
51. Although medieval China was the source of many of the great inventions of its time, it failed to develop the technological advances that these inventions produced elsewhere. The primary explanation for this phenomenon was that
a. the emperors feared the spread of new ideas
b. the Chinese lacked the technical skills to advance their knowledge
c. Neo-Confucianism focused on the elimination of any expansive developments
d. Confucian values, coupled with scholar-gentry indifference, stifled technological advancement
e. Doaist priests objected to progress and change
52. The purpose of the Qing system known as “dyarchy” was to
a. maintain the Chinese exclusion from Manchu rule in China
b. assure the isolation of the Chinese from the Manchus in China
c. provide a mechanism for the sharing of administrative positions by Manchus and Chinese in Qing China
d. assure the Manchu administrative domination of China.
e. keep northern and southern interests balanced politically
53. The role of women in traditional Chin
a. was less limited by custom than in contemporary Southeast Asia.
b. was a subservient one, as a woman could even be divorced for not bearing sons
c. sometimes resulted in the killing of girls if their family lacked food
d. was a subservient one, as a woman could even be divorced for not bearing sons; and sometimes resulted in the killing of girls if their family lacked food
e. none of thes
54. Which of the following was not a feature of the Treaty of Nanjing, which ended the Opium War?
a. Hong Kong was transferred to British control
b. The British agreed to stop exporting opium to China
c. The British obtained the right to begin trading in five Chinese ports
d. All British citizens in China were granted extraterritorial rights
e. The British were to be paid an indemnity to cover the cost of the Opium War.
55. The New Culture Movement at Peking University
a. attempted to “Modernize China in Four Years.”
b. advocated a return to the study of classical Confucian concepts.
c. rejected all Western thought
d. advocated the study of science and democracy and “new” and largely Western ideas.
e. sought a balance between existential philosophy and Confucian values
56. To avoid eradication by Chiang’s army, Mao led his PLA from South China to the North China town of Yan’an. This journey has come to be called the
a. Great Leap Forward
b. Long March
c. Northern March
d. Northern Expedition
e. Long Expedition
57. The Great Leap Forward
a. created huge rural communes, which failed economically
b. was an economic success, raising agricultural production fifteen percent in two years
c. was a more conservative approach to land reform
d. was aimed at organizing urban Chinese life
e. produced such success that Mao became deified in China
58. The new policies advanced by Deng Xiaoping
a. were largely counterproductive, as employment and food production went down in the 1980s
b. roughly doubled China’s per capita income during the 1980s
c. combined economic collectivization and retaining political power in Communist hands.
d. re-enforced the economic policies of Mao Zedong
e. “followed the socialist path.”
59. Which of the following has occurred in Chinese life since the Revolution?
a. Female foot binding has regained popular support.
b. Under Mao, the government made an effort to strengthen the role of the family
c. Individual economic achievement was encouraged during the Cultural Revolution
d. In the post-Mao era, there has been an emphasis on idealistic utopianism
e. Today, many Chinese people, especially the young, are engaging in efforts to Westernize their dress and appearance.
60. Ancient Chinese civilization originated in the valleys of the
a. Yellow and Yangtze rivers
b. Yangtze and Mekong rivers.
c. Indus and Ganges rivers
d. Lo Min and Hainan rivers
e. Nanjing and Hunan rivers
61. The “well field system”
a. was an animistic belief designed to protect the health of the land
b. allowed peasants plots of their own to work, as well as working the lands of their lords, or the state
c. was developed in the twentieth century, in response to the rise of socialist thought
d. was an ingenious water-diversion system which insured that every farm had the full amount of water it needed
e. was originally developed by Aryan invaders to improve agricultural productivity in western China
62. Although not technically rejecting aristocratic rule, Confucius believed that a primary basis for granting the right to participate in government should be
a. merit
b. birth
c. wealth
d. force
e. moral insight
63. Probably the most significant explanation for the fall of the Qin dynasty is that the
a. army turned against the attempt of the emperor’s wife to seize power.
b. factionalism and resentment created by Qin Shi Huangdi’s policies created internal weaknesses that undermined the dynasty’s survival after his death.
c. eunuch system created a new base that resulted in an internal seizure of power.
d. humanitarian nature of Qin Shi Huangdi’s policies produced a vulnerable and weakened empire.
e. Yellow River flooded all of South China
64. Over the course of the three centuries before the rise of the Sui Dynasty,
a. China experienced a period of tranquility and order
b. Confucianism grew in popularity
c. Buddhism developed a much wider following among the Chinese people.
d. Daoist philosophy provided the Chinese population with enduring comfort
e. Islam made its first appearance in China.
65. Which of the following was not an economic factor in medieval China?
a. The central government monopolized certain commodity manufacturing
b. Technological advances increased the scope and wealth of the economy.
c. The introduction of the use of paper currency, credit, banking, and the abacus furthered commercial development.
d. The Sui Dynasty closed the Silk Road.
e. Blast furnaces to make steel were developed
66. Which of the following accurately characterizes the medieval Chinese family?
a. It was female-dominated
b. Its ideal state was that of a joint group of at least two generations.
c. Its moral foundation was filial piety.
d. The ideal of filial piety was abandoned.
e. Most families lived on isolated farmsteads.
67. The Chinese naval expeditions of Zheng He were abruptly ended in 1433 because
a. Zheng He was suspected of building up his own personal power
b. Maintaining the fleet was considered a needless waste of national resources
c. The voyages had led to several humiliating naval defeats
d. The large Chinese vessels proved to be unseaworthy
e. All of the above
68. The Ming Dynasty
a. under Yongle, had Chinese ships bring back Christian missionaries to China.
b. sent a fleet far into the Indian Ocean.
c. sent a huge army into Japan, which captured and held the city of Edo for one year until a debt owed to the Chinese government was paid.
d. saw their fleets reach the Mediterranean Sea
e. dismantled the Great Wall as it was no longer needed for the defense of China.
69. As manufacturing and commerce began to grow in Ming and Qing Chin
a. the elite retained a preference for agriculture.
b. industrialization became the preferred area of activity for all Chinese.
c. Europeans became the predominant force in all areas of Chinese production.
d. government tax policies favored the industrial sector over the agricultural one.
e. Chinese views about business were the same as those in Japan.
70. To try to increase trade profits in China, the British
a. seized Taiwan as their first Chinese “colony” in 1827.
b. had Lords Macartney and Amherst successfully negotiate broadened British trading rights with the Chinese.
c. invaded China in 1816 and took control of all south China seaports.
d. shipped large amounts of opium into China at a massive profit.
e. replaced the Chinese imperial government with a pro-Western democratic government.
71. The Chinese revolution of 1911
a. was the first successful Marxist revolution in history
b. left a power vacuum in the country due to the collapse of the Manchu Dynasty
c. was the event that gave reformers the power they needed to immediately establish democracy.
d. was seen by the West as their greatest achievement.
e. was similar to the French Revolution in that soon a Committee of Public Safety ruled China.
72. By the mid-1930’s
a. the Guomindang had driven the Japanese from Manchuria.
b. all vestiges of the Confucian past were gone from Chinese life
c. a Confucian education was still considered to be vital, despite the abolition of the Civil Service Examinations.
d. Chinese urbanites had become much more Westernized in fashions and social practices, but most rural Chinese still clung to traditional ways
e. women’s rights had replaced filial piety as the driving social force in China.
73. The initial program of land collectivization in Communist China was
a. modeled after that created in India after 1947.
b. instituted before the first Five-Year industrial plan was begun.
c. done in a much less confrontational manner than Stalin had used in the Soviet Union.
d. able to achieve the increases in agricultural output that Mao had expected.
e. a highly successful attempt to increase China’s agricultural production.
74. Under the new program of the “four modernizations” that began after Deng’s political rehabilitation,
a. each peasant was required to produce enough food for ten people.
b. limited private capitalism was permitted to return to China.
c. socialism was abandoned in China.
d. Chinese society became much more isolated.
e. China became much more democratic.
75. The essence of the “shogunate system” was that
a. governmental power became decentralized under the emperor.
b. governmental power became centralized and placed in the hands of the shogun, while the emperor ruled in name only.
c. the emperor became the central ruler and the shogun became a nominal official.
d. the military was put under complete civilian control.
e. the peasants were granted the rank of samurai.
76. The samurai
a. were a hereditary warrior class in medieval Japan recruited in Manchuria and Siberia.
b. were like medieval European knights, except that the samurai were equipped with bows and arrows rather than lances and shields
c. were the oath-pledged military retainers of the shogun, constituting a formal national army.
d. took oaths of poverty, chastity and obedience before their formal investiture.
e. were recruited from the peasant class.
77. Unlike the situation in China, the struggle between central authority and local aristocracies endured into early modern times in Japan because
a. after 450 C.E. Japanese leaders were opposed to the adoption of any idea or system from China.
b. China established a merit-based civil service examination system, while the Japanese maintained it as an elitist process, thus enhancing the power of the local aristocracy at the expense of the emperor.
c. the difficulty of overcoming the closely held power of the local rulers was so overwhelming that shoguns refused to create a strong central government.
d. the emperor always sided with the local aristocracies against the shogun.
e. both depended upon the power of the peasants.
78. During the 1980s and 1990s there was a great deal of talk that the achievements of Japan and the “little tigers” indicated that the world was about to enter a new historical phase, that of the
a. Greater East-Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere.
b. Fifth Reich.
c. Age of the Khan.
d. East Asian Miracle.
e. Midway Millennium.
79. The “Japanese Miracle”
a. began with the creation of the Tokyo Stock Exchange in 1948.
b. had its roots in the initial policy decisions made during the Meiji reform period.
c. refers to the fact that Hokkaido was not damaged by atomic blasts.
d. led to the establishment of a socialist economy.
e. successfully completely abolished all social and gender discrimination.
80. The keiretsu are
a. systems of totally independent corporate entities.
b. large economic units that maintain relationships in a more informal manner than the zaibatsu.
c. newly-reconstituted, formalized cartel arrangements
d. Meiji-oriented systems of corporate dependencies.
e. monopoly arrangements.
81. Factors that may have contributed to the success of modern Japan have been
a. its intensive program of replacing antiquated plants, its high level of expenditure on national defense, its anemic labor productivity, its high worker mobility, and its frequent industrial strikes.
b. the positive nature of the government’s policies toward business interests involving trade policies that subsidize exports.
c. the complete rejection of Meiji policies that fostered a tradition of community society.
d. the need to develop its own technology and nuclear defense, while competing in a restrictive environment of world trade.
e. its policy of isolation from the rest of the world.
82. The following is true about the Japanese educational system except
a. the workload for students is heavier than that of the American educational system.
b. it possesses a non-restrictive and individualistically-oriented environment.
c. it demands considerable conformity by the students.
d. it has a relationship to the honor of the family that is directly tied to achievement.
e. it is devoted to success at almost all cost, and sometimes teachers bully their students.
83. The problems that developed within South Korea in the 1980s were the result of
a. excessive urbanization and pollution of water and air.
b. a lack of sufficient national economic growth.
c. national achievements in land reform.
d. a perceived lack of democratic freedom
e. military threats by China.
84. Which of the following was not a factor that promulgated Taiwanese industrial development?
a. effective governmental support of economic development
b. U.S.-aided national security
c. acceptable level of infrastructure development
d. a poorly educated and unmotivated populace
e. a manageable population size
85. The rapid economic development of the “little tigers” can be attributed to
a. a “modernizing elite” with an economic vision and practicality.
b. an astute political leadership that gave the highest priority to political democracy.
c. government encouragement of population growth.
d. policies that encouraged imports.
e. the adoption of neo-Marxist policies.
86. The Japanese opening to the West resulted from
a. the naval expeditions of Commodore Perry.
b. the diplomatic efforts of Lord Amherst.
c. the aftermath of the Plague of 1853.
d. the vote of a two-thirds majority in the Diet.
e. a collective decision by the pirates of Satsuma and the daimyo of Osaka.
87. The new modernizing policies of the Meiji Restoration
a. included the restoration of the hereditary privileges of the daimyo.
b. retained the traditional warrior class system.
c. forced purchase of the lands controlled by the daimyo.
d. enslavement of the samurai.
e. extermination of the samurai with “assisted seppuku.”
88. The Progressive constitution adopted by the Japanese in 1890, with authority placed in the executive branch of the government, was modeled on the government of
a. China
b. Germany
c. Great Britain
d. Russia
e. the United States
89. Which of the following was not a result of the social policies of the Meiji restoration?
a. Many peasants lost their land titles
b. Military conscription and universal education were instituted.
c. Western practices became very popular.
d. Human rights became universally respected.
e. The position of women in the society improved somewhat.
90. Meiji economic policies
a. included a new agricultural land tax which benefited many peasants.
b. developed a closely linked business-government relationship which accelerated industrial growth, in armaments and shipbuilding as well as silk and tea.
c. were held back by the tradition-based belief that Japanese women should not work in factories.
d. concentrated upon rural development at the expense of industrialization.
e. were a throwback to the shogunate practices of the sixteenth century.
91. The Meiji Restoration
a. was a true revolution, in which the existing ruling class was replaced by a new ruling class.
b. was similar to the French Revolution because of its considerable violence.
c. granted women full equality with men.
d. was in many ways a revolution from above.
e. failed as the shogunate was quickly restored.
92. Japanese culture during the Meiji Restoration
a. was unaffected by foreign influences, unlike the economic and governmental areas of Japanese life.
b. was characterized by a period of fascination with Western art, followed by a period of reaction, during which artists searched for authentic Japanese modes of statement.
c. included poetry influenced by Abstract Expressionism and Classic Romanticism.
d. was ignored by European and North American artists and writers.
e. was entirely inspired by recent Chinese models.
93. The one issue that has served as a unifying factor for all Middle Eastern Muslim states since the 1940s has been their
a. hostility toward Pakistan and India.
b. effort to defeat the Germans in World War II.
c. position on the Palestine question.
d. desire to increase oil production.
e. need to retain Western hegemony in the region.
94. The formal establishment of the new state of Israel in May 1948
a. was made more palatable for Arabs by Israeli support for the establishment of an Arab Palestinian state.
b. resulted in war between Israel and its Christian neighbors.
c. resulted in Arab denial of Israel’s recognition.
d. received United States support from President Franklin Roosevelt.
e. led to a tentative peace between Israel and its Arab neighbors.
95. The Palestine issue included all of the following except it
a. was seen by Arabs as a violation of the rights of the native Palestinian majority.
b. led to a major Arab-Israeli war in 1948 which was won by Israel due to Arab disunity.
c. altered the region’s demography by creating an urban Palestinian majority in “Bedouin” Jordan and a Muslim majority in Lebanon.
d. was permanently and peacefully settled by the Camp David Accords.
e. over time led to violent conflicts over the West Bank.
96. As a result of Nasser’s nationalization of the Suez Canal in 1956,
a. Egypt was attacked by the British, the French, and the Israelis
b. the Israelis gave support to Egypt in exchange for the promise of water from the Nile.
c. the Eisenhower administration secured control of the canal for the Europeans by sending in a United States occupation force.
d. the Israelis retained perpetual control of the Sinai Peninsula.
e. the Soviet Union attacked Nasser’s action as a “provocation.”
97. Gamal Abdul Nassar
a. was the only prominent Leninist to attain power in the Middle East.
b. appeared to be overshadowed by Colonel Saddam Hussein for two years.
c. became a pan-Arabist and briefly united Egypt with Syria.
d. was the first Third World leader to develop atomic weaponry, on a very limited scale.
e. privatized the Suez Canal.
98. The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)
a. was founded at a meeting of Arab radicals in Dearborn, Michigan in 1983.
b. renounced Pan-Arabism in favor of a more limited, territorial nationalism ultimately designed to unite Lebanon, Syria, Jordan and Israel in a Greater Palestine.
c. was an arm of the African National Congress from the early 1960s until 1981.
d. was established, originally under Egyptian auspices, to represent Palestinian interests.
e. it was eagerly embraced by most Israeli governments as the lesser of two evils.
99. Which undeclared or “surprise” wars were begun in the Middle East between 1965 and 1975?
a. an Israeli attack against Egypt and other Arab States in 1967
b. a Syrian attack on Israel and Jordan in 1970
c. an Egyptian and allied-Arab 1973 attack on Israel on Yom Kippur
d. both an Israeli attack against Egypt and other Arab States in 1967 and an Egyptian and allied-Arab attack on Israel on Yom Kippur in 1973
e. both an Israeli attack against Egypt and other Arab States in 1967 and a Syrian attack on Israel and Jordan in 1970
100. The hopes for a lasting Middle East peace after Camp David were never realized in part because of
a. the 1981 assassination of Anwar Sadat by Jewish militants.
b. the refusal of many non-Islamic states to recognize Israel’s right to exist.
c. Israeli’s policy of establishing settlements in the occupied West Bank territories.
d. Ronald Reagan’s election as the United States president.
e. the death of Saudi Arabia’s King Faisal.
101. Which of the following statements is not true about the events of the Arab-Israeli dispute in recent years?
a. The intifada of Russian immigrants divided Israeli opinion, ending peace efforts.
b. Militant Palestinian terrorists have made many Israelis concerned about their security.
c. Anwar Sadat was assassinated by Islamic militants.
d. Recent Arab-Israeli peace talks produced a tentative, partial peace agreement in 1993.
e. Jewish settlements on the West Bank have angered and frustrated many Palestinians.
102. All of the following about the rule of the Shah of Iran before 1979 are correct except it
a. had raised per capita income significantly.
b. had strong American support, and resulted in Iranian policies that were hated by many of its people.
c. caused, by advancing secular and Western ideas, a cultural clash within the country that helped to cause his downfall
d. attempted to establish a purely Islamic society.
e. enabled the Ayatollah Khomeini to overthrow him and create an Islamic theocracy.
103. Since 1979, Iraq has invaded both
a. Jordan and the Sudan.
b. Iran and Afghanistan.
c. Kuwait and Iran.
d. Kuwait and Afghanistan.
e. Kazakhstan and Burundi.
104. All are correct regarding “Operation Desert Storm” except
a. it consisted of a United States-led multinational coalition
b. Iraq was defeated and was forced to abandon Kuwait
c. Baghdad was captured with the aim of removing Saddam Hussein from power.
d. Baghdad was not captured because of the concern it might lead to the breakup of Iraq.
e. President George H. W. Bush promised that U.S. troops would not fight with one hand tied behind their backs.
105. When American-led forces invaded Iraq in March 2003
a. all Iraqis embraced them as liberators
b. the Iraqi army put up such stiff resistance that it took over a year before the capture of Baghdad.
c. neighboring Iran seized the southern portion of Iraq.
d. they had the complete support of almost all Middle Eastern Arab leaders and the region’s Muslim populations.
e. Saddam Hussein’s regime was quickly overthrown, but armed militant resistance continued.
106. The Islamic revival of the late twentieth century
a. appeared first, and most strongly, in Lebanon
b. is entirely the result of desires by the devout to oppose or reverse all new ideas.
c. has been a response to destabilizing forces and attempts to re-establish cultural identity
d. has focused on matters of belief, thus having little influence on women or politics.
e. has had little effect except in Iran.
107. Which of the following statements is not true of the Islamic revival in the Middle East?
a. Islamic “fundamentalism” may be a practical attempt to try to counter hedonism and other destabilizing forces.
b. It has resulted solely from a clash between present and past ideas and values.
c. It has been fed by the reactions of the ulama to the impact of Western secularization.
d. The ideology of Iranian Shi’ism has caused its popularity to spread to Algeria and Egypt
e. Not all Muslims are Islamic “fundamentalists”.
108. During the twentieth century, women in the Middle East
a. were aided by the “modernist” movement’s efforts to change female statuses and roles by interpreting Islamic views in a manner closer to those prevailing in the West.
b. experienced great changes in their lives before 1970, in countries such as Saudi Arabia and Oman, which had regimes actively working to modernize their societies.
c. have made perhaps the greatest advances in Saudi Arabia, where women now have unlimited access to university education and may adopt Western dress.
d. have never had any political rights in Iran.
e. have had few if any political rights in Israel.
109. In regard to the relationship between Islam and women’s rights, which of the following is the most valid statement?
a. There is no longer a significant difference in ideas about female roles among the peoples of the West and the Arab world.
b. Traditional attitudes have been re-established only in Iran.
c. Saudi Arabia has been the most conservative country in the Middle East in this matter.
d. Early modernists viewed the wearing of the veil and the practice of polygamy as purely Islamic.
e. Islamic rule produced a curtailing of women’s rights in early twentieth-century Turkey.
110. The “economics of oil”
a. is actually a deceptively overstated term, as only two countries in the Middle East contain significant oil deposits.
b. has enhanced the potential spread of Pan-Arabism.
c. is important politically as well, as most of the oil is located in such militarily powerful and heavily populated areas as Turkey and Jordan.
d. played a role in Gamal Abdul Nasser’s espousal of Pan-Arabist ideas, as he wanted all groups in the region to share in the oil wealth.
e. has played no role in Iraq because that nation lacks significant oil resources.
111. The Middle Eastern overwhelmingly Muslim state that has established a security relationship with Israel is
a. Saudi Arabia.
b. Iran
c. Jordan
d. Syria
e. Turkey
112. The two Muslim states in the Middle East which were in the forefront of giving greater rights to women before 1980 were
a. Israel and Jordan.
b. Turkey and Iran.
c. Egypt and Syria.
d. Saudi Arabia and Lebanon.
e. the Sudan and Yemen.
113. In appraising the work of Mustapha Kemal Ataturk, one can say that
a. he finally succeeded in unifying Persian society.
b. he maintained a strict Islamic consistency in all aspects of Turkish life.
c. he created a secular Turkish state that embraced many of aspects of a modern Western nation.
d. no real change from the traditional Ottoman ways ever occurred under his rule.
e. he retained all of the Islamic practices that his Ottoman predecessors had adhered to for many centuries.
114. The Turkish Republic changed its society by all of the following except
a. banning the wearing of the fez by men or the traditional Muslim veil by women.
b. giving women the right to vote in 1934.
c. replacing the Shari’ya with a secular civil code.
d. introducing five year plans to enhance state direction of the economy.
e. making Islam the sole religion of the state.
115. Western firms made major oil finds in
a. Palestine in 1914 and Azerbaijan in 1897.
b. Persia in 1908 and Saudi Arabia in 1938.
c. Italy in 1922 and Greece in 1936.
d. Alaska in 1923 and the Philippines in 1927.
e. the Ukraine in 1910 and Iraq in 1911.
116. Most of the early Iranian oil profits went into the hands of
a. the Standard Oil Company.
b. the Shah of Iran
c. French investors.
d. British investors.
e. the Russian government.
117. According to the Balfour Declaration,
a. Britain would recognize the independence of all Arab states.
b. Palestine would be divided equally between Muslims and Jews.
c. all Muslims were to leave Palestine.
d. a Jewish homeland was to be founded in Palestine.
e. all Jews were prohibited from entering Palestine.
118. Arab nationalism
a. was challenged by significant divisions among the Arabic-speaking populations of the Middle East regarding goals and means of achieving them.
b. was promised more British backing in 1915 and 1916 than its leaders actually received.
c. evolved in different ways after World War I, with the Saudi State gaining independence while Syria, Palestine and Iraq became British and French “mandates.”
d. none of these
e. all of these
119. All of the following were true about the expansion of the Ottoman Empire except
a. the Ottomans controlled the Middle East and North Africa.
b. by the early sixteenth century, the Ottomans conquered African Ethiopia.
c. the Ottomans gained control over Mecca and Medina.
d. by the early nineteenth century, Ottoman control in North Africa had become weaker.
e. the Ottomans were twice repulsed on the outskirts of Vienna.
120. Which of the following statements is not an accurate characterization of the nature of Ottoman governmental processes?
a. Originally, Ottoman rule was dominated by tribal law and augmented by Muslim law.
b. After the empire arose, Byzantine and Persian practices influenced Turkish rule.
c. The sultan ruled from the Topkapi with the assistance of the Grand Vezirs, who were primarily the products of the devshirme process.
d. The government was located in Istanbul, the former Constantinople.
e. The government refused to allow any religion to be practiced in the empire except for Islam.
121. Ottoman religious policy
a. applied Islamic law to everyone in the empire.
b. required all Shi’ite Muslims to convert to Sunni Islam
c. was more tolerant of Hindu beliefs than the Mughal Dynasty.
d. had converted all of its European subjects except Serbs and Greeks to Islam by 1700.
e. placed the members of each religious group under a patriarch or grand rabbi, who served in an intermediary capacity in governmental matters effecting his group – the “millet system.”
122. The Koran or Qur’an
a. is the book containing the holy scriptures of Zoroastrianism.
b. contained the guidelines by which a Hindu was to live.
c. was derived from the revelations of Muhammad.
d. means, literally, “acceptance.”
e. was first written in 776 C.E.
123. According to Islamic belief
a. Muhammad created the concept of Allah.
b. Allah sent not his first but his final message through Muhammad.
c. the teachings of Jesus and Moses are incorrect and immoral.
d. Allah ordained that Muhammad was a subordinate God.
e. there is no afterlife for the individual.
124. The Hadith and Shari’a
a. were adopted, respectively, from Jewish and Christian writings.
b. were the “Pillars of Islam.”
c. were, respectively, a collection of Muhammad’s sayings and a law code.
d. were, respectively, a law code and a marriage manual for Muslims.
e. was a military manual to be used in war against the Western Crusaders.
125. The theoretical purpose of the jihad was to
a. maintain peak military readiness.
b. wage holy war against all other Muslims on the Arabian peninsula.
c. broaden Muslim hegemony throughout Africa and Europe.
d. strive in the way of the Lord.
e. massacre all Jews and Christians.
126. All of the following were true about the spread of Arab control except
a. its voluntary and egalitarian features proved quite attractive to many people.
b. if an individual chose not to become a Muslim, he still had to participate in mandatory military service.
c. as a result of the caliphate being won by the Syrian governor, the Islamic capital was located in Damascus for a time.
d. Egypt was an early Arab conquest.
e. non-Muslims were usually required to pay a special tax, the jiyza.
127. In general terms, it can be said that Islamic society
a. was usually extremely intolerant toward Christians and Jews.
b. contained very rigid divisions between Church and State
c. relied heavily on religious doctrine to determine proper behavior in the areas of politics, economics, law, and ethics.
d. was more violent than its contemporaries.
e. became more secular after the death of Muhammad.
128. Muhammad’s teachings
a. stressed that Islam was not just a religion but also a way of life.
b. required all Muslims to follow the Six Suras and the Seven Pillars.
c. accepted polygyny, but permitted men to take only one wife.
d. were entirely theological with almost no ethical nor moral aspects.
e. were propagated in Greek to make them more understandable in the non-Arab world.
129. Among the selectively distributed benefits of Western civilization in Africa in the 1940s were
a. universal public schooling in all British and Portuguese colonies
b. railway networks and other industrial sectors in Algeria and South Africa.
c. a well-developed industrial nucleus in the Gold Coast.
d. nuclear power plants in Zimbabwe.
e. pearl fisheries in Libya.
130. All of the following were results of European colonialism in Africa except
a. the spread of Islam.
b. a native wage scale that was inferior to that of the Europeans.
c. Africans were usually restricted to unskilled or semi-skilled jobs.
d. little opportunity for the native population to obtain professional or managerial positions.
e. a mixed heritage of imperialism.
131. In regard to agricultural development in colonial Africa, it can be said that
a. the European “Green Revolution” seeds saved millions of lives in the 1930s.
b. most of the profits from exports were returned to local natives.
c. much of the native rural population continued to be subsistence farmers.
d. modern industrial development was relevant to the crop production of most Africans.
e. after 1963 opium was shipped from Africa to Afghanistan.
132. In terms of the chronology of decolonization, it is accurate to say that
a. the first black African nation to become independent was the Congo, called the Banana Coast prior to independence.
b. the African National Congress became increasingly radical as its modest initial goals were rejected by white South African governments.
c. Ahmad Ben Bella convinced Britain to proclaim Sudanese independence in 1988.
d. Portugal left Angola in 1949.
e. France willingly granted Algeria its independence in 1948.
133. The Pan-African belief in a distinctive “African personality” included all the following except
a. a rejection of views of Western racial superiority.
b. assumes that there is a distinctive African personality.
c. says that African blackness has a humanistic, emotional nature that is different from that of Western materialism.
d. is believed to provide a common sense of destiny for all black Africans.
e. the belief that all persons of African heritage should return to their motherland.
134. The following are true of the African National Congress (ANC) except
a. it was originally led by Western-inclined intellectuals who had little popular support.
b. it was initially aimed at achieving full equality for the educated native population through peaceful means.
c. its policies met with cooperative reactions from the white majority who held power.
d. by the 1950s, its policies became more prone to the use of violence to achieve its goals.
e. its original goal was to achieve economic and political reforms “within the system.”
135. In the years since the nations of Africa attained independence
a. economic wealth, but not social equality, has been achieved in all of Africa except the Republic of South Africa.
b. most of the governments have not been pluralistic democracies.
c. the goal of economic prosperity has been broadly achieved.
d. social equality has become the norm.
e. communism has taken permanent root in a majority of the nations south of the Sahara.
136. African economic growth has been limited by all of the following except
a. scarce resources were squandered upon military equipment.
b. the necessity to import technology and manufactured goods from the West.
c. the spread of AIDS.
d. excessive water pollution caused by Africa’s successful industrial development.
e. single crop or resource-dependent national economies.
137. All of the following were factors that led to the formation of the Organization of African Unity except
a. the awareness that the nation-state system is not well-suited to the African continent.
b. an awareness that most African states are poor and their populations are illiterate.
c. the goal of African leaders to gain more direct control over African development.
d. a means to cooperate with each other and protect their own interests.
e. the Hutu-Tutsi War in Botswana.
138. The two leaders who finally ended the apartheid regime without major bloodshed in South Africa were
a. Francis Malan and Jomo Kenyatta.
b. F.W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela.
c. P.J. Surhoff and Thabo Mbeki.
d. Sékou Touré and Mangosuthu Buthelezi.
e. Milton Obote and Menachim Begin.
139. In 1993, President de Klerk agreed with Nelson Mandela to implement
a. immediate and total National Party control until the ANC had greater experience in governing such a diverse society.
b. a long transitional period in which representatives of the National Party and the ANC could be cabinet members.
c. democratic national elections in the immediate future.
d. a temporary dictatorship which combined representatives of both parties.
e. a voting system which was restricted to those who could both read and write.
140. “New” products that European nations sought to obtain from colonies in Africa and Asia in the nineteenth century included
a. gold and silver.
b. cloves and pepper.
c. oil, tin and rubber
d. tea, silk, and porcelain.
e. ivory and rayon.
141. In the nineteenth century, European nations exploited areas of Asia and Africa for all the following except
a. raw materials, which could be used in European factories.
b. markets these regions provided for European manufactured goods.
c. opportunities such exploitation presented for European cultural expansion.
d. manufactured good to be sent from Africa and Asia to Europe.
e. possible fields for missionary activities.
142. Muhammad Ali
a. was a native-born Egyptian who came to rule his homeland.
b. attempted to modernize Egypt and extend its hegemony over neighboring regions.
c. overthrew the Ottoman power in the Middle East.
d. reaped great rewards from the construction of the Suez Canal.
e. was the first Christian ruler of Egypt since the seventh century.
143. The Great Trek
a. was ordered by the French government.
b. took place before the Boers encountered the Zulus.
c. was a Zulu march led by their ruler named Shaka.
d. was the northeastward advance of the Boers after the British take-over of the Cape Colony.
e. took place as a result of Khoisan and Bantu military clashes.
144. European powers rushed to increase their penetration of Africa because of all except
a. pressures generated by the spread of industrialization.
b. rivalries that existed among the various nations of Europe.
c. a desire to extend Christianity throughout Africa.
d. technological advantages of the Europeans over the native Africans.
e. fear of Russian economic expansion into Central Africa.
145. The Berlin Conference of 1884
a. settled the Boer War.
b. established guidelines to ease the frictions created by European ambitions in Africa.
c. led to a large-scale German attack on British colonial property in Kenya.
d. devised a system for collaborative missionary activity in Africa.
e. was convened by Queen Victoria
146. The Boer War
a. was caused by German refusal to stop arming the Boers.
b. was the result of the discovery of gold and diamonds in the Boer Transvaal.
c. established East Africa as an independent nation.
d. settled all animosities between the British and the Afrikaners.
e. established the concept of majority rule in South Africa.
147. The major economic objective of the “civilizing mission” was to
a. reduce the numbers of the colonies’ urban populations.
b. ensure competitive factors.
c. develop internal native production profits.
d. integrate native societies into the global economic market.
e. establish independent local manufacturing.
148. Generally speaking, European colonialism was
a. a process that aimed to help the colonial peoples as much as possible.
b. largely exploitation, usually accompanied by condescension.
c. implemented in a fashion that enabled all involved to reap the most benefit possible.
d. an effort to produce mutual growth and development.
e. less beneficial to the people than the very different, “people-centered” colonial policies followed by the United States in the Philippines and Guam.
149. Which of the following was the most important reason for the massive growth of the African slave trade in the sixteenth century?
a. the need to supply the mines of Peru with an abundant labor force
b. the desire to develop the tobacco plantations of the New World
c. intense labor needs created by the development of sugar growing in the New World
d. the enormous growth in the African birth rate
e. the European ability to obtain slaves in many West African areas
150. Elements underlying the emergence of the transatlantic slave trade included all except
a. the fact that an extensive trade in slaves to be used mainly as domestic servants, had long been carried on between Africa and the Middle East.
b. Europeans had already used slaves from Africa and eastern Europe as domestic servants and agricultural laborers on Cyprus, Sicily and the Iberian Peninsula
c. the movement of sugar cane production west to the Mediterranean and ultimately the Caribbean from Southeast Asia between the time of the Crusades and the 1500s.
d. the native American population completely died out in Mexico as the result of smallpox.
e. there were considerable profits to be made in the slave trade.
151. The African slave trade
a. was fundamentally altered by the French in the late 1400s.
b. involved the forcible movement of possibly more than twelve million African slaves overseas.
c. involved the deaths of less than one percent of those leaving West African ports before they arrived at a new home in the Americas.
d. ended in the early 18th century
e. solved the labor shortage challenge in European agriculture.
152. In regard to the African slave trade, it can be said that
a. the largest trade in African slaves was across the Indian Ocean.
b. until the eighteenth century, it was cheaper to simply replace slaves than to breed them.
c. it produced an general increased population of all African societies.
d. native Africans played a significant role in supplying Europeans with slaves.
e. it was abolished by the English in 1603.
153. The geographical obstacle which divides Africa’s northern coast from the rest of the continent
a. is the Niger River.
b. is the Nile River.
c. are the Atlas Mountains.
d. is the Sahara Desert.
e. is the Kalahari Desert.
154. The following were true about the trans-Sahara caravan trade except
a. the Arab introduction of the camel into Africa enabled this trade to greatly increase in volume and significance
b. cultural exchanges were stimulated by the growth of the caravan activity.
c. it enabled the Sahara region to become a major crossroad of international commerce.
d. it brought the first Islamic traders to central Africa in the first century B.C.E.
e. it allowed Islam to influence much of Africa south of the Sahara.
155. East African trade
a. was exclusively oriented through the Nile to the Mediterranean.
b. provided a lively, ocean-going commercial intercourse with civilizations far to the east.
c. maintained a strictly coastal exchange between African cultures only.
d. was mainly with Madagascar.
e. was dominated by Christian merchants from Constantinople.
156. Which of the following is a true statement about Swahili?
a. It was a culture reflecting a mixture of Indian and African influences.
b. As a language, it employed Bantu grammar and Arabic linguistic terms.
c. The term derives from the Arab word for “jungle.”
d. It was exclusively a written language.
e. It became the official language of Islam.
157. The original reason for the rise of the kingdom of Ghana was
a. its water resources.
b. its rich silver deposits.
c. the role it played in the gold trade between its neighbors who produced it and the Moroccans who distributed it to the Mediterranean world.
d. its commerce in silk.
e. its religious ties to the Byzantine Empire.
158. In regard to state building in West Africa, it can be said that
a. Ghana was the first great commercial state there.
b. warfare with the Byzantines resulted in the eventual decline of the kingdom of Ghana.
c. trade and commerce produced the growth of an integrated empire in the region.
d. Zimbabwe replaced Ghana as the predominant trading nation of the area.
e. it was conquered by Arabs.
159. The Kingdom of Mali
a. profited greatly from the pearl trade.
b. was sufficiently dry to enable its farmers to grow corn, as well as sorghum and millet.
c. maintained a very active pro-Islamic policy under Mansa Musa.
d. rejected Islam in favor of Ethiopian-style Christianity.
e. disappeared in the fifth century C.E.
160. Slavery in Africa
a. was introduced by the Muslims.
b. was an ancient practice that used people for a range of tasks, including military service, agricultural and construction labor, and for domestic and royal servants.
c. saved its harshest treatment for the domestic and royal servants.
d. was virtually nonexistent in North Africa.
e. never involved more than two percent of the population.
161. African culture
a. is notable for its use of bards (griots) to retain and spread communal history and religious beliefs.
b. rapidly did away with bards once the Arabic and Swahili languages were established.
c. never used the storytelling talents of women to spread and perpetuate knowledge and beliefs.
d. used only wooden carvings for religious purposes, reserving terra cotta and metal objects for secular occasions.
e. was never subject to outside influences.
162. Archeologists call the region in which the Olmec, Maya and Aztec civilizations began
a. Mexico
b. Central America
c. Mesoamerica
d. South America
e. the Amazon basin
163. The chinampas
a. were agricultural plots built on swampy islands.
b. were built to maintain industrial production.
c. provided farmers with a means of growing waterfowl for export to Europe.
d. were to be found only in the semi-arid areas of northern Mesoamerica.
e. were part of Inca religious culture.
164. In which areas were the Mayan and Aztec civilizations similar?
a. They both practiced human sacrifice.
b. Both had religious practices and beliefs brought from Asia in the eleventh century.
c. Both used sophisticated alphabets with thirty-nine letters.
d. They were both seafaring societies.
e. Volcanic eruptions destroyed both civilizations.
165. Which of the following statements is the most accurate depiction of the Aztec Empire?
a. It was a highly centralized, tightly administered monarchy developed through military conquest.
b. It was a confederation of localities linked by a feudal allegiance system in which a central ruler controlled an empire developed through military conquest.
c. It was a highly centralized maritime society that had evolved from a foundation of intense religious piety.
d. It was followed by the Mayan civilization.
e. Human sacrifice was abolished by Montezuma.
166. Aztec society was
a. an egalitarian democracy.
b. a hierarchical dictatorship, with a privileged upper class and a downtrodden majority.
c. primarily involved in the trading of slaves.
d. unique in giving women major political power.
e. a purely theocratic society.
167. What was the purpose of the human sacrifices practiced by the Aztecs?
a. To obtain the atman of the victim.
b. To appease Huitzilopochtli, and thus delay the ultimate destruction of their world.
c. To insure an abundant harvest.
d. To insure long life for the emperor.
e. To provide victims for the ball court games.
168. Which of the following was not a factor in the demise of the Aztec civilization?
a. Spanish coercion to force Aztecs to become Christians
b. the Spanish capture of Montezuma and destruction of Aztec religious shrines
c. the Tlaxcallan alliance with the Spanish
d. the attack of the French fleet in 1518
e. the deaths caused by Spanish-borne diseases
169. The civilization of the Inka
a. constructed an impressive system of roads and bridges throughout its extensive domain.
b. employed a force of highly-paid workers to construct the structures that it produced.
c. offered all women nothing but a life of domestic service restricted to the home.
d. developed an abundant lowland valley community at Machu Picchu.
e. routinely executed all war prisoners its army captured.
170. If one were to compare the societies of the Aztec and the Maya, the best characterization of that comparison would be that
a. Mayan society was warlike, unlike that of the Aztecs, which was peaceful.
b. Mayan society was predominantly urban and the Aztec society was rural.
c. Aztec society was predominantly rural and the Mayan society was urban.
d. both were agricultural societies that had substantial urban populations.
e. Aztec society lacked a written script.
171. The Spanish figures who led the conquests of the Aztec and Inka empires, respectively, were
a. Bernal Belakun and Hernán Ramirez.
b. Hernán Cortés and Jorima Rousseau.
c. Eduardo Rincon and Francisco Pizarro
d. Luis Ugalde and Semor Simches.
e. Hernán Cortés and Francisco Pizarro.
172. The civilizations that developed in the New World
a. had developed the wheel by 500 B.C.E.
c. did so in close coordination with civilizations in other parts of the world.b. started their development earlier than in the Middle East.
d. developed in ways that were quite similar to those of many other places in the world.
e. had nothing in common with civilizations in Eurasia.
173. Brazil was under the rule of the
a. French
b. Spanish
c. English
d. Portuguese
e. Dutch
174. Under the encomienda system, New World natives were
a. forced to accept Islam.
b. permitted to retain control over their local lands
c. subjected to exploitation and harsh treatment by the Dutch.
d. supposed to be protected by the Spanish, as serfs were to be protected by their feudal lord.
e. taken to Spain to be used as laborers
175. In Latin America, the offspring of Africans and whites and of Europeans and natives were called, respectively,
a. mestizos and zambos.
b. mulattoes and mestizos.
c. Iberians and creoles.
d. Africans and blancos.
e. zingos and rojos.
176. Over the long period, the resource that proved most profitable in Latin America was
a. gold.
b. silver.
c. tobacco.
d. slavery.
e. textile manufacturing.
177. In line with mercantilist theory,
a. governments had nothing to do regarding trade and manufacturing policies.
b. Latin American countries traded mostly with Britain.
c. Latin American colonies were encouraged to manufacture.
d. American colonies were viewed as sources of raw materials and markets by their European rulers.
e. the production of heavy industrial products was instituted in Mexico in 1734.
178. After the nations of Latin America gained their independence in the nineteenth century, their economies became dominated by the
a. Dutch
b. Americans
c. British
d. Spanish
e. French
179. By the 1920s the United States
a. conducted no acts of military intervention in Latin America until after World War II.
b. was the major source of outside investment capital for Latin America since the 1820s.
c. was seen as an imperialist power by many Latin Americans.
d. began the “Good Neighbor” policy during World War I to reinforce its policy of “leading” Latin Americans toward “good business” and “good government.”
e. turned its back entirely on Latin America, pursuing an Asian directed policy instead
180. Major developments in Latin America since 1955 have included
a. large increases in the incomes of peasants and industrial workers.
b. sharp reductions in foreign debt in the 1970s, as governments worked to reduce outsiders’ control of their economies.
c. an end to the cultivation of coca and marijuana in the region by 1990.
d. an increase in the number of democratic regimes in the 1980s and 1990s.
e. the outbreak of serious interracial conflict, often sparking large urban riots and frightening outbreaks of savage “ethnic cleansing.”
181. The Cuban Revolution
a. provided help only for the large ranchers and owners of sugar plantations.
b. achieved successes in programs related to health and education.
c. ended Cuba’s reliance on sugar production.
d. has not been affected by the economic impact of the fall of Communism in Europe and the Soviet Union.
e. led to a steep decline in the nation’s health and education standards.
182. In Latin America since 1950,
a. Mexico is the only major Latin American state that has not seen a massacre of protesting students or workers by government police and/or troops.
b. the Soviet Union’s role in the Cuban Missile Crisis convinced the Castro regime it did not need to try to create allied regimes in the Western Hemisphere.
c. the established political power of large landowners was finally ended in the late 1970s.
d. import-substituting industrialization often led to increased government funding of economic development because of a lack of available private capital, either domestic or foreign.
e. no Marxist politician achieved national power.
183. Spartan society
a. secluded women and forbade them to appear in public.
b. was the first ancient society to attempt to save all premature and crippled infants.
c. adopted democracy a century earlier than in Athens.
d. was organized as a military state.
e. passed the Lycurgan reforms, which made all women voters.
184. The term polis describes
a. a province of the Persian Empire.
b. the original name of the city of Troy.
c. the title of a member of the Council of 500.
d. the term for a thirty-man infantry unit.
e. a community of citizens in which all political, economic, social, cultural and religious activities were performed.
185. Socrates
a. was a popular hero of the Peloponnesian War.
b. was a merchant prince by trade.
c. developed a teaching system which employed students’ reasoning to help them to learn.
d. wrote The History of the Peloponnesian War.
e. was a student of Plato.
186. In The Republic, Plato
a. prepared a blueprint for democracy.
b. created a utopian, ideal state composed of three social classes.
c. established a theoretical structure for rigid gender distinctions.
d. bitterly attacked the people of Sparta.
e. advocated laissez-faire capitalism.
187. Greek philosophy
a. was characterized by a lack of leading thinkers.
b. contained thinkers holding only absolutist views.
c. has not made as lasting an impact as that of Mesopotamia.
d. was distinguished by the ideas of Socrates, Plato and Aristotle.
e. is perhaps best known today for the ideas contained in the work of Polyclitus.
188. Which of the following statements is an accurate depiction of life in classical Athens?
a. It was a male-dominated environment that used slaves, was predominantly agricultural, employed a limited number of craftsmen, gave a major role to the family, and accepted the practice of male homosexuality.
b. It was an environment in which total egalitarianism, wage labor, industrial production, socialistic family structures, and female homosexuality were predominant.
c. It was a society in which men ruled, women were impotent in all areas of social life, international trade was nonexistent, and there were no public works programs.
d. It was a society emphasizing militarism, which secluded its young men at a relatively young age in order to “harden” them for war.
e. It was ruled by philosopher kings.
189. The legacy of Alexander the Great
a. was entirely cultural in nature.
b. included an historic change in world development, as elements of Latin culture immediately spread to the Middle East.
c. embraced a major clash and fusion of cultures across a huge area as Greco-Macedonian elite assumed power in highly diverse cultures.
d. did not outlast his own lifetime.
e. was overshadowed by Ptolemy in Macedonia.
190. Members of the aristocratic governing class in Rome were known as the
a. hoplites.
b. Gracchi
c. Latins
d. patricians
e. plebs
191. The plebeians
a. were less numerous than the patricians.
b. could not be elected to governmental offices before 150 C.E.
c. were less privileged and often poorer than the patricians.
d. were barred from military roles.
e. became slaves when they could not pay their debts.
192. The First Punic War
a. resulted from a Roman invasion of Spain.
b. was waged between Carthage and Rome over control of the island of Sicily.
c. was begun with an attack by Hannibal.
d. discouraged the Romans from developing their naval power.
e. was caused by a Macedonian assault on Sicily.
193. The Second Punic War
a. saw the eventual victory of Carthage.
b. saw Hannibal invade Italy from Greece.
c. won Spain for Rome and produced Roman control over the western Mediterranean.
d. all of these
e. none of these
194. The Third Punic War
a. began with an unprovoked Carthaginian attack on Gaul.
b. took place immediately after the end of the Second Punic War.
c. resulted in Carthage being destroyed and its territory becoming a Roman province.
d. saved North Africa from Roman influence.
e. was caused by the assassination of Cato the Elder.
195. Roman slaves
a. rarely rebelled, due to the fair treatment they received.
b. were never involved in agriculture but only in manufacturing enterprises.
c. staged a number of massive rebellions, the largest led by Spartacus in 71 B.C.E.
d. made up well over half the population of the empire.
e. received their freedom as reward for the military assistance at the battle of Actium.
196. As time went on, the governing classes of the empire
a. were made up of more and more inhabitants of the conquered provinces.
b. were dominated more and more by Italians.
c. produced fewer emperors from the provinces.
d. established the Silk Road to achieve a favorable balance of trade with China.
e. all of these
197. As it prospered, the early Roman Empire (Republic period)
a. saw trade and manufacturing become significantly more important than agriculture.
b. eliminated the practice of slavery.
c. required people in the entire empire to speak Latin.
d. saw the supply of gold and silver coins decrease in the eastern part of the empire.
e. saw the development of a large gap between rich and poor.
198. Roman antagonism toward Christianity was deepened by
a. Christian rejection of Roman religious practices.
b. the public nature of Christian gatherings.
c. Christian universality as a force for strengthening of public order.
d. the activities of Matthew and Mark.
e. its Germanic origins.
199. The success of Christianity is widely believed by historians to have been due to its
a. promise of salvation, its familiarity, and its universality.
b. complexity of initiation, the old meaning of life that it restored, and its ability to satisfy people’s desire to be part of a political community.
c. acceptance by Diocletian.
d. strong following among aristocratic Romans after 75 C.E.
e. anti-Semitism.
200. A fundamental difference between the Roman Empire and China’s Han Empire was that the
a. Roman Empire was based upon manufacturing and the Han Empire upon agriculture.
b. Roman Empire had emperors but the Han Empire was ruled by viceroys.
c. essentials of the Han Empire were replicated by later dynasties but the Roman Empire disappeared except as an idea.
d. family played a less important role in Han China than in the Roman Empire.
e. Roman Empire lasted for centuries while the Han Empire only survived for three decades.
201. The family of languages spoken by people who inhabit the region of Central Africa south of the Sahara Desert is
a. Kalaharian.
b. Nok.
c. Swahili.
d. Bantu.
e. Khoisan.
202. The temporary restoration of the imperial Mediterranean world in the sixth century was accomplished by
a. Constantine
b. Charlemagne
c. Justinian
d. Theodoric
e. Heraclius
203. Justinian’s Code of Law
a. was the basis of Byzantine law until 632.
b. contained a collection of legal materials from ancient Greece.
c. was the last product of Roman culture to be written in Koine Greek.
d. became the basis for legal systems of later Europe.
e. was condemned by the Bishop of Rome as being contradictory to God’s divine law.
204. In time the Eastern Roman Empire became known as the
a. Carolingian Empire.
b. Abbasid Empire.
c. Empire of the Rus.
d. Byzantine Empire.
e. Bulgarian Empire.
205. The greatest missionary success of Orthodox Christianity was among the
a. Greeks.
b. Albanians.
c. Palestinians.
d. Huns.
e. Russians.
206. Which of the following was accomplished by medieval Christian monasteries?
a. They launched an early “feminist” movement.
b. They served as centers of learning.
c. They played a major military role for their religion.
d. They enforced the tenets of the Scriptures, often by force.
e. They were under the rule of the princeps.
207. Monasticism in medieval Europe
a. was entirely a male area of activity.
b. involved an egalitarian governance structure.
c. included women, many of whom belonged to royal families
d. was based upon the model established by St. Basil.
e. was made up of hermit monks.
208. The personal element of feudalism was most symbolized in the relationships involving
a. serfs and the lords of the manor.
b. knights and priests.
c. popes and emperors.
d. lords and vassals.
e. burghers and kings.
209. The piece of land that provided the feudal vassal’s economic support was the
a. fief.
b. tallage.
c. homage.
d. vassalage.
e. right.
210. Aristocratic western European medieval women
a. in unusual circumstances, could play a major role, as did Eleanor of Aquitaine.
b. were totally independent of their men.
c. never assumed managerial responsibilities in spite of their husband’s frequent absences.
d. were always dominant in their marriages.
e. frequently led troops into battle in the absence of their husbands.
211. Vassals
a. took vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience.
b. generated most of their livable income from trade and commerce.
c. were supported by the income from a fief of land.
d. were owed allegiance by their lords.
e. were unfree peasants.
212. All of the following were true about the development of Russia except
a. Kievan Russia collapsed in the mid-twelfth century.
b. Eastern Orthodoxy provided a major foundation for early Russian unity.
c. Magyar dominance created a Western-oriented bend in Russia development.
d. Mongol recognition of the hegemony of Alexander Nevsky provided the foundation for future Russian domination from Moscow.
e. Russia adopted its Christianity from the Byzantine Empire.
213. The Byzantine missionary brothers who created the Slavonic, or Cyrillic, alphabet, translated the Bible into Slavonic, and who developed Slavonic church services were
a. Francis and Wilbur.
b. Vladimir and Alexander.
c. Ivan and Peter.
d. Bernard and Boris.
e. Cyril and Methodius.
214. High (late) Middle Ages agriculture included all except
a. extensive swamp draining and land clearance.
b. increased output by increasing the amount of land used for farming.
c. improved methods through the use of iron tools.
d. adopting the three-field system.
e. the use of slave labor.
215. Which of the following is a valid statement about manorialism and the medieval manor?
a. Manorialism provided the economic foundation of feudalism.
b. The manor was the fundamental unit of medieval urban organization.
c. The medieval village was usually in direct economic competition with the manor.
d. Manorialism increased the level of freedom and mobility among the peasantry.
e. Manorialism ended in the tenth century.
216. The Christian schism in 1054 resulted from
a. Charlemagne’s claim to head both the church and the state.
b. the Orthodox church’s denial of the divinity of Christ.
c. the Pope’s claim that he was the head of all branches of Christianity, including the Orthodox church.
d. the Patriarch of Constantinople’s authorization of the burning of religious icons.
e. the eastern patriarch’s claim that Constantinople was the only true center of Christendom.
217. 217. All of the following were motives for the Crusades except
a. the desire for military adventure
b. religious fervor.
c. the aim to increase religious toleration between Muslims and Christians.
d. the desire to gain riches and land.
e. to allow the pope to assume the leadership in liberating the Holy Land.
218. The Black Death
a. was spread by fleas
b. killed ninety-five percent of its victims in urban areas.
c. had been an ongoing problem in Europe since the late Roman Empire.
d. killed many people, but had no effect on economic affairs.
e. had no religious implications.
219. The Italian Renaissance was
a. a major creative force in the field of literature.
b. part of an era of recovery in Europe.
c. an era of soaring interest in the legacy of ancient Greco-Roman culture.
d. a mass movement.
e. all of these except a mass movement.
220. Europeans embarked on expansionist voyages for all of the following except
a. there was a potential for economic gain through increased world trade.
b. some desired to spread Christianity to other parts of the world.
c. due to the confidence they had developed from improved cartography, navigational methods, and ship designs.
d. fear than Islam would occupy the rest of the world if Christendom did not.
e. national competition between the European nations.
221. The Treaty of Tordesillas
a. divided the “new” areas discovered by Europeans between the English and the French.
b. divided the “new” areas discovered by Europeans between Spain and Portugal.
c. gave the English the eastern route around the Cape of Good Hope
d. gave the French the eastern route around the Cape of Good Hope.
e. ended the Hundred Years War.
222. Which of the following accurately pairs Spanish conquistadors with the New World empires they destroyed?
a. Pizarro and the Aztecs; de Soto and the Incas.
b. Magellan and the Incas; Albuquerque and the Iroquois.
c. Cortés and the Aztecs; Pizarro and the Incas.
d. de Soto and the Aztecs; Cortés and the Incas.
e. de Soto and the Incas; Cortés and the Aztecs.
223. Byzantine cultural influence was spread to eastern European peoples primarily through
a. military conquest.
b. merchants and traders.
c. missionaries.
d. personal appearances by the emperors.
e. slavery.
224. All of the following were true about European population and food supplies except
a. as the eighteenth century progressed, European population declined.
b. food production increased in Europe during the eighteenth century.
c. the introduction of the potato into Ireland provided a much-needed staple food.
d. the New World was a source of new vegetables for Europe.
e. food supplies decreased while food prices rose sharply in France in 1789.
225. As a result of the publications of Bartolomé de las Casas
a. Amerindian rights were recognized and respected.
b. the encomienda system was established.
c. Amerindians became more maltreated than before.
d. the government in Spain began to pay more attention to the needs of the native populations in the New World.
e. a new route to the Indies was discovered.
226. Which of the following products attracted the greatest European interest in Southeast Asia in the period between 1500 and 1800?
a. opium
b. slaves
c. cloves and pepper
d. rayon
e. ayuthaya
227. .The writer who best gave expression to the sixteenth century preoccupation with political power was
a. Lorenzo Ghiberti.
b. Niccolo Alberti
c. Giorgio Castiglione.
d. Niccolo Machiavelli.
e. Desiderius Erasmus.
228. In the fifteenth century, the Italians, especially the Venetians, in their commercial empires were only rivaled by
a. England.
b. the Hansiatic League
c. the Holy Roman Empire
d. the Byzantine Empire.
e. Spain.
229. The third estates included
a. priests and monks.
b. kings and emperors.
c. knights and squires.
d. peasants and urban inhabitants.
e. kings, emperors, knights, and squires
230. Which of the following was not a result of the development of printing in Europe?
a. Research and learning increased.
b. Standard textbooks were developed.
c. More people began to read.
d. Chinese influence over European affairs rose sharply because of their invention of paper.
e. It played a major role in the Protestant Reformation.
231. Among the complaints of religious Europeans around 1500 was
a. the belief that Catholic Christianity was being infiltrated by Eastern Orthodox and even Islamic doctrines.
b. the belief that the clergy were too interested in financial matters and disinterested in religion.
c. dissatisfaction with the orthodox beliefs and practices of the church.
d. the charge that Pope Erasmus wanted to divide the church.
e. fear that Manicheanism was corrupting the clergy.
232. Which of the following was not a position taken by Martin Luther?
a. Salvation would be achieved through faith.
b. The purchase of indulgences would not lead to salvation.
c. The German princes should establish a reformed German church.
d. Acts of good works are the sole source of salvation.
e. Reading the Bible is important.
233. An important reason why Henry VIII broke with the Roman church was because
a. he became a Lutheran.
b. he wanted to develop a distinct English Christianity for nationalistic reasons.
c. the Archbishop of Canterbury had a direct confrontation with the Patriarch of Vienna.
d. he could not get Rome’s permission to divorce his wife Catherine.
e. his dislike of women caused him to become an Anglican priest.
234. After Henry VIII’s marriage to Catherine of Aragon was annulled by the Archbishop of Canterbury,
a. the English clergy forced him to take her back.
b. Pope Clement VII reinstated the marriage.
c. Charles V attacked England.
d. Parliament finalized England’s religious break with Rome by passing the Act of Supremacy, making Henry the head of the Anglican church.
e. English monasteries remained intact, in spite of their defiance of Cranmer’s actions.
235. All except which of the following would characterize the Jesuit order?
a. It was first led by a Spanish nobleman.
b. It owed absolute obedience to the pope.
c. It was committed to using education to restore Catholicism in Europe.
d. It was responsible for the restoration of Catholicism in areas of Germany and eastern Europe.
e. It arranged theological compromises with the Protestants.
236. Among the major elements underlying the Social Crisis of the 1600s was
a. the fact that the Mediterranean area entered a steep economic decline as silver imports from Spanish colonies fell off.
b. a “little ice age” in the latter half of the 1200s, cutting food production and leading to famine.
c. a sharp European population increase after 1635 cut per capita food availability by one-half.
d. because of increased gold imports from Africa which led to serious economic inflation.
e. the onset of the White Death, a variant of the bubonic plague.
237. Advocates of “mercantilism” argued for all of the following except
a. governments should abstain from any involvement in the economy.
b. a nation prosperity depended upon a plentiful supply of bullion (gold and silver).
c. exports must exceed imports.
d. tariffs should be place don foreign goods.
e. governments should improve transportation facilities and grant trade monopolies to businesses.
238. The traditional example of seventeenth century absolutism has been the rule of
a. Louis XVI.
b. James III.
c. Louis XIV.
d. Charles II.
e. Ivan IV.
239. All of the following were policies of Peter the Great except
a. the majority of governmental expenditures were for military purposes.
b. state domination of the Russian Orthodox church.
c. isolating Russia from the ways and customs of western Europe.
d. an effort to modernize Russia.
e. strengthening of the power of the tsar.
240. James I alienated England’s Parliament because of his advocacy of
a. Catholicism.
b. religious toleration.
c. Puritanism.
d. divine right of kings.
e. Scottish independence.
241. The spark that began the Glorious Revolution was the
a. execution of Charles I.
b. restoration of Charles II.
c. declaration of the Commonwealth by Oliver Cromwell.
d. birth of a son to James II.
e. accession to the throne by Queen Anne.
242. As a result of the Glorious Revolution in England
a. the Irish gained a number of rights (petition, jury trial, etc.).
b. William and Mary were deposed, and James II became the English ruler.
c. Parliament enshrined divine right absolutism in England.
d. Parliament established itself as a major participant in the running of the English government.
e. Oliver Cromwell was driven into exile.
243. As a result of the Glorious Revolution, England became a
a. republic.
b. divine right monarchy.
c. federated commonwealth.
d. democracy.
e. constitutional monarchy.
244. The most important product of European industry in the eighteenth and early nineteenth century was
a. spices
b. steel
c. coal
d. textiles
e. oil
245. The system that came to be known as the “cottage industry” involved all except
a. the purchase, by an entrepreneur, of the raw materials needed for textile production.
b. country laborers producing yarn and cloth.
c. the selling of finished products by an entrepreneur.
d. peasants grew cotton on their farms and sold the raw material to entrepreneurs.
e. it was also known as the “putting-out” system.
246. Which of the following was not an element in eighteenth-century global trade?
a. Gold and silver were shipped to America by Spain.
b. Indian and Chinese products were purchased by the English, Dutch, and French.
c. American plantation products were purchased by the nations of Europe.
d. English manufactured goods were traded for African slaves, who were sold in Virginia for tobacco, which was then processed in England and sold for cash in Germany.
e. Overseas trade boomed.
247. The formal event which led to the break between the American colonies and England was the
a. creation of the Articles of Confederation.
b. confrontation at Yorktown.
c. confrontation over the Stamp Act.
d. signing of the Declaration of Independence.
e. creation of the United States Constitution.
248. The new United States Constitution of 1787
a. employed Montesquieu’s conception of the separation of powers.
b. was rejected by most Americans until it was finally passed on a third referendum.
c. was created by delegates who, like the nation’s population, were mainly small farmers.
d. was soon abolished and replaced by the Articles of Confederation.
e. abolished slavery.
249. The French Revolution
a. was precipitated by a noble-bourgeois dispute over the best way to deal with the large budgetary surpluses of 1788 and 1789.
b. actually had no real impact on either the economic or political status of peasants.
c. created no major gains, even temporarily, for women in such areas as divorce and inheritance
d. created a “nation in arms” and an army of 650,000.
e. failed in its attempt to restore divine right monarchy to France.
250. The military forces raised by the French revolutionary government was
a. composed largely of non-French mercenaries.
b. the largest navy ever assembled in Europe up to that point.
c. unsuccessful on the battlefield although victorious in naval combat.
d. a true army of the people, whose intensity was the beginning of the concept of total war.
e. successful in conquering Russia.
251. Which of the following ideas was given to Muslims on the authority of the Qu’ran?
a. All earthly existence is merely an illusion
b. Muhummad is God
c. The soul may be re-born in another earthly form after the death of the individual
d. Moses and Jesus were both great prophets sent by God for the benefit of humanity
e. The cow is a sacred animal, and the eating of beef is therefore a sacrilegious and impure act
252. Which of the following was the major feature of the Neolithic Revolution in the Middle East?
a. the establishment of sedentary village communities
b. The spread of a migratory way of life
c. A decline in the total population of the area
d. An increase in the amount of forested land
e. An increase in the use of bronze tools
253. Which of the following is a major difference between the social structure of Han China and that of classical India?
a. Han leaders urged that all persons should strive for social mobility
b. In China a high social status was assigned to merchants
c. Slaves did most of the agricultural work on the large Chinese estates
d. The Chinese placed bureaucrats rather than priests at the top of the social hierarchy
e. The Chinese emphasized spiritual advancement for people who faithfully performed their social duties
254. Which of the following best describes the Mughal empire?
a. A political-economic-social system that recognized equality of all citizens
b. A system in which an Islamic minority ruled over a Hindu majority
c. A government based on an examination system
d. A social and political system that sought to value equally its Islamic, Christian, Hindu and Buddhist populations
e. The rule of a Hindu majority over a Buddhist minority
255. Which of the following is true of both the Ottoman Empire and the Mughal Empire between 1450 and 1750?
a. The rulers of both believed in strictly separating secular and religious concerns
b. The top administrators in both empires were chosen by a system of competitive examinations
c. Christianity was prohibited in both empires
d. Both empires were established by skilled warriors on horseback who came originally from Central Asia
e. Both empires experienced a drastic decline in population after 1500 owing to the spread of diseases brought as a result of contact with Europeans.
256. Which of the following occurred in nineteenth-century Africa as a result of the end of the transatlantic slave trade?
a. an increased use of slave labor within Africa
b. the collapse of traditional religions
c. the spread of factory industry
d. a decrease in diamond production
e. the rise of political democracy
257. In nineteenth century liberal democratic theory, a woman’s role was generally portrayed as that of
a. the mother of citizens
b. the manager of property
c. a political participant
d. a productive worker
e. a consumer
258. The rise to economic prominence of many East Asian nations in the 1980s and 1990s entailed
a. the creation of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere by Japan
b. the emphasis on producing high-value consumer goods for export
c. the dominance of China’s Four Modernizations policy
d. huge imports of oil, cars and electronics into the region from the United States
e. the decline of the European Economic Community
259. China’s strategy for modernization and economic development in the 1950s most closely resembled the development strategy of
a. India
b. Japan
c. Britain
d. The Soviet Union
e. The United States
260. Which of the following best helps explain why the technology of production was less advanced in the classical Mediterranean than in classical China?
a. Lack of interest in science
b. Greater reliance on slavery
c. Less interest in territorial expansion
d. Failure to develop a monetary system
e. Greater dependence on women for manual labor
261. The spread of Bantu-speaking peoples over southern Africa can be best explained by their
a. conversion to Islam
b. superior naval technology
c. use of cavalry
d. centralized political systems
e. knowledge of agriculture
262. Which of the following is a key philosophical and religious element of Daoism?
a. Respect for one’s ancestors as critical to proper behavior
b. Unquestioning obedience to the ruler
c. Belief in the Mandate of Heaven
d. Emphasis on harmony between humanity and nature
e. Precedence of duty to one’s family over all other obligations
263. Which of the following pairs of belief systems offered opportunities for women to lead monastic lives?
a. Buddhism and Christianity
b. Buddhism and Judaism
c. Confucianism and Hinduism
d. Confucianism and Islam
e. Hinduism and Islam
264. Inca and Aztec societies were similar in that both
a. developed from Mayan civilization
b. acquired empires by means of military conquest
c. independently developed iron technology
d. depended entirely on oral record-keeping
e. had no system of regional trade
265. Which of the following characterized economic systems in Latin America and in Southeast Asia during the sixteenth century?
a. Both focused on porcelain manufacturing
b. Both incorporated forced labor
c. Both redistributed land to peasants
d. Both produced grain for the European market
e. Both focused on small farm-to-market agriculture
266. Which of the following best describes an important difference between Karl Marx’s theory of socialist revolution and that of Vladimir Lenin?
a. Only Marx stressed the importance of “class struggle” in history
b. Only Marx stressed the primary role of the industrial proletariat
c. Only Marx thought that a socialist revolution must be achieved through parliamentary means
d. Only Lenin argued that the workers’ revolution would have to be led by professional revolutionaries
e. Only Lenin argued that revolution would occur in the most industrialized countries.
267. Before 1870, the European presence in Africa was characterized primarily by
a. Military conquests of large territories administered as military states
b. Intense colonization and settlement of large areas
c. Active international interaction through trade and diplomacy
d. Coastal enclaves for trade and a few settlements
e. Frequent coastal raids along with racial segregation imposed on conquered peoples
268. The “second Industrial Revolution” in the last half of the nineteenth century was associated with the mass production of which of the following groups of products?
a. Textiles, iron and coal
b. Textiles, automobiles and plastics
c. Airplanes, ships and radios
d. Electricity, automobiles and airplanes
e. Electricity, stell and chemicals
269. In the late nineteenth century, European imperialism in both Africa and China was characterized by
a. widespread trade in opium
b. the encouragement of slavery
c. extensive conquest of territory
d. small military enclaves along coastlines
e. competition among imperialist powers
270. Which of the following best characterizes Western imperialist expansion in the late nineteenth century?
a. Western fears of the spread of Japanese influence
b. Western investment to create self-sufficient economies in the new colonies
c. An unprecedented amount of territory colonized in a short period of time
d. The establishment of political institutions to resolve ethnic and religious conflicts within colonies
e. The decline of British and United States influence in international affairs
271. Which of the following was the leading cause of the huge global population increase in the twentieth century?
a. Rapid increases in per capita birth rates
b. The end of international epidemics
c. Global warming
d. The impact of public health measures
e. The elimination of world hunger
272. Which of the following is the basis for nearly all the boundaries of today’s sub-Saharan African states?
a. Postcolonial conquests of one African state by another
b. Fragmentation of countries after they achieved independence from Europe
c. Decisions by European powers during the process of colonization
d. Precolonial linguistic groupings
e. International agreements mediated by the United Nations
273. Which of the following countries experienced the greatest number of war-elated deaths during the Second World War?
a. India
b. Germany
c. Japan
d. The United States
e. The Soviet Union
274. A demographic trends in industrialized countries world wide in the late twentieth century was
a. a decline in divorce rates
b. an increase in birth rates
c. a decline in family size
d. an increase in infant mortality rates
e. an increase in death rates
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