SACRED AND SECULAR

[Pages:14]Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-01128-1 - Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide 2nd Edition Pippa Norris and Ronald Inglehart Frontmatter More information

SACRED AND SECULAR

Religion and Politics Worldwide, 2nd Edition

Seminal nineteenth-century thinkers predicted that religion would gradually fade in importance with the emergence of industrial society. The belief that religion was dying became the conventional wisdom in the social sciences during most of the twentieth century. The traditional secularization thesis needs updating, however, as religion has not disappeared and is unlikely to do so. Nevertheless, the concept of secularization captures an important part of what is going on. This book develops a theory of existential security. It demonstrates that the publics of virtually all advanced industrial societies have been moving toward more secular orientations during the past half-century, but also that the world as a whole now has more people with traditional religious views than ever before. This second edition expands the theory and provides new and updated evidence from a broad perspective and in a wide range of countries. This confirms that religiosity persists most strongly among vulnerable populations, especially in poorer nations and failed states. Conversely, a systematic erosion of religious practices, values, and beliefs has occurred among the more prosperous strata in rich nations.

Pippa Norris is the McGuire Lecturer in Comparative Politics at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University and a visiting professor at Sydney University. Her work analyzes comparative elections and public opinion, gender politics, and political communications. Companion volumes by this author and Ronald Inglehart, also published by Cambridge University Press, include Rising Tide (2003) and Cosmopolitan Communications (2009).

Ronald Inglehart is professor of political science and program director at the Institute for Social Research at the University of Michigan. His research deals with changing belief systems and their impact on social and political change. He helped found the Euro-Barometer surveys and directs the World Values Surveys. Related books include Modernization and Postmodernization: Cultural, Economic and Political Change in Forty-Three Societies and Development, Cultural Change and Democracy (with Christian Welzel).

In 2011, the Johan Skytte prize was awarded to Inglehart and Norris for "contributing innovative ideas about the relevance and roots of political culture in a global context, transcending previous mainstream approaches of research." The prize committee cited their work on the importance of religion in today's world.

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Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-01128-1 - Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide 2nd Edition Pippa Norris and Ronald Inglehart Frontmatter More information

Cambridge Studies in Social Theory, Religion and Politics

Editors David C. Leege University of Notre Dame Kenneth D. Wald University of Florida, Gainesville Richard L. Wood University of New Mexico

The most enduring and illuminating bodies of late-nineteenth-century social theory ? by Marx, Weber, Durkheim, and others ? emphasized the integration of religion, polity, and economy through time and place. Once a staple of classic social theory, however, religion gradually lost the interest of many social scientists during the twentieth century. The recent emergence of phenomena such as Solidarity in Poland; the dissolution of the Soviet empire; various South American, Southern African, and South Asian liberation movements; the Christian Right in the United States; and Al-Qaeda have reawakened scholarly interest in religiously based political conflict. At the same time, fundamental questions are once again being asked about the role of religion in stable political regimes, public policies, and constitutional orders. The series Cambridge Studies in Social Theory, Religion and Politics will produce volumes that study religion and politics by drawing upon classic social theory and more recent social scientific research traditions. Books in the series offer theoretically grounded, comparative, empirical studies that raise "big" questions about a timely subject that has long engaged the best minds in social science.

Titles in the Series

Paul A. Djupe and Christopher P. Gilbert, The Political Influence of Churches Joel S. Fetzer and J. Christopher Soper, Muslims and the State in Britain, France,

and Germany Jonathan Fox, A World Survey of Religion and the State Anthony Gill, The Political Origins of Religious Liberty Brian J. Grim and Roger Finke, The Price of Freedom Denied: Religious Persecution

and Conflict in the Twenty-First Century Kees van Kersbergen and Philip Manow, editors, Religion, Class Coalitions, and

Welfare States

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Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-01128-1 - Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide 2nd Edition Pippa Norris and Ronald Inglehart Frontmatter More information

Sacred and Secular

RELIGION AND POLITICS WORLDWIDE 2nd EDITION

Pippa Norris

Harvard University

Ronald Inglehart

University of Michigan

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Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-01128-1 - Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide 2nd Edition Pippa Norris and Ronald Inglehart Frontmatter More information

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town,

Singapore, Sa~o Paulo, Delhi, Tokyo, Mexico City

Cambridge University Press 32 Avenue of the Americas, New York, ny 10013-2473, usa

Information on this title: 9781107648371

C Pippa Norris and Ronald Inglehart 2004, 2011

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written

permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 2004 Second edition published 2011

Printed in the United States of America

A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library.

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication data

Norris, Pippa. Sacred and secular : religion and politics worldwide / Pippa Norris and Ronald Inglehart. ?

2nd ed. p. cm. ? (Cambridge studies in social theory, religion and politics)

Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 978-1-107-01128-1 (hardback) ? isbn 978-1-107-64837-1 (paperback) 1. Religion and politics. 2. Secularism. I. Inglehart, Ronald. II. Title. III. Series.

bl65.p7n67 2011

306.6?dc22

2011002214

isbn 978-1-107-01128-1 Hardback isbn 978-1-107-64837-1 Paperback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party Internet Web sites referred to in this publication and does not

guarantee that any content on such Web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

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Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-01128-1 - Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide 2nd Edition Pippa Norris and Ronald Inglehart Frontmatter More information

Contents

List of Tables List of Figures Preface and Acknowledgments

PART I UNDERSTANDING SECULARIZATION 1 The Secularization Debate 2 Measuring Secularization 3 Comparing Secularization Worldwide

PART II CASE STUDIES OF RELIGION AND POLITICS 4 The Puzzle of Secularization in the United States and

Western Europe 5 A Religious Revival in Post-Communist Europe? 6 Religion and Politics in the Muslim World

PART III THE CONSEQUENCES OF SECULARIZATION 7 Religion, the Protestant Ethic, and Moral Values 8 Religious Organizations and Social Capital 9 Religious Parties and Electoral Behavior

page ix xi

xiii

3 33 53

83 111 133

159 180 196

vii

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Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-01128-1 - Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide 2nd Edition Pippa Norris and Ronald Inglehart Frontmatter More information

viii

CONCLUSIONS

10 Secularization and Its Consequences 11 Reexamining the Theory of Existential Security 12 Reexamining Evidence for the Security Thesis

Appendix A: Classifications of Types of Society Appendix B: Concepts and Measures Appendix C: Technical Note on the Freedom of Religion Scale Notes Bibliography Index

CONTENTS

215 243 253

283 287 293 295 331 359

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Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-01128-1 - Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide 2nd Edition Pippa Norris and Ronald Inglehart Frontmatter More information

Tables

2.1 Indicators of religiosity

page 41

2.2 Classification of societies by their historically predominant major

religions

46

2.3 Social and economic indicators of the major world religions

49

3.1 Religiosity by type of society

57

3.2 Human security and religious behavior

62

3.3 Explaining religious behavior

66

3.4 Social characteristics of religious participation

70

3.5 Decline in religious participation, EU 1970?1998

72

3.6 Trends in religious participation, 1981?2001

74

3.7 Rise in thinking about the meaning of life, 1981?2001

75

4.1 Belief in God, 1947?2001

90

4.2 Belief in life after death, 1947?2001

91

4.3 Human security, religious markets, and religiosity in

postindustrial societies

99

4.4 The perceived functions of religious authorities

105

5.1 Age and religiosity in post-Communist Europe, without controls

120

5.2 Explaining individual religious participation in post-Communist

Europe

123

5.3 Explaining societal-level religiosity in post-Communist Europe

126

ix

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Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-01128-1 - Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide 2nd Edition Pippa Norris and Ronald Inglehart Frontmatter More information

x

TABLES

5.4 Explaining societal religious values in post-Communist Europe

128

6.1 Classification of societies by religious cultures

141

6.2 Factor analysis of political values

143

6.3 Political values by type of religious culture, with controls

145

6.4 Social values by type of religious culture, with controls

150

A6.1 Illustration of the full regression model used in Tables 6.3

and 6.4

156

7.1 Factor analysis of work ethic

164

7.2 Mean scores on the work ethic scales

165

7.3 Work ethic by type of predominant religious culture, with

controls

166

7.4 Economic attitudes by religious culture and society

171

7.5 Ethical scales by religion

173

7.6 Moral "life issue" values by religious culture

174

7.7 Moral values by type of predominant religious culture, with

controls

176

A7.1 Illustration of the full regression model used in Tables 7.3

and 7.7

179

8.1 Explaining membership in religious organizations

187

8.2 Explaining membership in non-religious voluntary organizations

189

8.3 Religious participation and associational membership

190

8.4 The effects of religious participation on civic engagement

193

9.1 Support for the Right by society and religiosity

203

9.2 Explaining Right orientations, pooled model all nations

205

9.3 Correlations between religious values and Right orientations

206

9.4 The electoral strength of religious parties in national elections in

postindustrial societies, 1945?1994

209

10.1 Demographic indicators by type of society

232

10.2 Population growth rate by type of society

234

10.3 Estimated population growth by type of society, 1900?2002

236

10.4 Explaining fertility rates

238

12.1 Individual-level models predicting religious values and practices

262

12.2 Models predicting religious values and practices

267

12.3 Religiosity and income and education in the United States and

Western Europe

271

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