Chapter 8 part 1: Rome’s Beginnings
Chapter 8 part 1: Rome’s Beginnings
I. The Origins of Rome
-Italy- boot shaped, Mediterranean, toe points to Sicily
-Alps- northern border; Apennines through Italy from north to south
-terrain easier to farm than Greece, support more people
-Latins built Rome on plain of Latium
-Rome- central Italy, on Tiber River
-2 stories tell Rome’s beginning: legend of Remus & Romulus & tale of Aeneas & Trojan
followers
-Greeks & Etruscans influenced Roman way of life
-Etruscans- skilled metal workers, model for Roman army
II. The Birth of a Republic
-Tarquins- leaders of Etruscan-ruled Rome, 100 yrs. of rule, Romans rebelled
-Romans established republic
-Rome- large powerful army: excellent, disciplined soldiers
-roads connected military settlements
-Roman Confederation- full citizenship to some people: vote & serve in gov’t
-allies- could rule their own local affairs
Chapter 8 Part 2: The Roman Republic
I. Rome’s Government
-patricians & plebians- 2 classes of people
-consuls- top gov’t officials; praetors- gov’t officials; Senate most important lawmaking
body; Assembly of Centuries- legislative body
-Plebeians challenged class system by strike; Romans then allowed them to set up their
own legislative group call the Council of the Plebes
-dictator- today: oppressive ruler; in Roman Republic- served the people & ruled
temporarily during emergencies
-Cincinnatus- best-known early Roman dictator, led army of men to defeat powerful
enemy
-The Twelve Tables- first code of law, basis of future laws.
-Law of Nations- address issues of conquered people
-rule of law- laws should apply to everyone equally
II. Rome Expands
-Carthage- state on coast of North Africa- powerful enemy
-First Punic War- began as dispute between Rome and Carthage over the island of
Sicily; 20 year war; Rome won
-Second Punic War- began after Carthage expanded into Spain, Rome helped people
of Spain rebel
-Hannibal- Carthaginian general; fought in Second Punic War
-Battle of Cannae- Hannibal’s forces overpowered the Romans
-Roman general Scipio led his forces to defeat the Carthaginians at Battle of Zama
-Rome destroyed Carthage in Third Punic War
-took all of Greece & Macedonia & parts of Africa during Punic Wars
Chapter 8 part 3: The Fall of the Republic
I. Trouble in the Republic
-gap between rich patricians and poor plebeians grew- farmers suffered
-Latifunda- large farming estates created when wealthy Romans bought small farms
-farmers whose land had been bought traveled to cities to find jobs
-Tiberius & Gaius Gracchus- wealthy brothers, tried to reform gov’t; killed
-Marius- former military leader, appointed counsel, promised land to poor men if they
became soldiers
-Sulla drove Marius out of Rome; declared himself dictator, spent 3 yrs. reforming gov’t
b/4 resigning from office
II. Julius Caesar
-Julius Caesar, Crassus, & Pompey formed triumvirate after Sulla left office
-Caesar marched to Rome & defeated Ponpey’s forces after Crassus died in battle
-declared self dictator of Rome for life; made many changes
-Julian calendar- changed slightly in A.D. 1582, but basically still used today
-many enemies as well as supporters
-“Ides of March”- enemies killed him on March 15
III. Rome Becomes an Empire
-Octavian- Caesar’s grandnephew, inherited wealth
-Antony & Lepidus- 2 of Caesar’s top generals
-Octavian, Antony, & Lepidus formed Second Triumvirate- quarreling began
-Antony fell in love with Cleopatra VII and formed alliance with her; Octavian declared
war on Antony to keep him from taking over republic
-Octavian defeated Antony and Cleopatra’s forces at Battle of Actium
-Cicero was political leader, writer, & public speaker who favored representative gov’t
& supported Octavian
-Octavian restored the republic with some reforms & took title Augustus (“revered one”);
began Roman Empire
Chapter 8 part 4: The Early Empire
I. The Emperor Augustus
-Pax Romana- long era of peace that began with Augustus
-built permanent, professional army & created special guard called Praetorian Guard (to
guard him)
-restored Rome’s splendor & fed hungry poor with imported grain
-appointed a proconsul (governor) for each province, replacing politicians appointed by
Senate
-made tax collectors permanent workers
-create set of laws for people who were not citizens
-Julio-Claudian emperors were rulers who followed Augustus: Tiberius, Caligula,
Claudius, and Nero; Caligula & Nero were cruel leaders; Tiberius & Claudius
were competent rulers
II. Unity and Properity
-Vespasian resotred order to Rome after the chaos following Nero’s death
-Jewish temple in Jerusalem destroyed by Vespasian’s armies to put down rebellion
-Mount Vesuvius erupted & destroyed city of Pompeii in A.C. 79
-Roman empire flourished under rule of: Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, & Marcus Aurelius
-Aqueducts- created during prosperous times of good emperors
-Roman Empire- one of largest in history; people united by law, Roman rule, & shared
identity as Romans
-most people farmers: grew olives, grapes, & grain; others artisans who traded within
& outside Empire
-Roads and currency- prosperous trade
-gap between rich merchants, shopkeepers, & skilled workers and poor farmers and
city dwellers
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