The Legacy of Ancient Greece and Rome: Cornell Notes

Cornell Notes: Prologue Section 1--The Legacy of Ancient Greece and Rome

How did Athens build a limited democracy?

What types of government did Athens have prior to democracy?

Who was a citizen in Athens?

What could citizens do?

What economic problems did Athens have?

How did Athens solve its economic problems?

What reforms did Solon make?

How were Solon's reforms important?

What is a limited democracy?

I. Athens Builds a Limited Democracy A. Greeks build small city-states along fertile valleys

1. Each city-state had its own government 2. Several types of government were tried a. Monarchy--rule by king (monarch) b. Aristocracy--rule by group of noble families c. Oligarchy--rule by a group of wealthy people d. Democracy--rule by people (citizens) B. Building Democracy 1. Athens

a. Athens was largest, most powerful city-state b. Citizens participate in making gov't decisions c. Citizens were adult males with rights and

responsibilities d. Citizens elect 3 nobles to rule city-state e. Elected nobles serve one year then join council of

advisors 2. Economic Problems in 600 BC

a. farmers go into debt and promise part of crop to wealthy

b. farmers eventually pledge their land to wealthy c. farmers sell themselves into slavery and could not

leave land C. Reforms of Solon

1. Respected lawmaker made changes a. outlawed slavery based on debt b. cancelled farmers' debt c. increased citizenship to four groups d. three higher classes could vote e. all adult males were citizens f. created Council of 400 g. any citizen could bring charges against wrongdoers

2. Athens was a limited democracy a. only citizens could participate in government b. only 1 in 10 Athenians were citizens c. women, slaves, and foreign residents were not citizens d. slaves made up 1/3 of Athenian population

What did Cleisthenes do?

How did Cleisthenes' reforms affect Athens?

D. Cleisthenes Enacts More Reforms 1. "Founder of Democracy" a. reorganized assembly to balance power of rich and poor b. increased power of assembly by allowing all citizens to submit Laws for review c. Council members were chosen from among citizens d. one-fifth of all Athenians were citizens with these changes

How did Greek II. Greek Democracy Changes

Democracy

A. Greek city-states unite to fight off Persian

continue to

1. Democracy in effect to decide how to defend city

change?

2. After Persian Wars, Athens continues improving

democracy

3. Pericles led Athens for 32 years

Who was Pericles B. Pericles Strengthens Democracy

and what did he

1. jurors were paid so poor could participate

do?

2. number of paid public officials was increased

3. More participation allowed Athens to be a direct

democracy

4. War with Sparta ends democracy in Athens as

Macedonia conquers war-weary city states

C. Greek Philosophers Use Reason

For what purpose

1. great thinkers appear in 4th Century

did Greek

2. based thinking on logic and reason to understand life

philosophers use

3. great respect for human intelligence

reason?

4. Socrates--examine life with deep questioning

5. Plato--philosopher-king (wisest person) should rule

Name the three

6. Aristotle--examined human belief, thought, and

great Greek

knowledge

thinkers and what D. Legacy of Greece

they are known for

1. Lasting standards for philosophy and government

examining.

2. reason and intelligence to discover patterns and

explanations

What are the

3. developed democracy to avoid authoritarian rulers

lasting impacts of

4. first to develop 3 branches of government

Greece on

a. legislative to pass laws

democracy?

b. executive to carry out laws

c. judicial branch to interpret laws.

How and why did Rome change from a kingdom to a republic?

What is a republic?

What two groups struggled for power in Rome?

What are the 12 Tables?

What is the significance of the 12 Tables

How was Rome's Republican government organized?

III. Rome Develops a Republic. Rome rose while Greece declined (from about 1000-500 BC)

A. From Kingdom to Republic 1. Kings ruled Rome for about 100 years 2. in 509 BC, Roman aristocrats overthrew the king 3. Romans set up a republic (elected officials make laws) 4. Two groups struggled for power (both could vote) a. patricians--aristocratic landowners with inherited status b. plebeians--merchants and farmers had little power c. patricians could hold office; plebeians could not

B. Twelve Tables 1. plebeians force patricians to make laws public & in writing 2. unwritten laws had been interpreted to benefit the wealthy 3. laws carved on 12 tablets in 451. BC and publicly displayed 4. all citizens were protected by law 5. laws were applied fairly to everyone

C. Republican Government 1. separate branches (legislative, executive, and judicial) 2. Two consuls commanded the army and directed the government 3. Senate was made up of patricians 4. two assemblies were made up of other classes of people 5. in times of crisis, a dictator was chosen for 6 months 6. republic lasted several hundred years of civil war and dictators 7. in 27 BC, an emperor took power in Rome

How was Roman Law spread across their empire?

IV. Roman Law A. Law applied to citizens and conquered people throughout Empire 1. Laws were based on reason 2. Justice should protect people and their property

3. Four important principles of Roman Law

What are the four

a. all citizens received equal treatment under the law

important

b. a person was thought innocent until proven guilty

principles of

c. burden of proof rests with accuser, not the accused

Roman Law?

d. unreasonable or unfair laws could be set aside

B. A Written Legal Code

What is a Written

1. Justinian had 1000 years of Roman law organized

Legal Code?

into 4 works

a. The Code--nearly 5000 laws

How did Justinian

b. The Digest--a summary of legal opinions

organize his legal

c. The Institutes--a textbook for law students

code?

d. The Novellae--laws passed after 534

2. written laws kept even rulers accountable for their

actions

C. Legacy of Rome

What are Rome's

1. Introduced the idea of a republic (representative

lasting

government)

contributions to

2. individuals are citizens of a state and not subject of

democracy?

a ruler

3. legal code and laws could be applied fairly to all

citizens

4. Rome adopted and added to Greek's idea of

democracy

Summary: Ancient Greeks and Romans contributed to the

development of democracy. The Greeks were the first civilization to

let citizens get involved in political decision making. They made

laws and banished their countrymen using the ballot box. Also, the

Greeks had several brilliant thinkers/philosophers that encouraged

people to examine their lives and use logic/reason to make sense of

their world. When the Romans took over control of the ancient

world, they adopted and made changes to democratic thinking.

Putting laws in writing and on public display made sure that laws

were applied equally to everyone. The Romans, under Justinian,

codified over 1000 years of law and organizing it set a precedent

that modern societies emulate. In all, the greatest gift from the

ancients is the idea that individuals are citizens of a country and not

just subjects of the ruling class.

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