TABLE OF CONTENTS - World Bank
THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA
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MINISTRY OF ENERGY AND MINERALS
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK
AND
INITIAL SCOPING STUDY FOR THE STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT
FOR
THE SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF MINERAL RESOURCES PROJECT (SMMRP)
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Prepared by:
Centre for Energy, Environment, Science & Technology (CEEST)
P. O. Box 5511, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Tel: 255-22-2667569,
E-Mail: ceest@ceest.co.tz,
APRIL 2009
Executive Summary
This report presents an Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) (PART – I) and an Initial Scoping Study for the Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) (PART – II) for the Sustainable Management of Mineral Resources Project (SMMRP) in Tanzania.
The SMMRP is a 5-year technical assistance project anticipated to begin in mid 2009. Development objective of the proposed project is to improve the socio-economic benefits of mining for Tanzania and Tanzanians, and also to improve Government capacity to manage the mineral sector and enhance local and foreign investments. The project has four components which are: a) Improving the Benefits of the Mineral Sector for Tanzania: Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining, Local Economic Development and Skills Development; b) Strengthening Governance and Transparency in Mining; c) Stimulating Mineral Sector Investment; and d) Project Coordination and Management. The principal SMMRP implementing agency is the Ministry of Energy and Minerals (MEM) through the Minerals Division and the Geological Survey of Tanzania (GST).
The project has been classified by the World Bank as Category B, as defined in the Bank’s Operational Policy 4.01 on Environmental Assessment. The basis for this rating is that the project consists largely of technical assistance activities that may have only limited adverse impacts; however, it could lead to positive environmental and social impacts by supporting changes in the policy and regulatory framework that are likely to encourage increased commercial scale mining and artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) activities in the future.
Where project activities and locations are well known, the National Environment Policy (1997) and Environmental Impact Assessment & Audit Regulations of 2005 prescribe details of how an EIA can be conducted. In the case of the SMMRP, the precise location of proposed project activities is not known at this time. Therefore the potential social and environmental impacts of these project activities cannot be identified and assessed in the context of a traditional EIA. Instead, this ESMF provides mechanisms for ensuring that potential environmental and social impacts of the SMMRP are identified, assessed and mitigated as appropriate, through an environmental and social screening process. In this way the ESMF complements the national EIA process.
SMMRP has many positive impacts. Some of these include; improved livelihoods of the ASM; improved environmental and social conditions of the areas where SM operates; increased benefits of mining to the communities; creation of harmony between ASM, LSM and local governments; improved and better local skill base for the mineral sector; improved capacity to manage the mineral sector; improved transparency in the sector; improved geologic infrastructure of the country leading to increased investment in the medium to longer term; better public image of the mineral industry; improved inter-agency coordination and collaboration that would enhance social accountability, good governance, transparency and client satisfaction; improved capacity to manage and monitor environmental and social issues in the mineral sector; and an overall improved management of the mineral sector;
However, some of the anticipated negative impacts of the SMMRP include: potential for disputes and wastage of SMMRP resources if (a) poor selection criteria for location of SSM demonstration centres and trainees is undertaken, (b) selection criteria for granting of the assistance to SSM is not properly done, and (c) selection criteria for supporting districts to pilot mainstreaming of mining into e strategic development planning is not properly done. Other negative impacts include; potential for conflicts both environmental and social if stakeholders are not fully involved during SESA, benefit studies and overall implementation of the SMMRP; potential for safety, health and environmental problems if there will be poor management of the proposed TDUs operations; ineffective operations if poor matching of the TDU equipment with mineral commodity is undertaken, and; potential for the grants to amplify existing ASM problems such as environmental degradation, HIV/AIDS if training in entrepreneurship, Safety, Health and Environment (SHE) and social responsibility is not properly undertaken. Similarly, ineffectiveness of the reforms may occur if harmonization of laws and clear definitions of roles and responsibilities are not achieved.
Inadequate capacity to manage procurement, financial management and disbursement and conducting monitoring and evaluation may also hamper progress and positive impacts of the project. Needs assessment for capacity building should be done in a holistic manner since this could lead to staff dissatisfaction if key areas of capacity building are not achieved. Good governance should be adhered to avoid hampering the effectiveness of the reforms
In preparing this report, extensive consultations were held with appropriate stakeholders at the national and local levels including government ministries/agencies, mining companies, other private sector actors, artisanal miners, NGO’s, people and communities in mining areas. These consultations were made through field visits conducted in selected sites of the country, where SMMRP is expected to cover. Review of existing information and data on SMMRP project components and other previous studies were also conducted. Although the SMMRP is expected to bring improvements to the mineral sector, the following risks were identified:
• Inadequate stakeholder consultation could affect stakeholder participation and effectiveness of the projected outcomes. This risk in particular concerns such activities as financial assistance, extension service, programs for industrial minerals, legal and fiscal reforms and promotion and communication. In other cases such as the airborne geophysical survey, public consultation and awareness could determine the progress of the proposed activities;
• Poor selection criteria for small grants program, site selection for demonstration centres and selection of ASM for training of trainers under the project could create unfair competition and affect projected outcomes;
• Inadequate training of entrepreneurs and government officials, particularly with respect to transportable demonstration units (TDUs), operation of demonstration centres, and use of financial assistance could amplify existing health and safety risks in ASM and also contribute to environmental degradation. Furthermore, inadequate training and monitoring could degrade SMMRP effectiveness;
These risks will be managed through implementation of this ESMF and engagement of regulatory framework and stakeholders outlined below:
• Environment Regulatory Arrangements. All mining activities are subject to the Environmental Management Act 2004 and associated regulations. The National Environmental Management Council (NEMC) has primary responsibility of enforcing environmental legislation, including Environmental Management Plans for mining projects. All large mining projects in Tanzania are also subject to the Mining Act of 1998 and its regulations. The Mining Act has specific Sectoral Environmental requirements for holders of Mineral Rights;
• Environmental Audits and Inspections. The Environmental Impact Assessment and Audit Regulations, 2005 (Part X) directs that Environmental Audits be conducted by a qualified and authorized environmental auditor or environmental inspector who shall be an expert or a firm of experts registered in accordance with the Environmental (Registration of Environmental Experts) Regulations, 2005. Furthermore the Mining (Environmental Management and Protection) Regulations, 1999, Section 19, calls for the appointment of an independent third party or consultant acceptable to the licensing authority;
• Environmental Impact Statements. Detailed environmental impact statements, prepared to high standards, are required for all of the large-scale mining projects in Tanzania and are a prerequisite for obtaining mining licenses from MEM. Information disclosure and consultations with affected communities and landowners take place as part of the authorization process. The mining projects are typically operated by international mining companies that come under public scrutiny, in both their home country and in the countries where their operations are located, to comply with good international practice and face regulatory penalties and reputational risk if they fail abide by the rules;
• Social Safeguards. There is no single piece of legislation that governs resettlement in Tanzania. However a number of sections of legislation are applicable to any resettlement process. As such World Bank guidelines will become applicable in case safeguard issues are triggered during project implementation. Other relevant legislations that will be considered include the Mining Act of 1998; Land Act of 1999 (Cap 113); Village Land Act of 1999; Land Acquisition Act of 1967; Land Disputes Courts Act, (Cap 216); Grave (Removal) Act of 1969; Environmental Management Act of 2004; Antiquities Act of 1964 (amended 1979); Land (Compensation Claims) Regulation 2001; and the Forest Act of 2002;
• Key Players. The Ministry of Energy and Minerals (MEM) will take the leading role as the principal implementing Agency to oversee the implementation of the SMMRP. The MEM also oversees the implementation of the Mining Policy; Enforcement of laws and regulations for mining and protection of the environment; Environmental monitoring and auditing of the various SMMRP project activities; Mining projects EIS & EMP approvals (through a Multi-Sectoral committee); and Mining conflict resolutions;
Vice President’s Office (Division of Environment) is responsible for approvals of SESA and EIA certificates; formulation and articulation of policy guidelines necessary for promotion & protection of the environment; and issue general guidelines to sector Ministries & coordinates all agencies public/private institutions related to environmental management;
Holders of mining Licenses (SSM/LSM) are responsible for conducting Environmental and Social Assessment, resettlement of project affected people, Implementation of the Environmental and Social Management Plan and Project Monitoring, internal and external environmental auditing and reporting;
District, Ward and Village Environmental Committees have the role of Coordinating and advising on environmental policies and implementation obstacles, Promoting environmental awareness, Information generation, assembly and dissemination from any person, Initiate inquiries and investigation on any environmental disputes or violation of the Act, Resolve conflicts among individual persons, companies, agencies, NGOs, Government Departments, Inspect any source of pollution in the area, and Initiate proceedings of civil nature against any person, company, and agency for failing or refusing action under the Act;
• Risk Mitigation. The Government has requested the support of the International Development Association and the World Bank to improve its ability to minimize and mitigate potentially adverse impacts of mining through (a) improved environmental and social legal and regulatory framework for mining; and (b) improved enforcement capacity of the relevant authorities involved in the sector. The support will include assistance in the preparation of regulatory frameworks, a Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment, Poverty and Social Impact Assessment, improved guidelines and procedures on consultations and training, and procedures to mitigate impacts in artisanal and small scale mining (ASM);
• Policy and Regulatory Frameworks. The project will support the review of several policies aimed at improving the environment and social outcomes, including the Mineral Policy. Relevant regulations and guidelines for implementation will also be prepared;
• Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment The project will support a Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) of the mining sector in order to identify policy and regulatory gaps which may need to be addressed by the Government. The SESA will examine if policy and regulatory gaps exist and if there is adequate compliance monitoring, and whether additional resources and standardized procedures are needed to mitigate the identified risks. Based on this analysis, the SESA will identify: (i) institutional strengthening actions to deal with environmental and social impacts associated with the growth and development of the mining sector (including artisanal and small scale mining); (ii) measures to overcome the policy, institutional and budgetary constraints that result in limited enforcement and implementation capacity; (iii) ways to improve an already strong and comprehensive public participation process of land owners in the negotiation and review of mining project Memoranda of Association;.
• Engagement with Civil Society, Communities and key stakeholders. Consultations were held with relevant, mining companies, Regional Miners Associations, ZMO’s and RMO’s, District Executive Directors and village governments. These consultations were made through field visits conducted in selected sites, where SMMRP covers. Table 1.1 below provides a list of stakeholders interviewed during the scoping study period.
Table 1.1: Stakeholders interviewed for SMMRP Project
|GOVERNMENT |LOCAL GOVERNMENTS |INSTITUTIONS |LARGE SCALE MINES |VILLAGE COUNCILS |SMALL SCALE MINES |
|ZMO – Singida |Singida DED |NEMC |TanzaniteOne Mine |Nyarugusu – Geita District |MWAREMA – Nyarugusu |
| | | |(gemstones) | | |
|ZMO – Arusha |Babati DED | | |Sambaru – Singida Rural |SIREMA – Sambaru |
| | | | |District | |
|RMO – Songea |Mbinga DED | | |Amani Makoro – Mbinga |RUVUREMA – Ruvuma |
| | | | |District | |
|RMO – Chunya |Chunya DED | | |Matundasi – Chunya District|Itumbi mine - Chunya (gold) |
|VPO-DOE |Kisarawe DED | | | |Rahim Massawe – Mirerani |
| | | | | |(gemstones) |
|Arusha Gemstone | | | | |Pugu Kaolin Mines – Kisarawe |
|Centre | | | | |(industrial mineral) |
|MEM- HQ (SMMRP | | | | |Richard Mutatina – Kisarawe |
|Office) | | | | |(industrial minerals) |
The ESMF was initially disclosed during a project briefing involving all relevant stakeholders of the project on 3rd April 2009 at the International Conference Centre, PPF tower, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania pursuant to WB operational Policy 4.01. The Executive Summary of this document was translated into Swahili language and disclosed to stakeholders and to local media during the briefing. The Consultants explained the scope of the SMMRP project activities and how key stakeholders will be involved. Stakeholders were given time to comment on the ESMF presentation, and the following key issues arose from the dialogue:
• A clear distinction between the coordinators of SMMRP (in this case MEM) and the implementers (stakeholders) should be well defined
• Training should be given priority to ASM in order to reduce the identified risks related to assistance programs for ASM. Vocational Education and Training Authority (VETA) and South and the Eastern Africa Mineral Centre (SEAMIC) offered a hand in training the ASM during SMMRP implementation.
• The National Environment Management Council (NEMC) and other stakeholders should be given greater roles in the implementation of SMMRP. More stakeholders need to be included in the consultation processes such as the Steering Committee and the Project Technical Committee
• Emphasis should be given to address legal inconsistencies such as between the Mining Act, 1998 and the Environmental Management Act, 2004 regarding EIA requirements for SSM projects
• Under Tanzanian law there’s SEA, hence the term SESA referred in SMMRP may not be legally relevant
In addition, during project implementation, procedures will be developed for the on-going consultation processes that involve NGOs, landowners, and industry representatives in the dialogue on mining sector environmental and social issues. A Communication strategy will be prepared under the Technical Assistance (TA) project, including preparation of information materials, booklets, etc., for promoting community development and good governance of mining benefits in mining impacted communities and integrating gender into the activities and materials of MEM. In parallel, a communication strategy for the project will also be developed.
• Artisanal and Small Scale Mining (ASM). The project activities related to artisanal and small-scale mining will positively impact the sector through (a) the formalization of ASM operations, (b) increased awareness of ASM communities on environmental and health impacts, including issues related to mercury; (c) provision of extension services and financial assistance to foster environmental protection and alternative technologies; and (d) increased awareness of ASM safety hazards and mitigation measures.
PART – I
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DESCRIPTION Page
Executive Summary………………………………………………………………………………………………. i
PART – I: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK vii
Table of Contents ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. viii
List of Annexes………………………………………………………………………………………………………… x
List of Tables…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… xi
List of Figures…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. xii
Table of Contents for Part – II…………………………………………………………………………………. xiii
List of abbreviations……………………………………………………………………............................. xiv
Acknowledgment…………………………………………………………………………………………………... xvi
List of CEEST consultants………………………………………………………………………………………… xvii
Definitions……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… xviii
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………….......................... 1
1.1 BACKGROUND…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 1
1.1.1 Component A: - Improving the Benefits of the Mineral Sector for Tanzania: Artisanal and Small Scale Mining, Local Economic Develop. and Skills Development……………………………………………………………………… 2
1.1.2 Component B:- Strengthening Governance and Transparency in Min………. 2
1.1.3 Component C:- Stimulating Mineral Sector Investment…………………………… 3
1.1.4 Component D:- Project Coordination and Management……………………....... 3
1.2 FRAMEWORK OBJECTIVES AND RATIONALE…………………………………………………….. 4
1.2.1 Objectives of the ESMF…………………………………………………………………………… 5
1.2.2 Justification for the ESMF……………………………………………………………………….. 5
1.2.3 Potential Users of the ESMF……………………………………………………………………. 5
1.3 ORGANISATION OF THE REPORT……………………………………………………………………… 6
CHAPTER 2: WORLD BANK SAFEGUARD POLICIES…………………………………………….……. 7
1. WORLD BANK SAFEGUARD POLICIES……………………………………………………….……. 7
2. SAFEGUARD POLICIES RELEVANT TO SMMRP………………………………………………… 9
2.3 INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS AND AGREEMENTS…………………………………….. 10
CHAPTER 3: AN OVERVIEW OF THE MINERAL SECTOR AND SMMRP ACTIVITIES……. 11
1. INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………………………………. 11
2. LEGAL REGIME……………………………………………………………………………………………… 11
3. FISCAL REGIME…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 12
4. SMALL SCALE MINING…………………………………………………………………………………… 13
5. DESCRIPTION OF SMMRP PROJECT AREA & ACTIVITIES………………………………... 13
CHAPTER 4: PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION ……………………………………………………………… 21
1. ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES WITH RESPECT TO SMMRP AND PLANNING
AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ESMF……………………………................................... 21
2. MANAGEMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION STRUCTURE………………….......……………. 21
1. Government of the United Republic of Tanzania……………………………………. 22
2. Other Stakeholders of SMMRP………………………………………………………………... 22
3. SMMR Project Principals and Implementing Agents……………………………….. 25
4. Required Manpower for SMMRP – ESMF Implementation…………………….. 25
3. PRINCIPLES AND CONSIDERATIONS…………………………………………………………………….. 26
1. Principles of Implementing ESMF……………………………………………………………. 26
2. Grievances Redress…………………………………………………………………………………. 27
4. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SCREENING OF SUB- PROJECTS……………………….. 27
1. Introduction to the Screening Process……………………………………………………… 27
2. Step 1: Screening of Project Activities and Sites……………………………………… 28
3. Step 2: Assigning the Appropriate Environmental. and Social
4. impact Categories….. 29
5. Step 3: Carrying Out Environmental and Social Work………………………………. 29
6. Step 4: Review and Approval of the Screening Activity……………………………. 30
5. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING………………………………………………………………………….. 31
1. The Institutional Arrangement for Environmental Monitoring…………………. 31
2. National level……………………………………………………………………………………………. 31
3. Regional level……………………………………………………………………………………………. 32
4. District level………………………………………………………………………………………………. 32
5. Community……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 33
6. ANNUAL REVIEWS……………………………………………………………………………………………... 33
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………………………………………… 35
REFERENCES………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 38
LIST OF ANNEXES
ANNEX 1: SCREENING CHECKLIST FOR THE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF A PROJECT
ANNEX 2: GUIDELINES FOR PREPARATION OF AN ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP)
ANNEX 3: TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
ANNEX 4: GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR THE SUPERVISION OF SMMRP PROJECTS AND ASSOCIATED BUDGET
ANNEX 5: SAFEGUARD TABLES
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1: World Bank safeguard Policies………………………………………………………………………… 8
Table 2.2: International Agreements Applicable to Mineral Resources…………………………… 10
Table 3.1: Taxes Payable in the Mineral Sector……………………………………………………………….. 12
Table 3.2: Summary of SMMRP Activities and Proposed Approach to Mitigate Potential Environmental and Social safeguard Issues…………………………………………………….. 17
Table 4.1: Roles and Responsibilities with Regard to ESMF Implementation…………………… 23
Table 4.2: Minimum Skills Needed for Management of ESMF………………………………………….. 26
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 3.1: Area for SMMRP Project Activities Under extension services and industrial
Mining programs………………………………………………………………………………....... 15
Figure 3.2: Areas for SMMRP activities under Geological Survey…………………………………… 16
Figure 4.1: Diagrammatic representation of the SMMRP administration framework…… 21
Figure 4.2: Flow chart of the Screening and Review Process for Environmental and Social Impact Assessment………………………………………………………………………………………… 34
PART – II: INITIAL SCOPING STUDY FOR STRATEGIC ENVIRONEMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT (SESA)
1.1 INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………………………… ……. 60
1.2 SMALL SCALE GOLD MINING …………………………………………………………………………… 61
1.2.1 Technical Assistance to SSM……………………………………………………………….. 61
1.3 LSM EXTENSION SERVICES TO SSM……………………………………………………………….. 64
1.4 SMALL SCALE GEMSTONE MINING …………………………………………………………………. 65
1.4.1 Financial, Technical Assistance and Alternatives……………………………… 65
1.4.2 LSM Extension Services to SSM……………………………………………………….. 66
1.4.3 Environmental and Social Issues in Gemstones Mining Areas…………. 66
1.5 SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIAL MINERALS MINING ………………………………………………… 67
1.5.1 Issues facing SSM in Industrial Minerals…………………………………………… 68
1.5.2 Alternative Financial and Technical Assistance………………………………… 68
1.6 LSM BENEFIT STUDIES…………………………………………………………………………………. 69
1.7 MINING CADASTRAL INFORMATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM……………………. 70
1.8 STATE MINING CORPORATION (STAMICO)…………………………………………………… 70
1.9 ARUSHA GEMSTONE AND CARVING CENTRE………………………………………………. 71
1.10 PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN IN THE MINING SECTOR…………. 72
1.11 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MINING, LOCAL COMMUNITIES & INDIGENOUS PEOPLE 73
1.12 IDENTIFICATION, ASSESMENT OF IMPACTS AND PROPOSED MITIGATION
MEASURES…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 76
1.12.1 SMMRP Specific Impacts and Mitigation Measures ……………………………………….
1.12.2 Mining Sector Broad Sector Impacts and Mitigation Measures……………………… 80
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.1: Stakeholders interviewed for SMMRP Project
Table 1.2: Comparison of impacts on assistance to an individual and cooperative society
Table 1.3: Identified impacts of LSM to SSM
Table 1.4: Participation of Women in Mining by Mineral Type
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
|AMD |Acid Mine Drainage |
|AREMA |Arusha Regional Miners Association |
|ASM |Artisanal and Small Scale Mining/Miners |
|CEEST |Centre for Energy, Environment, Science and Technology |
|DC |District Commissioner |
|DCDO |District Community Development Officer |
|DED |District Executive Director |
|DED |District Executive Director |
|DEMC |District Environment Management Committee |
|DEMCO |District Environmental Management Officer |
|DEO |District Education Officer |
|DFID |Departmental For International Development |
|DLO |District Land Officer |
|DMO |District Medical Officer |
|DNRO |District Natural Resources Officer |
|DPO |District Planning Officer |
|DPs |Displaced People |
|EIA |Environmental Impact Assessment |
|EMA |Environmental Management Act of 2004 |
|EMC |Environmental Management Committee |
|EMO |Environmental Management Officer |
|EMP |Environmental Management Plan |
|EPRP |Emergency Preparedness and Response Plan |
|ESIA |Environmental and Social Management Plan |
|ESMF |Environmental and Social Management Framework |
|EU |European Union |
|FINNIDA |Finnish International Development Aid |
|GEF |Global Environmental Facility |
|GGM |Geita Gold Mine |
|GOT |Government of Tanzania |
|GST |Geological Survey of Tanzania |
|HQ |Headquarters |
|HSE |Health Safety & Environment |
|LGO-EM |Local Government Officer on Environmental Matters |
|LGRAs |Local Government and Regional Authorities |
|LSM |Large Scale Mining/Miners |
|MBEREMA |Mbeya Regional Miners Association |
|MCIMS |Mining Cadastral Information Management System |
|MDG |Millennium Development Goals |
|ML |Mining License |
|MLHS |Ministry of Lands and Human Settlements |
|MP |Member of Parliament |
|MWAREMA |Mwanza Regional Miners Association |
|NEMC |National Environmental Management Council |
|NEP |National Environmental Policy |
|NGOs |Non-Governmental Organizations |
|NLUPC |National Land Use Planning Commission |
|NSSF |National Social Security Fund |
|OHSA |Occupational Health and Safety Act |
|PCD |Project Concept Document |
|PMLs |Primary Mining Licenses |
|PSIA |Poverty and Social Impact Assessment |
|RAP |Resettlement Action Plan |
|RMO |Resident Mines Officer |
|RUVUREMA |Ruvuma Regional Miners Association |
|SACCOS |Savings and Credit Cooperatives Society |
|SEA |Strategic Environmental Assessment |
|SHE |Safety, Health and Environment |
|SIREMA |Singida Regional Miners Association |
|SMAP |Small Miners Assistance Program |
|SMEs |Small and Medium Entrepreneurs |
|SML |Special Mining License |
|SMMRP |Sustainable Management of Mineral Resources Project |
|SSM |Small Scale Mining/Miners |
|STAMICO |State Mining Corporation |
|TACAIDS |Tanzania Commission for Aids |
|UCC |University Computing Centre |
|UNIDO |United Nations Industrial Development Organization |
|URT |United Republic of Tanzania |
|VMAC |Village Management Aids Council |
|WB |World Bank |
|WCS |World Conservation Society |
|WGS |World Gem Supplies |
|WMAC |Ward Management Aids Council |
|ZMO |Zonal Mines Officer |
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
CEEST wishes to thank the Permanent Secretary for The Ministry of Energy and Minerals (MEM), all Minerals Division staff and the SMMRP Project Team for enabling CEEST to carry out the environmental and social study with an ultimate aim of developing The Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for the Sustainable Management of Mineral Resources Project (SMMRP).
CEEST wish to sincerely thank MEM for entrusting and giving us an opportunity to develop ESMF and we are grateful for all the financial and material support offered during the course of the study. Similarly, this report would not have come to completion without the assistance and cooperation of the following persons/groups:
– The District Commissioners (DCs) and District Executive Directors (DEDs) and their secretariats of Geita, Singida Rural, Babati, Kisarawe, Mbinga, and Chunya Districts;
– Ward and village councils of Rwamagaza and Nyarugusu (Geita District); Sambaru (Singida Rural District); Naisinyai (Simanjiro District); Amani Makoro (Mbinga District) and; Matundasi (Chunya District)
– Zonal and Resident Mines officers of Geita, Singida, Arusha, Mirerani, Songea, and Chunya;
– The Chief Executive for GST and Director General for STAMICO;
– The Miners Associations of Mwanza (MWAREMA), Singida (SIREMA), Arusha (AREMA), Ruvuma (RUVUREMA), and Mbeya (MBEREMA);
– Small scale miners and the general public in Geita, Singida, Arusha, Mirerani, Kisarawe, Songea, Mbinga and Chunya Districts, and;
– All those who in one way or another, materially and morally, facilitated completion of this study.
To you all, we extend our heartfelt appreciation and request for your further support and cooperation for future similar studies. We assure you of our professional, timely and credible output for similar assignments.
Wishing you the best
CEEST - MANAGING DIRECTOR
LIST OF CEEST CONSULTANTS
A team of CEEST - Consultants was composed of the following experts:
1. Eng. Samuel G. Mafwenga - Lead Consultant
2. Eng. Sanjo M. Mgeta - Environmental Engineer
3. Ms Vivian Bashemererwa - Socio-Economic Consultant
4. Advocate Benard Mmanda - Lawyer
5. Ms Mwanaid Bani - Research Assistant
6. Ms Neema Raphael - Research Assistant
DEFINITIONS
Environmental Impact
An effect (both positive and negative) on an environmental resource or value resulting from infrastructure development projects.
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA)
A systematic procedure for enabling the possible environmental and social impacts of development projects to be considered before a decision is made as to whether the project should be given approval to proceed.
Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment:
The process of managing the environmental and social aspects of a policy, strategy, programs or sub-projects from the earliest stages of identifying the potential activities to their completion and evaluation. The process encompasses identification of potential adverse impacts, assessment of those impacts, design and implementation of measures to avoid, minimize, mitigate or compensate for adverse impacts, and development of appropriate management and monitoring measures.
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment:
An environmental and social assessment instrument to identify and assess major potential environmental and social impacts of proposed sub-projects, evaluate alternatives and design appropriate mitigation, management and monitoring measures.
Environmental and Social Management Plan:
An instrument that details the measures to be taken during and after implementation of a project to eliminate or offset adverse environmental and social impacts or to reduce them to acceptable levels; and the actions needed to implement these measures.
Environmental and Social Monitoring:
Monitoring is the systematic measuring and recording of physical, social and economic variables associated with project impacts. The objective of monitoring is to provide information on the characteristics and functioning of the occurrence and magnitude of impacts, and whether mitigation measures have been carried out.
Environmental and social Review:
An environmental assessment instrument in which the sub-projects are likely to have minimal impacts, but are to be reviewed using a standardized checklist to identify possible impacts and appropriate mitigation measures.
Environmental Screening:
A process of identifying the potential adverse environmental and social impacts of proposed sub-projects and, based on the level of impact anticipated, the corresponding level of environmental and social assessment required (i.e., the most appropriate environmental assessment instrument needed to address potential impacts and environmental and social issues associated with sub-projects). The screening process indicates whether an environmental and social assessment is required for a particular sub-project and, if it is required, which of the three environmental instruments (Environmental Review, Limited Environmental Assessment, or Environmental and Social Impact Assessment) should be applied.
Limited Environmental Assessment:
An environmental assessment instrument used to assess whether a sub-project is likely to cause environmental and social impacts that merit consideration by an environmental specialist, and which mitigation measures should be incorporated into the sub-project design. Detailed checklists, customized for different types of sub-projects, would normally be used and supplemented on a case-by-case basis.
Process Framework:
The Process Framework is an instrument of the United Republic of Tanzania prepared in compliance with the World Bank Safeguard Policy on Involuntary Resettlement (OP4.12). The purpose of the Process Framework is to clarify principles, organizational arrangements and design criteria to be applied to the implementation of SMMRP.
Environmental and Social Management Framework
Environmental and Social Management document that sets out the conditions under which Environmental and Social Management will be developed. This is usually a contextual document that defines the parameters, principles, organizational arrangements and design criteria to be applied to the implementation of SMMRP.
Public Consultation:
The process of engaging affected people and other interested parties in open dialogue through which a range of views and concerns can be expressed in order to inform decision-making and help build consensus.
Scoping:
The process for identifying the potential environmental and social impacts of the project to be evaluated. In the process, consultations with principal stakeholders are required in order to inform them about the proposed project activities, and to solicit their views.
Stakeholders:
Stakeholders are those affected by the outcomes (negatively or positively) or those who can affect the outcome of a proposed intervention. Stakeholders can include: borrowers; directly affected groups including the poor and disadvantaged; indirectly affected groups such as NGOs and private sector organizations; and the World Bank management staff, and shareholders.
Sub-Projects:
Sub-projects are initiatives undertaken as supported by the WB. Sub-projects are aimed at supporting income generation within communities in mining regions. Initiatives may include the demand of technical, physical or social services, including alternative income generating activities (AIGAs).
Artisanal and Small-Scale Miners (ASMs)
In the context of this framework, and as most people involved in the mineral sector imply, small-scale miners are those working in Primary Mining License areas and Artisanal miners are those individuals mining haphazardly without proper authority
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1. BACKGROUND
The Government of the United Republic of Tanzania through the Ministry of Energy and Minerals is developing a Sustainable Management of Mineral Resources program that aims at:
i) Improving small-scale and artisanal mining and the associated social, economic and environmental impacts;
ii) Strengthening of good governance, transparency and operational capacity within the mineral sector;
iii) Improving the economic and social benefits of the sector, including initiatives for local and regional developments and private sector developments; and
iv) Strengthening of sector management and coordination including inter-agency linkages.
The formulation of the Project is in line with the Government drive of improving the overall management of the mineral sector so that there are more benefits to the investors and the nation as a whole.
As a prerequisite for the World Bank funded projects, an environmental and social impact assessments need to be carried out to identify any impacts that might be associated with the project. This report therefore, is a framework that identifies both, the various adverse and favourable impacts that may result during and after implementation of the SMMRP and builds up mitigation plans to reduce and avoid the adverse impacts and also proposes enhancements of the various positive benefits identified. The World Bank has categorized SMMRP as "Category B" in its environmental rating.
The project is designed to have four (4) components, which are:
A. - Improving the Benefits of the Mineral Sector for Tanzania;
B. - Strengthening Governance and Transparency in Mining;
C. - Stimulating Mineral Sector Investment; and
D. - Project Coordination and Management
1 Component A: – Improving the Benefits of the Mineral Sector for Tanzania: Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining, Local Economic Development and Skills Development.
The main objective of this component is to support the implementation of the national strategy to develop artisanal and small-scale mining[1] which aims at improving sustainability of small-scale mining and addressing technical, environmental and social conditions of small-scale mining operations. The component will also address skills development required for the mineral sector. The project will support activities aiming to:
a) Improve existing information about small-scale and artisanal mining through baseline studies;
b) Improve extension services for artisanal and small-scale miners;
c) Stimulate development of industrial minerals and value added activities;
d) Improve small-scale miners’ access to credit facilities;
e) Enable local governments to integrate mining into district economic and administration planning and
f) Human resources development for the mineral sector.
2 Component B. - Strengthening Governance and Transparency in Mining
The main objective of this component is to strengthen governance and transparency in mining by:
a) Reforming the legal, regulatory and fiscal regimes for the Mineral sector in Tanzania;
b) Building institutional capacity for the Ministry of Energy & Minerals particularly strengthening the auditing and inspection functions of MEM and strengthening linkages and co-ordination with other government institutions that take part in the administration of the mineral sector;
c) Improving the Mining Cadastre Information Management System (MCIMS), which manages processing and administration of mineral rights. This will strengthen good governance and transparency in mineral rights administration;
d) Conducting an Environmental and Social Management of the project to support proactive and reactive activities aimed at addressing environmental and social aspects of mining, based on the findings and recommendations of a baseline survey for ASM and PSIA studies;
e) Strengthening Environmental monitoring capacity in the HQ, RMO, ZMO and LGRAs through training and technical support and improving work environment;
3 Component C. – Stimulating Mineral Sector Investment
The main objective of this component is to improve geo-scientific information by acquiring new information and updating existing data and information. The upgraded information will be used to facilitate promotion of private investment in exploration and mining and to support adequate planning of the mineral development. The project will support the following:
(a) Strengthening of the Geological Survey of Tanzania (GST) to make it a geological centre of excellence in Africa. The project will support the GST to:
i. Complete high resolution airborne geophysical survey, ground follow-up through geophysical and geochemical surveys, and geological mapping;
ii. Update and publish existing geological maps for selected areas at scale of 1:100,000;
iii. Digitize and upgrade the existing Geological and Mineral Information System (MIS);
iv. Strengthen the GST;
v. Update and maintain map library, rock and core-archives; and
vi. Make geoscientific data and information readily accessible to the stakeholders.
(b) Future Role of State Mining Corporation (STAMICO): This sub-component will finance a strategic assessment of STAMICO, exploring existing institutional capacity and options for self-financing, as a pre-condition for its future role with the private sector for both, large-scale and small-scale opportunities.
(c) Strengthening of the Mineral Sector Investment Information and Promotion of mineral resources of Tanzania. The project will link up the Geological Survey of Tanzania and the Mineral Rights Registry databases.
4 Component D: Project Coordination and Management.
This will include support for Project implementation, including coordination, procurement, financial management and disbursement, which will be managed by the Ministry of Energy and Minerals (MEM).
2. FRAMEWORK OBJECTIVES AND RATIONALE
The purpose of the study was to develop Environmental and Social Management Framework for the SMMRP. As a prerequisite, World Bank funded projects require an environmental and social impact assessment to identify impacts that might be associated with the project. This framework outlines how potential impacts of future project activities will be identified and managed, including through site specific Environmental Impact Assessments (or ESMF’s), RAP’s and Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) of the mining sector.
1. Objectives of the ESMF
The objective of this ESMF is to ensure that the implementation of the SMMRP activities, the precise location of which is yet to be determined, will be carried out in an environmentally and socially sustainable manner. The ESMF will provide the project implementers with an environmental and social screening process that will enable them to identify, assess and mitigate potential environmental and social impacts of project activities including through the preparation of a site specific EIA’s and/or RAPs where appropriate.
The screening results will indicate whether additional environmental and/or social assessment will be required or not. Thus, the ESMF is designed to ensure an appropriate level of environmental and social management, which could range from the application of simple mitigation measures (through the environmental checklists) to the preparation of an EIA Report (according to Tanzania’s Environmental Impact Assessment & Audit Regulations of 2005.
The ESMF will outline the:
a. steps of the screening process from identification to approval of an infrastructure investment;
b. environmental and social mitigation measures that can be applied and adopted;
c. summary guidelines for conducting an EIA; and
d. summary of the safeguards policies to ensure the latter are observed during project implementation.
The screening process has been developed because the locations and types of projects to be funded under the SMMRP are not yet known at this time; and therefore potential impacts cannot be precisely identified.
It is expected that most project components will have limited negative environmental and social impacts. However, potential localized impacts that would require proper mitigation and possibly the preparation of a comprehensive EIA might occur.
Where project activities and locations are well known the National Environment Policy (1997) and Environmental Impact Assessment & Audit Regulations of 2005 prescribe details of how an EIA can be conducted. In the case of the SMMRP, the precise types and locations of proposed projects are not known at this time. Therefore the potential social and environmental impacts of these project activities cannot be identified in the context of a traditional EIA. This ESMF provides mechanisms for ensuring that potential environmental and social impacts of the SMMRP are identified, assessed and mitigated as appropriate, through an environmental and social screening process. In this way the results of the screening process can complement the national EIA process.
This Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) therefore, includes procedures for meeting the environmental and social management requirements, as outlined in the EIA guidelines. The ESMF also complements Operational Procedures for environmental management of projects where specific details are not yet known.
2. Potential Users of the ESMF
This framework has been prepared as a reference manual for use by key stakeholders to be involved in the planning, implementation, management and operation of the proposed SMMRP. As a reference material, the framework would be useful to the following SMMRP key stakeholders:
• funding agencies/donors for the proposed SMMRP;
• MEM and other related agencies;
• LGRAs;
• Sector Environmental management Coordinators;
• participating sectors in the implementation of the SMMRP;
• politicians and local traditional leaders;
• senior central government officials responsible for policymaking and project planning;
• central government officials responsible for environmental planning and management;
• NGO’s and the private sector involved in the selected project implementation districts;
• planners and engineers for preparation of plans and designs of the project activities; and
• engineers and contractors to be involved in implementation of the project activities.
As a technical assistance project, the SMMRP is expected to have minimal direct environmental and social impacts. However, some of the proposed Project activities (e.g., related to artisanal and small-scale mining) may have direct or indirect impacts that need to be identified and mitigated. For example the small grants program may involve grants for activities that trigger World Bank Safeguard policies. In this case a framework for identification, management and monitoring of such impacts in accordance with World Bank Safeguard policies is presented. Other proposed activities (e.g., geological mapping) may have perceived impacts that need to be recognized and managed. Still other activities (e.g., development of environmental regulations related to mining activities, establishment of an environmental management unit within MEM, etc.) are expected to have positive impacts.
1.3 ORGANISATION OF THE REPORT
Part – 1:
Chapter 2 gives World Bank Safeguard Policies; Chapter 3 provides an overview of the mineral sector and SMMRP Activities; Chapter 4 describes the project principles and implementation process; and Chapter 5 presents a conclusion.
Part – II:
Section 1.1 describes Small Scale Mining Projects; Section 1.2 describes Technical Assistance to SSM; Section 1.3 describes LSM Extension Services to SSM; Section 1.4 describes small scale gemstone mining projects; Section 1.5 describes small scale industrial minerals mining projects; Section 1.6 describes LSM benefit studies; Section 1.7 cadastral information management system (MCIMS); Section 1.8 describes the State Mining Corporation (STAMICO); Section 1.9 describes the Arusha Gemstone and Carving centre; Section 1.10 describes the participation of women and children in the mining sector; and Section 1.11 describes the identification, assessment of impacts and proposed mitigation measures.
CHAPTER 2
WORLD BANK SAFEGUARD POLICIES
2.1 WORLD BANK SAFEGUARD POLICIES
The World Bank has given increasing attention to the assessment of environmental impact of investment projects and requires environmental assessments for all projects it is to finance. Its ten safeguards policies, aimed at preventing and mitigating undue harm to people and their environment in the development process, also provide a platform for the participation of stakeholders in project design and implementation. The ten safeguard policies are:
a. Environmental Assessment (OP/BP 4.01)
b. Forests (OP/BP 4.36)
c. Involuntary Resettlement (OP/BP 4.12)
d. Indigenous Peoples (OP/BP 4.10)
e. Safety of Dams (OP/BP 4.37)
f. Pest Management (OP 4.09)
g. Physical Cultural Resources (OP/BP 4.11)
h. Natural Habitats (OP/BP 4.04)
i. Projects in Disputed Areas (OP/BP 7.60)
j. Projects on International Waterways (OP 7.50)
This project triggers OP 4.01 on Environmental Assessment; however, the ESMF will screen project activities for potential triggering of OP 4.12 on Involuntary Resettlement and OP 4.10 on Indigenous Peoples. OP 4.04 on Natural Habitats and OP 4.11 on Physical Cultural Resources are not triggered because the project will take place in existing mining areas which were visited during ESMF preparation. These areas have been degraded, and no natural habitat or physical cultural property issues have been identified during site visits or desk studies, hence the risk of project affecting natural habitats or physical cultural property there is considered negligible. To eliminate any risk with respect to these policies, however, activities that could trigger them will be explicitly screened for and excluded from the project. ANNEX 5 presents tables that guide in determining which bank safeguard policies are triggered.
Environmental consequences should be recognized early in the project cycle and taken into account in project selection, citing, planning, and design by preventing, minimizing, mitigating or compensating for adverse environmental impacts and enhancing positive impacts. EA includes the process of mitigating and managing environmental impacts throughout project implementation. The Environmental Assessment Sourcebook (1993) and its updates (1996, 1997) provide technical guidance.
A classification of project impacts outlined in these and other guidelines classify all World Bank investment projects into one of three environmental assessment categories. Projects in Category "A" potentially cause significant and irremediable environmental impacts. Category "B" projects cause lesser impacts, which are remediable and can be mitigated. Category "C" projects can be expected to have little or no environmental impact.
Category A and B projects require a full and partial, respectively, Environmental Impact Assessment or equivalent. Category C projects do not require an EIA. Table 2.1 provides a summary of the WB safeguard policies. SMMRP will not finance activities that would fall into the EA category A.
Table 2.1: World Bank Safeguard Policies
|Policy |Summary of Core Requirements |Public Consultation |
|Environmental |Screen early for potential impacts and select |Consult affected groups and non-governmental |
|Assessment |appropriate instruments to assess, minimize, and |organizations (NGOs) as early as possible (for |
|(OP/BP 4.01) |mitigate Potentially adverse impacts. |Category A and B projects) |
|Natural |Do not finance projects that degrade or convert critical|Consult local people in planning, designing, and |
|Habitats |habitats. Support projects that affect non-critical |monitoring projects. |
|(OP/BP 4.04) |habitats only if no alternatives are available and if | |
| |acceptable mitigation measures are in place. | |
|Involuntary |Assist displaced persons in their efforts to improve or |Consult project affected persons and host community; |
|Resettlement |at least restore their standards of living. |incorporate expressed views in resettlement plans; |
|(OP/BP 4.12) | |list choices made by project affected persons. |
|Indigenous Peoples |Identify adverse impacts and develop a plan to address |Consult indigenous people throughout the project |
|(OD 4.20) 1 |them. Design benefits to reflect the cultural |cycle. |
| |preferences of indigenous peoples. | |
|Forests |Support sustainable and Conservation-oriented forestry. |Consult local people, the private sector, and interest|
|(OP/BP 4.36) | |groups in the forest area. |
|Cultural |Investigate and inventory cultural resources potentially|Consult appropriate agencies, NGOs, University |
|Property |affected. Include mitigation measures when there are |departments and residents/stakeholder groups. |
|(OPN 11.03) |adverse impacts on physical and cultural resources. | |
Source: WB, Simplifying Safeguards: Addressing Environmental & Social Issues in Education Projects, SMART, Feb. 1, 2004.
3. SAFEGUARD POLICIES RELEVANT TO SMMRP
The proposed SMMRP will trigger policy on Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01). In addition, a Resettlement Policy Framework consistent with policy on Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12) was prepared for potential future use. These two policies are summarized and compared with national legislation as follows:
a) Environmental Assessment
The objective of Environmental Assessment is to ensure that projects are environmentally sound and sustainable, and that decision-making is improved through appropriate analysis of actions and mitigation of their likely environmental impacts. This policy is triggered if a project is likely to have potential adverse environmental risks and impacts in its area of influence. The rehabilitation of infrastructure such as the Arusha Carving Centre and Existing GST laboratory buildings; technical assistance to the ASM such as establishment of demonstration Centres and Small Grants which are under the SMMRP may have environmental impacts, which require mitigation. Therefore, in line with this Operational Policy, this environment and social management framework for screening of the SMMRP activities has been prepared.
b) Involuntary Resettlement
The objective of Involuntary Resettlement is to avoid or minimize involuntary resettlement where feasible, exploring all viable alternative project designs. Furthermore, it intends to assist displaced persons in improving their former living standards; it encourages community participation in planning and implementing resettlement and in providing assistance to affected people, regardless of the legality of title of land. This policy is triggered not only if physical relocation occurs, but also by any loss of land resulting in: relocation or loss of shelter; loss of assets or access to assets; loss of income sources or means of livelihood, whether or not the affected people must move to another location. Note that the project does not have any planned resettlement but a separate Resettlement Policy Framework has been prepared to provide guidelines on land acquisition and resettlement in case this is required.
4. INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS AND AGREEMENTS
Table 2.2 lists the international agreements relevant to management of mineral resources in the URT, identifying those on which the URT is a signatory country. All government-supported projects should be consistent with these international obligations. In some cases, there are clear linkages to SMMRP activities in support of the fulfilment of the international agreements.
Table 2.2: International Agreements Applicable to Mineral Resources
|Level |International Agreements Relevant to |Role and Responsibility |
| |Management of Mineral Resources | |
|International Level|Multilateral Investment Guarantee |Review client assessment |
| |Agency (MIGA) |Assist the client to manage an Environmental and social risks and impacts for their |
| | |project. |
| | |Review in any new business activities that are being considered for MIGA guarantee |
| | |Support. |
| | |Support client in anticipating and addressing specific risk, impacts and opportunities|
| | |and help to build its/client capacity to manage these throughout the life of the |
| | |project. |
| |EITI |Builds capacity |
| | |Enhances international credibility |
| | |Creates a more attractive investment climate |
| | |Increases prosperity and economic well-being |
| | |Advances democracy and accountability |
| | |Affirms commitment to fighting corruption |
| | |Reduces conflict. |
| |Kimberly Process (Diamond) |Ensures that Diamond trade take action to eliminate the trade in blood diamonds. |
| | |Establishment of an international diamond certification scheme. |
| | |Set up control systems for the import and export of rough diamonds. |
| |Tucson Protocols for Tanzanite |Increase transparency and accountability in the tanzanite trade. |
| | |Maintenance of Accurate data base system. |
| | |Establishing stable relation between SSM and LSM. |
| | |Improved Methods of Tanzanite Mining. |
CHAPTER 3
AN OVERVIEW OF THE MINERAL SECTOR AND SMMRP ACTIVITIES
1. INTRODUCTION
Tanzania’s mining industry has experienced a boom in the past 10 years. Notable developments during the boom period include the commissioning of Six large-scale gold mines, increase in the country’s annual gold production from less than one tonne per annum in 1998 to about 50 tonnes last year; rapid growth of the mineral sector making the mineral sector the second fastest growing sector after tourism, and increasing contribution to the GDP from 2.0% in 1998 to 3.5% in 2005 (based on 1991 prices). The cumulative total direct foreign investment (FDI) in the mining sector in Tanzania in the past ten years now exceeds US$ 2.5 billion and employs around 1% of wage earners.
Factors that led to the achievements in the mineral sector in Tanzania include geological environment; major economic reforms which have been undertaken since mid 1980’s; a new mineral policy; enactment of internationally competitive fiscal and legal regimes for the mineral sector; and political stability of the country.
This achievement poses a challenge to Tanzania as more goods and services are needed to support this fast growing sector. Capacity building is thus essential to meet the demands in the country for essential services such as reliable power supply, mining equipment and other consumables for the mining industry.
2. LEGAL REGIME
Tanzania has a globally competitive and investor-friendly Mining Act, which was enacted in 1998. The Act guarantees investors’ security of tenure, repatriation of capital and profits, and transparency in the issuance and administration of mineral rights. It also addresses environmental concerns adequately.
Applicable legislations in the Mineral sector are The Mining Act, 1998, and the Explosives Act, 1963. The following regulations also apply:-
• The Mining (Mineral Rights) Regulations, 1999
• The Mining (Environmental Management and Protection) Regulations, 1999
• The Mining (Safe Working and Occupational Health) Regulations, 1999
• The Mining (Mineral Trading) Regulations, 1999
• The Mining (Provisional Licences) Regulations, 1999
• The Mining (Salt production and Iodation) Regulations, 1999
• The Mirerani (Controlled Area) Regulations, 2002
• The Mining (Diamond Trading) Regulations, 2003
• The Mining (Gemstone Board) Regulations, 2004.
• The Explosives Regulations, 1964
3. FISCAL REGIME
Applicable legislations are the Financial Laws (Miscellaneous Amendments) Act, 1997 and The Value – Added Act, 1997 and their subsequent amendments. Royalty is charged under the Mining Act, 1998. The taxes in the mineral sector are shown in Table 3.1 below.
Table 3.1: Taxes Payable in the Mineral Sector
|No |Types of taxes |Applied law |Authorized ministry |
|1 |Income tax and custom duty |Income tax no. of 2004 and customs tariff act|Treasury through TRA |
| |Income tax |number 12 of 1976 and financial laws | |
| |Withholding tax |(miscellaneous amendments) act no.27 of | |
| |Import duty |1997.stamp duty act, road toll act | |
| |Excise duty | | |
| |Stamp duty ( for unregistered companies for VAT) | | |
| |Fuel levy | | |
| |Natural resources tax | | |
|2. |Employment taxes |Income tax no. of 2004 and financial laws |Treasury through TRA and |
| |PAYE (pay as you earn) |(miscellaneous amendments) act no.27 of 1997 |ministry of work, youth |
| |Benefit taxes (fringe benefit) | |and sports development |
| |Directors taxes | | |
| |NSSF ( National Social Security Fund) | | |
| |Skills and development levy (VETA levy) | | |
|3. |Royalty |Mining act no. 5 of 1998 |MEM |
|4. |Social security contributions |National Social Security Act | |
| |National Social Security Fund Contributions | | |
|5. |Other fees |Mining act no.5 of 1998 |MEM |
| |license application fee | | |
| |license preparation fee | | |
| |Annual rental fee for mineral rights | | |
| |jeweller license fee |Jewellers Act; | |
| |Explosive storage license fee |Explosives act | |
4. SMALL SCALE MINING
In Tanzania, more than 4000 registered artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) operations employ a labour force of over 550,000 workers. A single mine might employ between 20 and 60 or more workers, almost exclusively men. SSM requires low investments, based on informal operational organization, and uses poor mining and processing technologies. The marketing channels are partly recognized, partly underground (Goergen et- al 2001).
According to Hinton et-al (2003) artisanal mining is used to denote all small –scale as well as medium and large scale mining that may be illegal or legal, formal or informal. Hinton notes that artisanal mining may be better characterized by a lack of long term mine planning and use of rudimental techniques.
Common features in the different definitions is that SSM are usually limited and exclusive to citizens of the country, employ rudimental technologies for mineral extraction and processing, with limited level of production, number of miners and infusion of capital, also they are highly disorganized. Despite the negative factors, artisanal mining is still an essential activity in many developing countries where economic alternatives are critically limited. (Weber-Fahar), (Hinton et-al, 2003).
During the field study in February and March 2009, it was found that, in SSM areas such as Matundasi Chunya, 75% percent of all able bodied people including children were involved in unlicensed gold mining year around. The village executive officer reported that although gold mining had created employment and resulting into increase in household income, agriculture had suffered and the village had to depend on food assistance from the government especially after depletion of near surface deposits of alluvial gold. He noted that SSM had left the village and neighbouring areas with a ruined environment full of potholes and eroded soils. In this situation the alternative livelihood and diversification of incomes are essential.
5. DESCRIPTION OF SMMRP PROJECT AREA & ACTIVITIES
In the course of implementing activities of the SMMRP, the geographical areas of focus for Component A (Improving the Benefits of the Mineral Sector for Tanzania: Small-scale and Artisanal Mining, Local Economic and Skills Development), B (Strengthening Governance and Transparency in Mining) and C (–Stimulating Mineral Sector Investment, excluding GST activities) will include the following areas (as indicated in Figure 3.1);
• Geita, Bulyanhulu, Mirerani , and Kabanga Large-Scale Mines;
• Arusha Carving Centre;
• Small-Scale Gold and Gemstone mines at Itumbi – Chunya (Gold) , Mpanda (gold), Mazizi – Morogoro (gold), Londoni – Manyoni (gold), Lwamgasa - Geita (gold), Katente -Bukombe (gold), Mirerani - Simanjiro (tanzanite) and Masuguru - Mbinga (sapphire)
• Small-scale industrial mineral activities for Kaolin (Pugu/Makete), Gypsum (Makanya/Mandawa/Itigi), lime/limestone (Tanga/Songwe/Kasulu), Pozollana (Rombo), Diatomite (Kagera River) and brick clay (Mbozi/Bukoba)
• Mining districts of Geita, Kahama, Tarime, Biharamulo (in relation to strategic planning); and Simanjiro, Muheza, Kilindi, Mpwapwa, Ulanga, Morogoro (R), Singida, Ludewa, Chunya and Mpanda (in relation to public awareness campaign on policy, legal and fiscal aspects).
Activities under the Geological Survey of Tanzania will cover the Districts of Kiomboi, Mbulu, Hanang, Babati, Singida, Kondoa, Kiteto, Handeni, Kilindi, Manyoni, Dodoma, Kongwa, Mpwapwa, Bagamoyo, Mvomero, Kilosa, Mbarali, Ludewa, Kyela, Chunya, Songea and Namtumbo. Figure 3.2 shows locations of the areas to be mapped.
Description and scope of the project sub-components activities and issues that arise from those activities has been summarized in Table 3.2. This table also provides proposed approaches to mitigate potential environmental and social safeguard issues.
[pic]
Figure 3.2 Areas for SMMRP activities under Geological Survey
|Table 3.2: Summary of SMMRP Activities and Proposed Approach to Mitigate Potential Environmental and Social Safeguard Issues |
|Sub-component |Description and Scope of Sub-component Activities |Issues and Risks |Proposed Mitigation |
|A1. Baseline |The sub-component aims at a countrywide updating of |Lead to possibility of Monitoring and management of SSM |The exercises should be participatory bottom up |
|Baseline Studies |information on Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining (ASM) |Might lead to conflicts if stakeholders are not fully involved during |approach. |
| |activities, mining statistics and mining investment |SESA and benefit studies. | |
| |benefits. | | |
|A2. Extension- |The sub-component aims at a countrywide strengthening |Enhance the capacity of ASM. |The Proposed screening criteria presented in ANNEX 1. |
|Extension Services for Artisanal and |of provision of extension services to ASM by the |Enhance the capacity of MEM staff to undertake the extension work |Proper training and supervision for TDU operations. |
|Small-scale Mining |Minerals Division, in collaboration with REMAS and |Technical skills enhancement | |
| |Large Scale Mining Companies. |Poor selection criteria for location of SSM demonstration centres and | |
| | |trainees may lead to disputes and wastage of SMMRP resources | |
| | |Poor management of proposed TDUs operations may lead to safety, health | |
| | |and environmental problems | |
| | |Poor matching of the TDU equipment with mineral commodity may lead to | |
| | |ineffective operations; | |
|A4. Grants- |The sub-component aims at supporting entrepreneurs in |Improved livelihood |The Proposed screening criteria presented in ANNEX 1. |
|Financial assistance for Small-scale |selected Small-Scale Mining centres, including training|Improved environmental conditions of the areas; | |
|mining and value addition activities |on entrepreneurship to enhance their access to |If selection criteria for granting of the assistance to SSM is not | |
| |financial services and provide them with financial |properly done it may lead to disputes and wastage of SMMRP resources | |
| |assistance. |If training in entrepreneurship, Safety, Health and Environment (SHE) | |
| | |and social responsibility is not properly undertaken, the grants may | |
| | |amplify existing ASM problems, e.g., environmental degradation, | |
| | |HIV/AIDS. | |
|A5. LGRA- |The sub-component aims at supporting pilot |Increase benefits of mining to the communities | |
|Linkages between Mining and the local |mainstreaming of mining (LSM and ASM) into development |Creation of harmony between ASM, LSM and the Local Governments | |
|Economy |strategic planning in 4 districts and in selected |Potential for conflicts both social and economic if stakeholders are | |
| |mining communities. |not fully involved | |
| | |If selection criteria for supporting pilot mainstreaming of the | |
| | |districts may lead to wastage of SMMRP resources | |
|A6. Accreditation- |The sub-component aims at supporting support |Better local skill base for the mineral sector | |
|Human Resource Development for the Mining |establishment of legal and organizational frameworks | | |
|Industry |for administering training programs and certification | | |
| |in specific mining qualifications. | | |
|B1. Legal- |The sub-component aims at supporting the review and |Reduced potential for conflicts in both social, economic and |Ensure conditions of carrying out SESA are enforced; |
|Legal and Fiscal Reform |updating of the legal, fiscal and regulatory frameworks|environmental issues if not properly undertaken |Involve all relevant stakeholders |
| |for the Mineral Sector in Tanzania and support the EITI|Might lead to conflicts if stakeholders are not fully involved | |
| |process. |If harmonization of laws and clear definitions of roles and | |
| | |responsibilities are not achieved, effectiveness of reforms will be | |
| | |reduced | |
|B2. Capacity- |To support institutional capacity building for the |Improved management of the mineral sector; |Carry out needs assessment for capacity building prior |
|Institutional Capacity Building |Ministry of Energy and Minerals |If needs assessment for capacity building is not done in a holistic |to implementation |
| | |manner, some key areas of capacity building may not be achieved leading| |
| | |to staff dissatisfaction. | |
|B3.Mining Cadastre- |The sub-component aims at supporting the Ministry of |Improved capacity to manage the mineral sector |Adhere to good governance when implementing the project|
|Improving and Upgrading the Mining |Energy and Minerals to strengthen and make sustainable |Improved transparency in the sector | |
|Cadastre Information Management System |the MCIMS, which manages processing and administration |If good governance is not adhered to, the effectiveness of the reforms | |
|(MCIMS) |of mineral rights. This will strengthen good governance|may be hampered. | |
| |and transparency in mineral rights administration. | | |
|B4. Environment.- |The sub-component aims at supporting Environment and |Improved capacity to manage and monitor environmental and social |Adhere to conditions of conducting SESA |
|Environmental and Social Management |Social Impact Assessment of the Sector, and |issues in the mineral sector | |
| |strengthening the capacity of MEM in environmental and |Potential for conflicts both environmental and social if stakeholders | |
| |social compliance monitoring |are not fully involved | |
|C1. GST- |The sub-component aims at supporting the Geological |Improved geologic infrastructure of the country, leading to increased |Carry out adequate public consultations prior to |
|Strengthening of the Geologic |Survey of Tanzania (GST) to acquire and upgrade the |investment in the medium to longer term; |project implementation |
|Infrastructure |geologic information for enhancement of investment |Inadequate public consultation and awareness may lead to delays in | |
| |promotion. |project implementation. | |
|C2. STAMICO- |The sub-component aims at supporting the strategic |Better roles of STAMICO may be well defined and realized | |
|Future role of State Mining Corporation |assessment of STAMICO | | |
|C3. Promotion- |The sub-component aims at supporting capacity building |Better public image of the mineral industry |Adhere to conditions of SESA while improving |
|Mineral Sector Investment Information and |of MEM to manage fiscal, statistical, information, |Potential for conflicts both social and economic if stakeholders are |inter-agency coordination and collaboration |
|Promotion |communication and promotion of the mineral sector and |not fully involved |Improve both human and equipment support to MEM |
| |strengthen linkages with other stakeholders |Improved inter-agency coordination and collaboration would enhance | |
| | |social accountability, good governance, transparency and client | |
| | |satisfaction. | |
|D. Admin- |The sub-component aims at supporting MEM to manage and |Inadequate capacity to manage procurement, financial management and |Improve capacity of MEM to manage procurement, |
|Project Coordination and Management |coordinate project implementation including |disbursement and conducting monitoring and evaluation may hamper |financial management and disbursement and conducting |
| |procurement, financial management and disbursement, |progress and positive impacts of the project. |monitoring and evaluation |
| |which will be managed by project management unit at MEM| | |
CHAPTER 4
PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION
1. ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES WITH RESPECT TO SMMRP AND PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ESMF
The principal SMMRP implementing agency in Tanzania is the Ministry of Energy and Minerals (MEM) through its Minerals Division, and Geological Survey of Tanzania. The project will also be implemented in close collaboration with Local Government Authorities (LGRAs) from targeted mining zones/areas where the project will be implemented.
2. MANAGEMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION STRUCTURE
A. Project Management Unit (PMU) will be responsible for day-to-day project implementation and management, and coordination of various activities of targeted stakeholders. Decision-making on implementation of activities, contracting, preparation of Terms of References, will also be handled by PMU with clearance and approval from the Technical Committee as needed.
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Figure 4.1: Diagrammatical representation of the SMMRP administration framework
B. MEM’s Permanent Secretary will be responsible for providing overall policy guidance, and will ensure that SMMRP activities are carried out in accordance with the Project Implementation Manual/timeline; and
C. SMMRP Technical Committee, consisting of sections heads from various relevant implementing sections at MEM and GST, will provide project guidance and co-ordination.
1. Government of the United Republic of Tanzania
The Tanzanian Ministry of Energy and Minerals, as representative of the Government of the United Republic of Tanzania will act as the primary ESMF review agent. In doing this, will work in close association with relevant district or local level – the Local Government and Regional Authorities (LGRAs). The Government will have the following further key responsibilities:
• To act as the primary Government representative;
• To act as chair of any of the consultative forums that are set up, should it so wish;
• Issuing Licenses (prospecting, mining, etc.) including renewals;
• Overseeing implementation of the Mining Policy;
• Enforcement of laws and regulations for mining and protection of environment in the SMMRP project areas;
• Environmental monitoring and auditing of the various SMMRP project activities;
• Mining projects EIS & EMP approvals (through a multi-sectoral committee under the VPO - DOE);
• Managing resettlements in Mining areas (through the Ministry of Lands and Housing Settlements); and
• Mining conflict resolutions.
2. Other Stakeholders of SMMRP
The roles and responsibilities of the various stakeholders at national, institutional, and local levels for SMMRP with regard to the Environmental and Social Management Framework is shown in Table 4.1
Table 4.1: Roles and Responsibilities with Regard to ESMF Implementation
|Level |Sector Ministry/ |Role and Responsibility |Remarks |
| |Institution | | |
|National level |Ministry of Energy |Government representative for SMMRP implementation | |
| |and Minerals |Issuing Licenses (prospecting, mining, etc.); | |
| | |Oversee implementation of the Mining Policy; | |
| | |Enforcement of laws and regulations for mining and protection of environment; | |
| | |Environmental monitoring and auditing of the various SMMRP project activities; | |
| | |Mining projects EIS & EMP approvals (through a multi-sectoral committee); | |
| | |Mining conflict resolutions. | |
| |Vice President’s |Overall responsible for planning and implementation on all environmental matters, |Environmental |
| |Office (Division of |including approvals of SESA and EIA certificates; |Management Act, |
| |Environment) |Responsible for formulation and articulation of policy guidelines necessary for |2004 |
| | |promotion & protection of the environment; | |
| | |Issues general guidelines to sector Ministries & coordinate all agencies | |
| | |public/private institutions related to environmental management; | |
| | | | |
| | |Director of Environment | |
| | |Facilitate civil society involvement; | |
| | |Advices the Government on legislative measures related to management of the | |
| | |environment and on international agreements in the field of environment; | |
| | |Monitors and assesses activities being carried out by relevant agencies in order to | |
| | |ensure that the environment is not degraded; | |
| | |Prepares and issues a report on the state of the environment; | |
| | |Coordinate issues relating to articulation and implementation of environmental | |
| | |management aspects of other sector policies; | |
| |Ministry of Water |Enforces laws and regulations for water quality and utilization; |Water Utilization |
| | |Issues and regulates water rights; |Act, 1997 |
| | |Enforces water and effluent discharge laws (standards, monitoring & regulation). | |
| |Tanzania Bureau |Preparation of environmental guidelines and standards; |TBS Act, |
| |standards | | |
| |Ministry of Land, |Issuing of Right of Occupancy; |Land Act 1999 and |
| |Housing and Human |Land use planning; |Village land Act, |
| |settlement |Valuation and compensation |1999 |
| |Development | | |
| |Ministry of Natural |Implements the Forestry Policy; |Forest Act, 2002 |
| |Resources and |Enforce laws and regulations for forestry resources management; | |
| |Tourism (Forestry |Issues permits to conduct activities in the forest reserved areas; | |
| |Division) |Implements the Beekeeping Policy; | |
| | |Enforces laws and regulations for beekeeping resources management; | |
| | |Issues permits to conduct activities for harvesting of bee products in collaboration| |
| | |with Forest Division; | |
| |National Environment|Performs environmental surveys and advises the government on all relevant matters; |Environmental |
| |Management Council |Enforces pollution control, ensures compliance of the national environmental quality|Management Act, |
| |(NEMC) |standards and performs the technical arbitration role in the undertaking of EIAs; |2004 |
| | |Identifies projects and programs or types of projects and programs for which | |
| | |environmental audit or environmental monitoring must be conducted under this Act; | |
| | |Initiates and evolves procedures and safeguards for the prevention of accidents | |
| | |which may cause environmental degradation and remedial measures where accidents | |
| | |occur; | |
| | |Publishes and disseminates manuals, codes or guidelines relating to environmental | |
| | |management and prevention or abatement of environmental degradation; | |
| | |Renders advice and technical support, where possible, to entities engaged in natural| |
| | |resources and environmental management so as to enable them to carry out their | |
| | |responsibilities. | |
| |SSM/LSM |Conducting an Environmental and Social Assessment |Environmental |
| | |Compensation of land & properties |Management Act, |
| | |Project implementation |2004 |
| | |Implementation of the Environmental and Social Management Plan | |
| | |Project Monitoring, internal and external environmental auditing and reporting | |
| |NGOs/CBO’s |National Environmental watchdogs. |According to Civil |
| | |Initiating dialogue on national environmental concerns among stakeholders |Society rights and |
| | | |responsibilities |
|Regional Level |Regional Secretariat|Responsible for coordination of all advises on environmental management in their |According to |
| | |respective regions; |Environmental |
| | |Responsible for advising the local authorities on matters relating to implementation|Management Act.2004|
| | |and enforcement of the Act. | |
| | |Link between the Region and Director of Environment in the VPO as well as Director | |
| | |General for NEMC. | |
| |NGOs/CBOs |Regional environmental watchdog. |According to Civil |
| | |Education and awareness raising on environmental management |society rights and |
| | |Stakeholders’ platform for voice. |responsibilities |
|District /local |Land Allocation |Land allocation and approvals |Land Act, 1999 |
|level |Committee | | |
| |District/Ward |Extension Services |According to |
| |Functional |Advice Committees, Departments on environmental matters |Environmental |
| |Departments – |Promote environmental awareness |Management Act, |
| |Planning, Water, |Gather and manage information on environment and utilization of resources |2004 |
| |Health, Community |Prepare periodic reports on the state of the environment | |
| |Development, Natural|Monitor the preparation, review, and approval of Environmental Impact Assessment of | |
| |Resources, etc. |local investments | |
| | |Review By-laws on environmental management and on sector specific activities related| |
| | |to the environment. | |
| |Environmental |Coordinating and advising on environmental policies and implementation obstacles. |According to |
| |Committees |Promoting environmental awareness. |Environmental |
| |(District, Ward & |Information generation, assembly and dissemination from any person. |Management Act. |
| |Village) |Initiate inquiries and investigation on any environmental disputes or violation of |2004 |
| | |the Act | |
| | |Resolve conflict among individual persons, companies, agencies, NGOs, Government | |
| | |Departments. | |
| | |Inspect any source of pollution in the area. | |
| | |Initiate proceedings of civil nature against any person, company, and agency for | |
| | |failing or refusing action under the Act. | |
| |Local Stakeholders |Local environmental watchdog. | |
| |Councils (District, |To oversee performance of the Environmental Committees (within their jurisdictions).| |
| |Ward & Village) | | |
| |NGOs/CBOs |Local environmental watchdog. |According to Civil |
| | |Education and awareness raising on local environmental issues |society rights and |
| | |Local Stakeholders’ platform for voice. |responsibilities |
3. SMMR Project Principals and Implementing Agents
Agents/consultants will be appointed by MEM to implement the various components of the Project. Agents appointed will be suitably qualified, with credible record of experience to undertake the tasks for which they have been appointed. These agents will be provided with the necessary financial resources to implement the ESMF and will provide significant additional managerial and technical expertise. Budget for implementation of the SMMRP is presented under Annex 4 with guidelines of supervising the various project activities.
4. Required Manpower for SMMRP – ESMF Implementation
Environmental and Social Assessments of the various SMMRP project activities will remain the responsibility of the developer/SSM. Hence, adequate capacity is required to ensure that this can be achieved.
Table 4.2 lists minimum skills and experience required to implement the ESMF. As for the position of Project coordinator and Environmental Advisors, the training needs would need to be adjusted to the qualifications and experience of the incumbent(s). Training and other capacity building measures to develop these skills will be provided by the project.
Table 4.2: Minimum Skills Needed for Management of ESMF
|Task |Leader |Needed Skills |
|Management and supervision|MEM |Field-based knowledge of environmental sensitive areas and key species of |
|of ESMF | |conservation concern in the Project area |
| | |Knowledge of available environmental planning information |
| | |Knowledge of environmental management monitoring and –reporting |
| | |Reporting skills |
| | |Presentation skills |
|Environmental Impact |Consultant(s) |Field-based knowledge of environmental sensitive areas and key species of |
|Assessments of Project | |conservation concern in the Project area |
|activities | |Practical knowledge of environmental and biodiversity conservation legislation |
| | |and its implementation |
| | |Knowledge of Tanzanian environmental impact assessment process and practical |
| | |implementation |
| | |Environmental management monitoring and reporting |
| | |Reporting skills |
| | |Presentation skills |
| | |Time management skills |
|Implementation of |Implementer of activity |Field-based knowledge of environmental sensitive habitats and key species of |
|guidelines |(e.g., SSM, LSM, LGRAs, |conservation concern in their specific Project area |
| |communities, CBOs, NGOs)|Environmental management monitoring and reporting |
| | |Environmental code of conduct in protected areas and biodiversity priority |
| | |areas (e.g. track and camp discipline, waste management) |
3. PRINCIPLES AND CONSIDERATIONS
1. Principles of Implementing ESMF
The ESMF is prepared in consideration of the proposed planning, operation and monitoring of the proposed SMMRP. Key ESMF principles, in the context of responding to the mitigation requirements, have therefore considered:
• To ensure effective implementation of environmental and social criteria, the ESMF provides guidance on the approach to be taken during implementation for the selection and design of SMMRP activities and the planning of mitigation measures;
• SMMRP activities with potential for significant environment and/or social impacts will be identified, through the screening mechanism as shown in the checklist presented in Annex 1. Project activities with specific environmental and/or social assessment will be prepared and will be the subject of review and approval by the MEM;
2. Grievances Redress
In the event that people are physically or economically affected by the Project activities, appropriate social studies, in accordance with WB safeguard policies will be prepared; and Consultation and disclosure requirements will be adapted to meet the special needs of the proposed project. Grievances will be addressed at different levels as outlined below; however, they will be centrally tracked in a complaint log located at MEM.
At the time an individual or cooperatives have been supported with a grant and aspects of dissatisfaction are expressed seeking redress then the grievance process will simply be administered as far as possible at the local level. This stage will facilitate quick access and flexible mechanism of solving the grievances raised.
All grievances concerning non-fulfilment of contract or seizure of assets will be addressed to the existing local courts system of administration of justice in the Districts. All attempts will be made to settle grievances. Those seeking redress and wishing to state grievances will do so by notifying their Village Council and the District Commissioner (DC)/District Executive Director (DED). The DC/DED will consult with the respective local governments, Ward/Village/Mtaa and other records to determine claims validity. If valid, the Village Council and Technical Planning Teams will notify the Complainant and the matter settled.
If the complainant’s claim is rejected, then the matter will be brought before the Land Tribunals and/or the local courts for settlement. If the matter cannot be settled by the local court and/or the District Land Tribunals, the matter will go the High Court for resolution. The High Court of Tanzania will be the highest appellate “judge” in this system. The decision of the High Court is final.
If a complaint pattern emerges, which relates to process or procedures, the DC, DED and MEM will discuss possible changes and/or remediation. The local leaders will be required to give advice concerning the need for revisions to procedures. Once the local governments, Ward and Village leaders agree on necessary and appropriate changes, then a written description of the changed process will be made. The District Commissioner, DED, Ward and Village/Mtaa leaders will be responsible for communicating any changes to the population.
4. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SCREENING OF SUB- PROJECTS
1. Introduction to the Screening Process
The sections below illustrate the steps involved in the environmental and social screening process leading to the review and approval of projects under the SMMRP. The purpose of this screening process is to
• determine whether future projects are likely to have potential negative environmental and social impacts;
• determine appropriate mitigation measures for activities with adverse impacts;
• incorporate mitigation measures into project design;
• review and approve project proposals, and
• monitor environmental parameters during project implementation.
The assignment of the appropriate environmental category will be based on the provisions of the World Bank Operational Policy (OP 4.01). The environmental and social screening of each proposed sub-project will be classified into categories A, B, and C, depending on the type, location, sensitivity and scale of the project and the nature and the magnitude of its potential environmental and social impact. The categories are:
A) any project which is likely to have significant adverse environmental and social impacts that are sensitive, diverse or unprecedented. The impacts under this category affect broader area than the sites or facilities subjected to physical works. The project will not finance such activities.
B) any project which is likely to have significant adverse on human populations or environmentally important areas including wetlands, forests , grasslands and any other natural habitat. Generally they are less adverse than those of category A projects, the impacts are sites specific and few or any of them are irreversible and most of them are mitigated rapidly than category A.
C) any project which is likely to have minimal or any adverse environmental and social impact. Beyond screening no further environmental assessment action is required.
The extent of the environmental work that might be required for projects prior to implementation will depend on the outcome of the screening process described below and shown on a flowchart presented as Figure 4.2.
2. Step 1: Screening of Project Activities and Sites
The initial environmental and social screening will be carried out through the use of the Environmental and Social Screening Form Annex 1. This form will be completed by MEM assisted by the Local Government Officer responsible for environmental matters (LGO-EM) for the purposes of identifying the potential environmental and social impacts, determining their significance, assigning the appropriate environmental category, proposing appropriate environmental and social impact mitigation measures, and carrying out Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs), if necessary. The environmental screening procedure will lead to identifying projects which will or will not require environmental assessment. The principal project activities requiring screening will include the mobile and stationary mining technology demonstration units; small grants program; and rehabilitation of the gemstone centre in Arusha;
3. Step 2: Assigning the Appropriate Environmental and Social impact Categories
The assignment of the appropriate environmental category will be based on the provisions of the World Bank Operational Policy (OP 4.01), on Environmental Assessment. Tanzania’s EIA procedures are consistent with the environmental and social Impact screening categories contained in the safeguard policy WB OP 4.01 on Environmental Assessment mentioned above. With regard to the SMMRP, all projects are categorized as “B” and “C”
4. Step 3: Carrying Out Environmental and Social Work
A guideline for preparation of an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) is given in Annex 2. It is an example illustrating issues which should be covered and that would require mitigations measures, in this case against negative environmental and social impacts resulting from Implementation and operational activities. This Environmental and Social Management Plan would be completed by a qualified consultant assisted by the Environmental Management Officer as necessary. Should an ESIA be required, generic TOR applicable to any project within SMMRP is given in Annex 3.
The purpose of the ESMP is to ensure that the identified environmental and social impacts are mitigated, controlled or eliminated through planned activities to be implemented throughout the project life. It also provides opportunities for the enhancement of positive impacts, gives details of the mitigation measures to be undertaken for the impacts, and identifies the responsible institutions to implement the mitigation measures. Examples of mitigation measures that can be undertaken during implementation of the project are given in Part - II Section 1.12.
It is to be appreciated however, that the implementation of the management plan will normally be modified to suit changes or emergencies that may occur on site at the time of project implementation. The plan therefore should be considered as the main framework that must be followed to ensure that the key negative impacts are eliminated or adequately kept under control. In this regard, flexibility should be allowed to optimize the implementation of the plan for the best results in environmental and social management.
If there are already existing project/infrastructure designs, LGO-EM in coordination with the MEM [the Team] will assess them for impacts on the chosen land site and modify the design to include appropriate mitigation measures. For example, if the environmental and social screening process identifies potential contamination of groundwater due to waste spills during implementation as the main negative impact from the project activity, the mitigation measure would be for the Team to provide for measures to avoid waste spills during Implementation. Depending on the severity of potential impacts and complexity of the required mitigation measure, a separate EIA might be carried out. Throughout this process the MEM would be assisted by the LGO-EM.
For situations where the environmental and social screening process identifies acquisition needs that would trigger Involuntary Resettlement, then the provisions of the Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) would apply. This would require that the project chooses an alternative site that does not trigger the policy framework or, maintains the site that triggers Involuntary Resettlement but prepares a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) consistent with the RPF. The RAP would be a separate document and would separately be approved by NEMC and the World Bank and any interested Development Partner or Financing Agency.
5. Step 4: Review and Approval of the Screening Activity
Under the guidance of the Environmental Management Officers (EMO) of the LGRAs, the Environmental Management Committee (EMC) at the local government level will review the environmental and social screening results as well as the environmental checklists that were completed in the course of project preparation to ensure that all environmental and social impacts have been identified and successfully addressed. That is, if the screening form has any “Yes” entries, or unjustified “No” entries, the application would need to adequately explain and demonstrate that the issues raised have been addressed appropriately. The Environmental Management Committee must also ensure that the project designs include adequate monitoring and institutional measures are to be taken during implementation and operation.
If the Environmental Management Committee/Environmental Management Officer finds that the submitted design is not consistent with the requirements of the environmental screening form and the environmental checklist, then the project implementer would be requested to re-design (e.g. make additional modifications and/or choose other sites). The project would then be and re-screened and re-submitted for review. The EMC/EMO would then review again the revised application. If acceptable, it would be recommended for consideration for approval. If it is not acceptable for the second time, it would be referred back to the implementer for more work or be denied clearance altogether. Any proposed projects that do not comply with the requirements of Tanzania and the Safeguards policies will not be cleared for implementation. A summary of the safeguard policies is contained in Table 2.1.
If the EMO, MEM and EMC are satisfied that the designs/project proposals are environmentally and socially compliant, they will be submitted to the LGRA at the Village/Sub-ward/street/hamlet levels for disclosure. The project documentation must be accompanied by the completed environmental and social screening forms, and where applicable, the RAP.
If the application is seen to satisfactorily address all environmental and social issues, the Environment Management Committee will then clear the project and recommend its approval while informing the MEM. Subsequently, the EMC/EMO will recommend the project to the MEM for approval.
5. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING
Environmental monitoring needs to be carried out during the Implementation as well as operation, maintenance and decommissioning phases of the projects in order to measure the success of the mitigation measures implemented earlier. This shall include annual reviews. Under SMMRP, the responsibilities for monitoring and evaluation of the mitigation measures adopted under the projects would be assigned at different institutional levels as follows:
1. The Institutional Arrangement for Environmental Monitoring
The National Environment Policy 1997 recognizes the need for a multi-focus approach in the management of the environment. It therefore recognizes the existing institutional Mechanisms and seeks to enhance coordination and cooperation of the institutionally distinct bodies with overlapping mandates. In so doing, the policy recognizes the Ministry responsible for environment as “the authoritative voice and catalyst for action on behalf of the entire Government”. As the policy guidance institution, the Ministry responsible with Environment is expected to be an overseer for the implementation of the policies under the jurisdiction of the line ministries.
2. National level
Under this set up, sector Ministries are expected to represent constituencies of the ministry responsible for environment with an informed voice and commitment to environmental outcomes. Therefore sector ministries are expected to be provided with proper legislative tools for handling their work and with well-delineated spheres of supervisory powers. The National Environment Management Council (NEMC), keeps an advisory role, enforces pollution control, and plays a technical arbitration role in the undertaking of EIA.
a. The National Environment Management Council (NEMC)
NEMC will perform an enforcement-monitoring role supported by the MEM, and the LGRAs based on submissions and recommendations from the Environmental Management Officers at the different LGRA levels. NEMC would primarily achieve this objective through periodic field visits, supporting the Training Program and through technical assistance and backup services to the Local Governments.
b. Ministry of Energy and Minerals (MEM)
MEM will perform a monitoring oversight function for the entire SMMRP. The monitoring guidelines developed by the Environment Management Coordinator of the Ministry to monitor performance and progress will include parameters for compliance to proposed measures safeguarding against environmental and social impacts. Monitoring activities by the implementers, Environmental Management Committees, NEMC and MEM will be carried out through regular programme audits. In addition, a general guideline for supervision of SMMRP activities and associated budget is presented as Annex 4 will be enforced to safeguard against environmental and social impacts.
3. Regional level
At the Regional level including Municipalities have a Policy Committee on the Environment composed by District Commissioners and chaired by the Regional Commissioner. The Regional committee is responsible for matters affecting the environment in the region and provides guidance or proposes policy measures and actions.
4. District level
Environmental Management Officers and their respective Environmental Management Committees at the District ,Ward and Village level, as appropriate will be responsible for the day to day monitoring and reporting of feedback throughout the life of the project, specifically the monitoring of (i) the environmental and social assessment work; (ii) the implementation of the Resettlement Action Plans; (iii) monitoring of environmental issues and the supervision of the civil works contractors with respect to environmental matters during the Implementation process (iv) monitoring of environmental issues during operations and during maintenance of the infrastructure and facilities; (iv) submission of monitoring reports to higher councils for eventual submission to central government — NEMC and MEM.
The District Environmental Management Committee (DEMC) and the District Environmental Management Officer (DEMO) will oversee compliance and effects monitoring to check whether prescribed actions and monitoring have been carried out. In close collaboration with the project implementers they/he will ensure that the monitoring plan as contained in the individual project proposals is implemented. The DEMO in collaboration with the DEMC will consolidate the project specific monitoring reports into one common report and submit the report to NEMC and MEM.
5. Community
The communities will use NGOs &CBOs in the monitoring activities and will be enabled to pass on their observations and concerns through acceptable mechanisms to the local government/council and higher authorities.
6. ANNUAL REVIEWS
The Objectives of annual reviews of ESMF implementation are two-fold:
• to assess project performance in complying with ESMF procedures, learn lessons, and improve future performance; and to assess the occurrence of, and potential for, cumulative impacts due to project-funded and other development activities.
• to be used by Project management to improve procedures and capacity for integrating natural resources and environmental/social management into Project operations. They will also be a principal source of information to World Bank/Development Partners supervision Mission, and MEM.
Annual reviews should be undertaken after the annual ESMF report has been prepared, at the closing of each year of the Project. The principal output is an annual review report that documents the review methodology, summarizes the results, and provides practical recommendations. Distinct sections should address a) ESMF performance and b) cumulative impacts. Copies of the annual review reports should be delivered to MEM for appraisal, approval and implementation of subprojects. ADD BUDGET FOR ANNUAL REVIEWS OF ESMF
[pic]
Figure 4.2: Flowchart of the Screening and Review process for Environmental & Social Impact Assessments
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION
The technical assistance and strengthening of the sector through SMMRP will provide significant impetus towards harnessing and coordinating the various stakeholders of the project to maximize their roles in making the sector a priority sector for growth and poverty reduction as stated in the Tanzania’s national Strategy for Growth and reduction of Poverty (MKUKUTA)
The current status of the mining sector and its linkage with the central government and LGRAs calls for an immediate intervention to make the sector provide stronger contribution to the national economy.
Baseline studies conducted in the mining areas for gold, gemstones and industrial minerals, with the exception of fossil fuels, identified many significant impacts that are generated by mining activities, in particular the ASM. The impacts range from biophysical impacts to socio-economic impacts. The main issues were impact of the mining activities on humans (health and safety), natural habitat including vegetation, livestock, surface and underground water, soils and air. Other concerns included direct and indirect benefits of the mine to the local community with regards to health, employment and income, safety, location including direct and indirect effect on indigenous groups.
The project however, does not attempt to address all sector issues raised in the scoping study. These will be further considered in the Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) to be conducted later as one of the SMMRP activity. The identified specific impacts of the SMMRP, which are distinct from the broader sector issues, include many positive impacts and limited negatives ones.
Some of the positive impacts of SMMRP include; improved livelihoods of the ASM; improved environmental and social conditions of the areas where ASM operates; increased benefits of mining to the communities; creation of harmony between ASM, LSM and local governments; provision of improved and better local skill base for the mineral sector; improved capacity to manage the mineral sector; improved transparency in the sector; improved geologic infrastructure of the country leading to increased investment in the medium to longer term; better public image of the mineral industry; improved inter-agency coordination and collaboration that would enhance social accountability, good governance, transparency and client satisfaction; improved capacity to manage and monitor environmental and social issues in the mineral sector; and an overall improved management of the mineral sector;
Some of the anticipated negative impacts of the SMMRP include: potential for disputes and wastage of SMMRP resources if (a) poor selection criteria for location of SSM demonstration centres and trainees is undertaken, (b) selection criteria for granting of the assistance to SSM is not properly done, and (c) selection criteria for supporting pilot mainstreaming of the districts is not properly done. Other negative impacts include; potential for conflicts both environmental and social if stakeholders are not fully involved during SESA, benefit studies and overall implementation of the SMMRP; potential for safety, health and environmental problems if there will be poor management of the proposed TDUs operations; ineffective operations if poor matching of the TDU equipment with mineral commodity is undertaken, and; potential for the grants to amplify existing ASM problems such as environmental degradation, HIV/AIDS if training in entrepreneurship, Safety, Health and Environment (SHE) and social responsibility is not properly undertaken. Similarly, ineffectiveness of the reforms may occur if harmonization of laws and clear definitions of roles and responsibilities are not achieved.
Inadequate capacity to manage procurement, financial management and disbursement and conducting monitoring and evaluation may also hamper progress and positive impacts of the project. It is important that needs assessment for capacity building should be done in a holistic manner since this could lead to staff dissatisfaction if key areas of capacity building are not achieved. Good governance should be adhered to in order to avoid hampering the effectiveness of the reforms.
To mitigate the negative impacts of the SMMRP, the selection criteria for location of SSM demonstration centres and trainees , granting of the assistance to SSM, and supporting pilot mainstreaming of the districts should be participatory and where possible a bottom-up approach should be considered. The screening criteria presented in Annex 1 should be adhered to, in order to mitigate these impacts.
Full involvement of all stakeholders during SESA and benefit studies should be undertaken, which include ensuring all conditions of carrying out SESA are enforced. Similarly, proper training and supervision of TDU operations should be undertaken to avoid environmental and social impacts resulting from poor handling of the TDUs. Other mitigation measures include carrying out adequate public consultations prior to project implementation; carrying out needs assessment for capacity building prior to project implementation, and; adhering to good governance when implementing the project.
During the scoping study, grassroots, division and political leaders were excited about possible infrastructure development including, mining machinery, equipment and training facilities being provided through a technical assistance by the Government to their sites. For example in most sites, miners and leaders were demanding for improved technology and respective infusion of technical skills and knowledge let alone creation of awareness and improving of mining and land policies, the former of which they believed would curtail human and environment related conflicts. How artisanal and small scale mining activities and how communities themselves would be mobilized to address environmental and social issues were also among the main focus and concerns of the communities. Strategies and initiatives that would enhance government support of the mineral sector were greatly supported.
Regarding strengthening of good governance, transparency and operational capacity within the mineral sector, it was also observed that the Zonal and resident Mine offices lack capacity, both in terms of human resource and equipment and that they were overstretched to deal with all issues of permits and inspections of quarries and mines of all kinds of minerals. Minerals such as sand and gravel pits, gemstones, gold, base metals, industrial minerals, etc., all have different characteristics in terms of technological demands.
Other SMMRP support in respect of strengthening the MCIMS and the Geological infrastructure, will highly facilitate promotion of private investment in exploration and mining and also support adequate planning of mine development, being however, cautious of the adverse environmental impacts that could be generated during the project implementation phase. To mitigate these impacts, awareness and training of the various stakeholders prior and during implementation, will be crucial.
To maximize benefits of mining at local and regional levels, the DEDs consulted had different line of thoughts on managing the SSM in their Districts, some being in favour of managing the SSM anticipating a new source of revenues to their Local Governments. These were from non-traditional mining districts such as Singida Rural and Mbinga. However, there were those who felt it to be too much of a burden to their District Councils, such as Geita, which has a worth of experience with SSM particularly the mobile SSM, who proved to be difficult and slippery to manage. They all were positive with LSMs due to various levies accrued from mines and their contractors. They also concurred that there is need to reform management of these SSM to make them more responsive to the MKUKUTA and to also reduce the environmental and social impacts they create to the district lands.
On a positive note therefore, it has been determined that once SMMRP activities have been implemented subject to the various proposed mitigation measures, the Mineral sector will provide significant contribution to the national economy and improvements will be made on the mineral sector in terms of governance, transparency, institutional and technical capacity, , poverty reduction, improvement of small-scale and artisan mining and in environmental and social management.
REFERENCES
|Amutabi, M., M. Lutta- Mukhebi (2001). Gender and mining in Kenya: The case of the |
|Mukibira mines in the Vihinga district. Jenda: a journal of Culture and African women studies, vol.1 nos 2 23 p. |
|Dreschler, B. (2001), Small- Scale mining and sustainable development within SADC |
|region, country study. Commissioned by MMS 165p., |
|Hinton et-al, (2003). Clean Artisanal Gold Mining. A Utopian approach. Journal of cleaner Production, vol. 11, Issue 2 March 2003 pp.99-115. |
|ILO(1999). Socio and labour issues in small scale mines. Report for discussion at the |
|Tripartite meeting on social labour issues in small scale mines. ILO Geneva |
|Magayane, A. A. M. (1998), Controls on Lode-Gold Mineralisation at the Buhemba and |
|Kilamongo Deposits, Musoma Greenstone Belt, Tanzanian Craton (Unpub.): a Thesis |
|for MSc Degree in Ore Deposit Geology and Evaluation, Department of Geology and |
|Geophysics (Centre for Teaching and Research for Strategic Minerals) The University |
|of Western Australia. |
|Onu, B. (2002). Salt women of Keana from Newswatch(Lagos) |
|.com/stories/200211190755html |
|Paulsam Geo-Engineering Co. Ltd. (2006), “Environmental Impact Assessment for a Tanzanite Mine for Kilimanjaro Mines Ltd, Simanjiro District, |
|Manyara Region |
|Paulsam Geo-Engineering Co. Ltd. (2007), “Environmental Impact Assessment for Masuguru Sapphire Mine, Worldgem Supplies Ltd, Mbinga District, |
|Ruvuma Region |
|Paulsam Geo-Engineering Co. Ltd. (2008), “Environmental Impact Assessment for Safritan Goldfields Ltd, Geita District, Mwanza region. |
|Peter W. U. Appel, Niels Ford () Golden Livelihoods – New ways of introducing Retorts among small scale Gold miners in Central and Southern |
|–Western Tanzania Ph.D study by Jesper Bosse Jonsson, Dept. of Geography University of Copenhagen Goergen R, Mohamed, E.M.Hunger, A. Mlay |
|(2001) Sexual Health Exch. (4):7-8. |
|UNIDO(2003). Artisal Mining “An island of prosperity in a sea of poverty. |
|URT (2005). Opportunities for Mineral Resource development Tanzania, Ministry of Energy and Minerals. Fouth Edition 2005. |
|Weber-Fahar, Monika, J.E. Strongman, R. Kunanayagam, G. Mac Mahon, C. Sheldon () |
|Mining . Macroeconomic and Sectoral approaches Vol. 2 Chapter 25. |
|Werema, I.J. (2006). Tanzanians to the promised Land. After forty years. |
ANNEX 1
SCREENING CHECKLIST
FOR
THE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF A PROJECT
|A |Environmental and Social Impacts |Yes |No |
| |Location |
|1 |Are there environmentally sensitive areas (forests, rivers or wetlands) or threatened species that could be adversely | | |
| |affected by the project? | | |
|2 |Does the project area (or components of the project) occur within or adjacent to any protected areas designated by | | |
| |government (national park, national reserve, world heritage site, etc.)? | | |
|3 |If the project is outside of, but close to, any protected area, is it likely to adversely affect the ecology within the | | |
| |protected area areas (e.g., interference with the migration routes of mammals or birds)? | | |
|4 |Will the project reduce people’s access (due to roads, location etc) to the pasture, water, public services or other | | |
| |resources that they depend on? | | |
|5 |Might the project alter any historical, archaeological or cultural heritage site or | | |
| |require excavation near such a site? | | |
| |Physical and biological environment |
|6 |Will project require large volumes of rehabilitation materials (e.g. gravel, stones, water, timber, firewood)? | | |
|7 |Might the project lead to soil degradation or erosion in the area? | | |
|8 |Might the project affect soil salinity? | | |
|9 |Will the project create solid or liquid waste that could adversely affect local Soils, vegetation, rivers, streams or | | |
| |groundwater? | | |
|10 |Might river or stream ecology be adversely affected due to the installation of Structures such as weirs and by-passes for| | |
| |micro-hydro projects? | | |
| | | | |
| |Attention should be paid to water quality and quantity; the nature, Productivity and use of aquatic habitats, and | | |
| |variations of these over time. | | |
|11 |Will the project have adverse impacts on natural habitats that will not have acceptable mitigation measures? | | |
|12 |Does the project have human health and safety risks, during rehabilitation or Later? | | |
|13 |Will the project lead to changes in the distribution of people or livestock? | | |
|14 |Might the project lead to migration into the area? | | |
| |Alternatives |
|15 |Is it possible to achieve the objectives above in a different way, with fewer environmental and social impacts? | | |
|Circle one of the following screening conclusions for Part A: |
|A1. All answers to the checklist questions are “No”. There is no need for further action. |
|A2. For all issues indicated by “Yes”, adequate mitigation measures should be included in the project design. No further planning action is |
|required. Implementation of the mitigation measures will require supervision by the applicant and the appropriate local authority (refer to |
|Annex 4) |
|A3. For the following issues indicated by “Yes” answers (specify questions numbers): |
| |
|the applicant has not provided adequate mitigation measures. The applicant must revise the proposed project plan to provide adequate |
|mitigation. |
| |
|Specialist advice may be required in the following areas: |
|A4. For the following issues indicated by “Yes” answers (specify questions numbers): |
| |
|the applicant has not provided adequate mitigation measures. The applicant must prepare an environmental assessment of the proposed project, |
|and revise the project plan according to the results of that assessment. |
| |
|Specialist advice will be required in the following areas: |
|B |Resettlement and Land Acquisition |Yes |No |
|1 |Will the project require the acquisition of land (public or private, temporarily or | | |
| |permanently) for its development? | | |
|2 |Will anyone be prevented from using economic resources (e.g. pasture, fishing | | |
| |Locations, forests) to which they have had regular access? | | |
|3 |Will the project result in the involuntary resettlement of individuals or families? | | |
|4 |Will the project result in the temporary or permanent loss of crops, fruit trees and | | |
| |Household infra-structure (such as granaries, outside toilets and kitchens, etc)? | | |
|Circle one of the following screening conclusions for Part B: B1. All answers to the checklist questions are “No”. There is |
|no need for further action. |
|B2. There is at least one “Yes” answer. Consult the Resettlement Policy Framework and |
|prepare a Resettlement Action Plan as appropriate |
|C |Indigenous Peoples |Yes |No |
|1 |Might the project adversely affect tribal communities or vulnerable people living in the area? | | |
|2 |Are there members of these groups in the area who could benefit from this | | |
| |project? | | |
|Circle one of the following screening conclusions for Part C: C1. All answers to the checklist questions are “No”. There is |
|no need for further action. |
|C2. There is at least one “Yes” answer, so an Indigenous Peoples Development Plan must be prepared. Consult OP 4.20 on |
|Indigenous Peoples for further guidance. |
|TITLE OF SMMRP PROJECT: ………………………………………………………………………………………. |
| |
| |
|LOCATION OF COMMUNITY: ……………………………………………………………………………………… |
| |
| |
|SIGNATURE: ……………………………………………………DATE: ………………………………………………… |
ANNEX 2
GUIDELINES FOR PREPARATION
OF
AN ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP)
Guidelines for the preparation of ESMP
The preparation of an ESMP should include the following key sections (see also world guidelines @ ):
1. Summary of Impacts: Anticipated adverse environmental impacts should be identified and summarized as well as their relationship to social impacts and the appropriate mitigation measures.
2. Description of Mitigation measures: The mitigation measures proposed for the various impacts should be described in relation to the corresponding impacts while stating the conditions under which they are required. Adequate description of the consultations should be done and justified.
3. Description of monitoring program: A detailed monitoring program should be described in the EMP, listing environmental and social performance indicators and their link with impacts and mitigation measures. The EMP should also describe the parameters to be measured, methods to be used, sampling location and frequency of measurements, detection limits and a clear definition of thresholds that indicate the need for corrective measures. Monitoring and supervision schedules should be clearly stated and agreed with the MEM and WB to ensure timely detection of needs for remedial action and also provide information on the level of compliance with EMP in accordance with Bank safeguards. These arrangements must be clearly stated in the project implementation/operations manual to reinforce project supervision.
4. Legal requirements and bidding/contract documents: The EMP should be incorporated in all legal documents to enforce compliance by all participants carrying out project activities. The EMP should be summarized and incorporated in the bidding and contract documents.
5. Institutional arrangements: The EMP should clearly state who is responsible for monitoring, execution of remedial action and the reporting order and format to allow for a defined channel of information flow. It should also recommend institutional strengthening for relevant agencies and the funding authorities for the various activities.
6. Capacity Development and Training: To support timely and effective implementation of Environmental and social project components and mitigation measures, the EMP draws on the EA’s Assessment of the existence, role, and capability of environmental and social units on site or at the agency and ministry level. If necessary, the EMP recommends the establishment or expansion of such units, and the training of staff, to allow implementation of EA recommendations. Specifically, the EMP provides a specific description of institutional arrangements i.e. who is responsible for carrying out the mitigation and monitoring measures (e.g., for operation, supervision, enforcement, monitoring of implementation, remedial action, financing, reporting, and staff training). To strengthen environmental and social management capability in the agencies responsible for implementation, most EMPs cover one or more of the following additional topics: (a) technical assistance programs, (b) procurement of equipment and supplies, and (c) organizational changes.
7. Implementation Schedule: The frequency, timing and duration of mitigation measures and monitoring should be stated in the implementation schedule. Links between mitigation measures and development of relevant institutions and legal requirements of the project should be stated.
8. Reporting: The order of information flow as it concerns monitoring reports should be clearly defined. The relevant officers to receive these reports should be those who have authorities to facilitate implementation of the results of the monitoring. These reports should also be communicated to the Bank and NEMC via MEM to be agreed and specified in the EMP. Adequate arrangements should be made by the PMU to facilitate the circulation of the EMP through the selected means.
9. Cost estimate: The cost of carrying out monitoring and implementation of the mitigation measures at the various stages of the project should be integrated into the total cost of the project and factored into financial negotiations. These costs should include administrative, design and consultancy, operational and maintenance costs – resulting with meeting required standards and project design.
ANNEX 3
TERMS OF REFERENCE
FOR
THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
1.0 INTRODUCTION
During the scoping study, several key environmental and social issues of concern are identified after holding consultations with stakeholders of the project and after reviewing various literatures related to the project. Similarly, expert opinion is considered in various issues identified as requiring specialized knowledge. In some cases, samples are taken for identification and evaluation of the magnitude of the problem to address them in detailed EIA study.
The purpose of the Terms of Reference (TOR) therefore, is to ensure that the Consultant undertaking the environmental and social studies carries out the necessary tasks to comply with all WB Operational safeguards policies triggered and National (Environmental Impact Assessment and Audit Regulations of 2005) standards, procedures and that all salient issues are covered. They form the basis for subsequent review process.
In these Terms of Reference, strategies for addressing the issues identified during scooping have been provided to make the detailed study and hence the ESMP review more focused.
2.0 SCOPE OF WORK FOR A DETAILED ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL STUDY
Task 1: Description of the Proposed Project
Provide a detailed description of the relevant parts of the project and its activities. Review information about the project and provide any missing information and data about the following: location, general layout, size and capacity, production methods, pre-rehabilitation, scheduling of rehabilitation development activities, life span of operations.
Task 2: Present baseline data relevant to environmental and Social characteristics of the area
With reference to the baseline data and information existing at the project site and that contained in the scoping report, assemble, evaluate and present baseline data on relevant environmental and social characteristics of the study areas such as biophysical and socio economics and cultural aspects. Elaborate on the study areas and adjacent (marginal) areas should be considered, for example;
Physical environment:
• Geology;
• Topography;
• Soils;
• Climate and meteorology;
• Ambient air quality;
• Surface water resources;
• Groundwater resources;
• Existing sources of air emission;
• Existing pollution discharges and receiving water quality;
• The borrow pits and waste rock disposal areas;
• Location of roadways and other support infrastructure.
Biological environment:
• Present baseline data on both the terrestrial and aquatic communities of flora and fauna found in the project area identifying whether WB safeguard OP 4.04 on natural habitat and OP 4.36 on forests are being triggered: General spatial arrangement of vegetative community types, vegetative species abundance listings, record of rare or endangered species, sensitive habitats, significant natural sites, species of commercial importance etc.;
• Nature of aquatic habitats;
• Conduct specific studies on the ecological/vegetation characteristics of all areas earmarked for project activities and facilities e.g., areas borrow pit sites for the raw materials and waste rock disposal, workshops and other infrastructure facilities.
Socio-economic environment:
▪ Review baseline data and information on the socio-economic environment as provided in the scoping report and present any additional data related to the project area identifying whether WB safeguard operational policy OPN11.03 on cultural property has been trigerred.
Task 3: Legislative and Regulatory Considerations
Describes pertinent regulations and standards governing environmental quality and management, health, safety, protection of sensitive areas, endangered species, and land use control at relevant local, regional, national, and international levels.
Task 4: Determination of Potential Impacts of the Proposed Project
Identify and predict all possible impacts qualitatively and where possible quantitatively, of the project on the biophysical, socio economic and cultural environment. Specify the methodology used on predictions. In particular, the following issues will be addressed.
Biophysical issues:
▪ Provide baseline data on dust, quality of surface and groundwater;
▪ Examine and determine the requirements of water for rehabilitation operations and establish the possible potential sources;
▪ Identify current sources of pollution in main water sources such as rives and springs by taking into considerations the surrounding activities, e.g. animal grazing, charcoal burning, etc.;
▪ Examine the handling, storage and use of any chemical in the catchment around the source mining operations i.e., factory discharges, mining, and mechanical farming activities.
▪ Evaluate the loss and disturbance of biodiversity and threatened species resulting from the vegetation clearance during rehabilitation and operation and recommend mitigation measures;
▪ Examine evaluate the impacts that may result from generation of odours and noise from the equipment and machinery operating in the area and impounded waters;
▪ Evaluate health and nuisance problems resulting from dust, air and oil pollution from mobile equipment and machinery. Identify other existing pollutants in the project environment and recommend mitigation measures;
▪ Determine rehabilitation programs after project closure, with regard to land reclamation, re-vegetation, infrastructure, etc.;
▪ Guided by acceptable standards and regulations make recommendations on the design criteria to be used for the project quarry sites, borrow pit waste, rock dumps and support infrastructure.
Socio-economic issues:
▪ Conduct further consultations with those stakeholders who were not covered in the earlier study and incorporate their views accordingly;
▪ Examine possibilities and devise mechanisms for compensation of loss of income by people whose activities will be affected by the mining operations;
▪ Review Government procedures and compensation rates for people living in areas earmarked for quarrying, involuntary displacement;
▪ Review the current and planned project outreach programs in relation with addressing issues associated with the influx of job seekers in the area versus pressure on resources and social services in the District;
▪ Conduct further consultations to ascertain the extent of both negative and positive social and economic contributions of the project;
▪ Identify people and groups (with gender considerations) that are most likely to benefit/be affected;
▪ Identify and evaluate the impacts resulting from influx of new people to the area, who may influence and affect the attitudes and behaviour of people in the area;
Task 5: Analysis and assessment of impacts
The description of impacts should indicate whether impacts are positive or negative, direct or indirect, short or long term, reversible or irreversible. Furthermore, the study should consider cumulative impact on a regional scale.
Guided by acceptable standards and regulations recommended the most feasible measures to eliminate/reduce/mitigate the impacts.
Task 6: Analysis of Alternatives
Describe alternatives that were considered or examined in the course of developing the proposed project. Also, identify other alternatives of achieving the same objectives in the case of sitting, design, technology, rehabilitation techniques, phasing, etc and compare them in relation to suitability under local conditions, potential environmental and social impacts and institutional training and monitoring requirements. The zero alternative scenarios should also be considered.
Task 7: Develop an Environmental and Social Management Plan to Mitigate Negative Impacts
Propose feasible and cost effective measures to reduce the negative impacts. Prepare an environmental and social management and monitoring plan in relation to operations in the project area following guidelines presented in ANNEX 2 to include the proposed programs, budget estimates, schedules, staffing and training requirements to implement the mitigation measures and impacts of the projects during the rehabilitation and the operational phase.
Task 8: Develop the Monitoring Plan
Prepare a detailed plan to monitor the implementation of the proposed mitigation measures and reduction of environmental and social impact of the project during rehabilitation and operation phases.
This plan should specify which parameters are to be monitored, at what interval and frequency, costing and assign responsibility i.e., who will be doing what, when and how.
Task 9: Public involvement
Ensure adequate public consultation and involvement in the environmental and social study process by consulting key stakeholders that were not covered during the scoping study. Review the consultation process undertaken during the scoping exercise. Ensure concerned stakeholders are involved and their concerns are taken to the board. The result of public consultations should be documented in the report.
3.0 Reporting
The final draft of the EIS document and ESMP addressing issues associated with the project area should be prepared in accordance with World Bank guidelines and be concise by following the proposed report writing guidelines in the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment and Audit Regulations, 2005 for simplifying the review process. The executive summary should be both in Swahili and English as per Environmental Management Act, 2004.
4.0 References
The objective of this section is to identify and record the written materials used in the study. This is extremely important because some of the material used as background information may be in unpublished form, and yet it may be necessary that these are available during the review process. A list of references will be included in the final report together with the list of people contacted and summary of interviews.
ANNEX 4
General guidelines
for
The Supervision of SMMRP projects[2] and Associated ESMF Budget
Part I: Planning the Supervision Mission
1. Pre-mission work is absolutely essential for making the supervision of SMMRP projects effective. Telephone/email discussions with the Client’s Environment team should be undertaken in planning the supervision mission.
2. Planning the site visits to subproject locations should be done as pre-mission work. It should be noted that it will be impossible to cover each and every subproject in a SMMRP during supervision missions. The MEM’s Environmental and/or Social Specialist should select project sites based on the following criteria:
a) The importance of environmental and social issues in the subprojects;
b) The amount of project funding/investment being made in the subproject type;
c) The subprojects that have been covered in the previous supervision missions;
d) New regions/districts should be preferred;
e) Regions/districts that are within or near natural habitats or known to have environmental constraints/problems;
f) The subprojects that were visited during the previous supervision mission and require a follow-up visit due to the importance or critical nature of the environmental and/or social issues;
g) The subprojects that have the potential to become risk issues in the context of the WB safeguard policies.
3. In planning the supervision mission, the MEM’s Environmental and/or Social Specialist should make sure that the environmental/social supervision mission overlaps with the overall mission for a couple of days.
4. Site visit plans should not be too tight and packed with the motive to cover as many subprojects as possible. It is generally preferable to study a subproject in greater depth when compared to studying several subprojects in a broader manner.
5. Site visits should not be seen as meant only for the MEM team. During the permission discussions with the Client, the MEM should advise the Client’s Environment team to use the site visits to collect inputs for their ongoing work.
These site visits should not be done only for the sake of the supervision mission. These should be made part-and- parcel of the Client’s ongoing work. This way, the MEM’s Environmental and/or Social Specialist will also witness the nature of the work being done by the Client’s Environmental and Social Team with their District teams and field level officers.
Part II: Pre-Mission Documentation Review
1. As part of the pre-mission preparation, the MEM’s Environmental Specialist should review the following documents:
• Project Appraisal Document (PAD)
• Updated Project Implementation Plan (PIP)
• Quarterly Progress Reports
• Previous Aide Memoires
• Other monitoring reports, if any
• Audit reports, if any
Preparing Focused Statement of Objectives:
2. Based on the review of these reports and telephone/email discussions, the MEM’s Environmental Specialist should prepare a list of points that will be the focus of the supervision mission. This could also be the basis of the Statement of Mission Objectives to be sent by the MEM’s Environmental Specialist.
Preparatory Research:
3. The MEM’s Environmental Specialist should carry out quick research of other SMMRP projects, particularly similar projects or those in the same District/Region, to determine whether any cross-project learning can be facilitated. If possible, the MEM’s Environmental Specialist should also review other non-Bank initiatives so as to update himself/herself about current happenings in the Region or District. This is important for the Environmental Specialist to provide value-addition to the work done by the client’s Environmental team.
Undertaking Site Visits:
4. Generally, the supervision mission will consist of two parts: (i) site visit and associated discussions, and (ii) meetings/discussions at the client’s office, which is generally in the District or Village area. Considering the numerous tasks that need to be accomplished, the MEM’s Environmental Specialist should use the two parts of the mission efficiently. Travel time should also be effectively used. Discussions with the client’s Environment team regarding the follow-up to the previous aide memoire should be done during travel to the site/subproject locations. Preliminary discussions on the key problems/constraints faced by the Client’s Environment team should be held during travel to the site/subproject locations.
5. For the subprojects selected for site visits, the MEM’s Environmental and/or Social Specialist(s) should focus on the following:
• Organizational arrangements that have ensured the consideration of environmental and social issues;
• Physical implementation of the mitigation measures (if any);
• Subproject documents that demonstrate that a management framework has ensured environmental considerations in the design, implementation and operation;
• Awareness levels of the subproject proponents on environmental and social issues;
• Verifying whether WB safeguard policies have been or likely to be an issue during subproject implementation.
6. For the site visit, the MEM’s Environmental Specialist should be accompanied by a representative from the Client’s Environment team. During the site visit, the Environmental Specialist should meet the mainstream operational staff at the district and village levels to determine how they have included or are including environmental and social considerations into the subprojects.
7. During the site visit, the MEM’s Environmental Specialist should undertake selected direct interactions with those implementing the subprojects in order to understand and appreciate their perspectives on environmental management. Through these interactions, the MEM’s Environmental Specialist should assess how the management framework, the training and the information dissemination and other efforts are being put to practice at the subproject implementation level.
8. Upon returning from the site, the MEM’s Environmental Specialist should give verbal feedback to the Client’s senior management on environmental issues.
Drafting and Discussing the Aide Memoire:
9. Drafting of the aide-memoire is best done during the mission itself when the issues are still fresh. If prepared during the mission, there is the advantage of being able to seek clarifications from the Client on any aspect related to the project.
10. In writing the aide-memoire, the Environmental and/or Social Specialist(s) should clearly distinguish what is being posed as essential requirements and suggestions for improvement. The essential requirements include:
• Modifying the design of the framework in order to ensure that WB safeguard issues are effectively captured;
• Organizational concerns in terms of staff available to address safeguard issues;
• Training focus areas to ensure that safeguard policies are understood and continue to be addressed in a manner integral to project implementation;
• Strengthening of the Client’s monitoring or supervision and reporting in order to ensure that safeguard concerns are being identified at the subproject level;
• The MEM’s Environmental and/or Social Specialist(s) should preferably discuss the aide-memoire with the client’s Environment team. During discussions, commitments on the timelines for agreed actions should be obtained.
Part III: Budget for ESMF Implementation and Supervision
|S/N |Description of the Activity |Budget (USD) |Source of Funds |
|1 |Staff training on HSE, ESIA, ESMP Mine Closure and Environmental|260,000 |WB |
| |Auditing (including LGRA officers) | | |
|2 |Conducting Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) |300,000 |WB |
|3 |Poverty and Social Impact Assessment |150,000 |WB |
|4 |Preparation of Environmental Guidelines |300,000 |WB |
|5 |Specific training of ASM trainers on health, safety, environment|300,000 |WB |
| |and entrepreneurship in Demonstration mines, and in value | | |
| |addition programs | | |
|6 |Preparation of an Environmental and Social management Plan for 8|160,000 |WB |
| |SSM Demonstration Centres | | |
|7 |ESMF Review and Update (including end of project evaluation) |300,000 |WB |
|8 |Monitoring implementation of ESMF in project areas. |40,000 |URT |
|9 |VPO and NEMC fees and processing of Environmental Studies & |60,000 |URT |
| |Permitting | | |
| |TOTAL |1,870,000 | |
ANNEX 5
World Bank SAFEGUARD Policies
The Tables below provide guide to determining which World Bank safeguard policies are triggered.
|Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01) |
|Summary: |
|The Bank requires environmental impact assessment (EIA) of sub-projects proposed for Bank financing to help ensure that they are environmentally |
|sound and sustainable. The environmental assessment is a process that is conducted to identify the negative impacts that a project may have on |
|aspects of the biophysical and social environment. It analyses the impacts of project alternatives, and provides mitigation measures to be |
|undertaken to eliminate or minimize the impacts identified. |
|Objective: |
|To identify potential impacts that a project may have on the environment and to provide mitigation to eliminate or minimize these impacts. |
|The subproject operator automatically complies with this policy by complying with the measures described in this ESMF. Preparation of EIAs |
|including EMPs is required for Category A and B subprojects, and only an EMP is required for Category C subprojects. |
|Natural Habitat (OP 4.04) |
|Summary: |
|The conservation of natural habitats is essential for long-term sustainable development. The Bank supports, and expects subproject operators to |
|apply, a precautionary approach to natural resource management to ensure opportunities for environmentally sustainable development. The Bank |
|will not support subprojects that, in its opinion, involve the significant conversion or degradation of critical natural habitats. |
|Objective: |
|To ensure the protection, maintenance and rehabilitation of natural habitats and their functions within the financed subproject. |
|Questions: |Actions: |
|i) Will the subproject be located on |If ‘yes’, and in the Bank’s opinion that site had been a significant habitat, the Bank will not support|
|lands that were converted from natural |the subproject. |
|habitat in anticipation of the | |
|subproject? | |
|ii) Will the project be located on lands|If ‘yes’ and in the Bank’s opinion the natural habitat is not significant, the project may proceed. If |
|that require conversion of natural |‘yes’, and the natural habitat is significant, proceed to question iii). If ‘no’, proceed with the |
|habitat? |subproject. |
|iii) On a site with significant natural |If, ‘yes’ go to the feasible alternative. If ‘no’, go to question iv) |
|habitat, are there feasible alternatives| |
|for the subproject? | |
|iv) Do the overall benefits of the |If ‘yes’, the Bank may support the subproject. If the environmental and social impact assessment |
|subproject substantially outweigh the |indicates that a project would significantly convert or degrade natural habitats, the subproject will |
|environmental costs? |include mitigation measures acceptable to the Bank and these could include minimizing habitat loss, |
| |and/or establishing and maintaining an ecologically similar protected area. Other forms of mitigation |
| |will be approved if they are technically feasible. If ‘no’, the Bank will not support the subproject. |
|Other comments: |
|In deciding whether to support a subproject with potential impacts on a natural habitat, the Bank takes into account the operator’s and the |
|Government’s ability to implement the appropriate conservation and mitigation measures. If there are potential institutional capacity problems, |
|the subproject and overall SMMRP includes activities that develop the capacity of national and local institutions for effective environmental |
|and social planning and management. |
| |
|ii)The Bank expects the operator and the Government to take into account the views, roles and rights of interest groups including NGOs and local|
|communities affected by the subproject. It expects that such interested parties be involved in the planning, design, implementing and |
|evaluating of such subprojects. |
|Physical Cultural Resources (OP 4.11) |
|Summary: |
|Cultural property includes sites having archaeological (prehistoric), paleontological, historical, religious and unique natural values. |
|The Bank will normally decline to finance a subproject that will significantly damage non-replicable cultural property, and will assist |
|only those subprojects that are located or designed so as to prevent such damage. The policy pertains to any project/subproject in which |
|the Bank is involved; irrespective of the whether the Bank is itself financing the part of the project that may affect cultural property.|
|Objective: To assist |in the preservation, and to seek to avoid elimination of cultural property. |
|Questions: |Actions: |
|i) Will the subproject damage |If ‘yes’, the operator must take appropriate action to meet the Bank requirements of cultural |
|or remove physical cultural |property protection. If the project benefits are great and the loss or damage of the cultural |
|property? |property is judged by competent authorities to be unavoidable, |
| |minor, or otherwise acceptable, the Bank may waive the policy. If significant damage to |
| |non-replicable cultural property is likely, the Bank will normally decline its support for the |
| |subproject. |
|Other comments: |
|i) The Bank will assist in the protection and enhancement of cultural properties encountered in Bank-financed projects, rather than |
|leaving their protection to chance. In some cases, the subproject is best relocated in order that sites and structures can be preserved, |
|studied, and restored in situ. In other cases, structures can be relocated, preserved, studied, and restored on alternative sites. Often,|
|scientific study, selective salvage, and museum preservation before destruction is all that is necessary. Such actions, including the |
|necessary training and strengthening of the relevant institutions (e.g. local museum specialists) should be included in the scope of the |
|subproject. |
PART II
INITIAL SCOPING STUDY FOR STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT (SESA)
1. INTRODUCTION
This section of the document summarizes the initial scoping of broader environmental and social issues in the mining sector in the selected areas where SMMRP activities will be implemented. These will be examined in detail through a Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment, during SMMRP implementation following World Bank guidelines. It also outlines the preliminary approach to mitigation of mining sector’s environmental and social impacts of areas covered by the SMMRP. These broader environmental and social issues in the mining sector should not be confused with the project specific impacts managed through the ESMF (see Part I).
Consultations were held with relevant SSM, LSM, Regional Miners Associations, ZMO’s and RMO’s, District Executive Directors and village governments. These consultations were made through field visits conducted in selected sites of the country, where SMMRP covers. Review of existing information and data on SMMRP project components and other previous studies were also conducted. Additional information were gathered via consultations with appropriate stakeholders at the national and local levels including government ministries/agencies, mining companies, other private sector actors, artisanal miners, NGO’s, people and communities in mining areas. Table 1.1 below provides a list of stakeholders interviewed during the study period.
Table 1.1: Stakeholders interviewed for SMMRP Project
|GOVERNMENT |LOCAL GOVERNMENTS |INSTITUTIONS |LARGE SCALE MINES |VILLAGE COUNCILS |SMALL SCALE MINES |
|ZMO – Singida |Singida DED |NEMC |TanzaniteOne Mine |Nyarugusu – Geita District |MWAREMA – Nyarugusu |
| | | |(gemstones) | | |
|ZMO – Arusha |Babati DED | | |Sambaru – Singida Rural |SIREMA – Sambaru |
| | | | |District | |
|RMO – Songea |Mbinga DED | | |Amani Makoro – Mbinga |RUVUREMA – Ruvuma |
| | | | |District | |
|RMO – Chunya |Chunya DED | | |Matundasi – Chunya District|Itumbi mine - Chunya (gold) |
|VPO-DOE |Kisarawe DED | | | |Rahim Massawe – Mirerani |
| | | | | |(gemstones) |
|Arusha Gemstone | | | | |Pugu Kaolin Mines – Kisarawe |
|Centre | | | | |(industrial mineral) |
|MEM- HQ (SMMRP | | | | |Richard Mutatina – Kisarawe |
|Office) | | | | |(industrial minerals) |
The study applied different participatory methods including focus group discussions to involve all the selected stakeholders. Interviews were then held focusing on the ToR outlined, depending on how each of the interviewed stakeholder is impacted by the SMMRP project activities.
In all the consultations held, the Consultants explained the scope of the SMMRP project activities and how each of the interviewed stakeholders will be involved. Opportunity was given to each of the stakeholders interviewed to highlight areas of possible impacts based on their experience (both adverse and favourable) to the environment and the society where SMMRP project activities will be implemented. The consultants also assessed the biophysical and socio-economic characteristics of the areas where the SMMRP project activities will be implemented
2. SMALL SCALE GOLD MINING
Small scale gold mining areas are located in many parts of Tanzania, some being in the well known greenstone belts of the Lake Victoria zone north of Tanzania, Singida – Sekenke in the central part and some in other parts of the country in Protorozoic system such as Mpanda goldfields in the western part ; Lupa goldfields in the South-western highlands. Some of the recent discoveries include Mbinga areas in the southern part bordering Mozambique; Sambaru and Londoni areas in the central-part, and Morogoro, Kilindi and Handeni in the eastern part of the Country.
Almost all of the newly discovered areas have been pioneered by small scale miners. With the favourable price of gold worldwide, SSM have continued to exploit gold from the traditionally gold mining areas of the Lake Victoria goldfields, Mpanda goldfields, Lupa goldfield, Sekenke goldfields, etc. Small Scale gold mining is undertaken using rudimentary methods due to lack of capital to acquire new and modern equipment to mine the minerals. Mining activities usually flourish in the initial periods as mining is undertaken to recover easily accessible sub-surface deposits; benefitting most of the miners. However, as gold reefs/veins get deeper, the water problem becomes serious requiring heavy pumps to drain mine workings to allow mining to continue. However, as gold reefs/veins get deeper, mining becomes difficult, expensive and slower, requiring significant capital which is beyond reach for the majority of SSM to purchase powerful generators and submersible water pumps.
Issues noted as important for the small-scale gold miners, leading to improvement of their livelihood through mining include the following:
1. Technical Assistance to SSM
a) Assistance to Determine the Mineral Reserves in their PMLs
SSM are very much aware that before mining, one needs to explore the deposits. But this important stage of exploring for deposits is very much expensive and thus beyond their reach. Proposal for partially solving this problem, include:
i. Getting information from Large scale explorers who relinquished the areas granted to them, or
ii. Government assistance in undertaking exploration through GST.
Other specific issues regarding assistance to explore minerals within PMLs are;
• Lack of simple, cheap and modern equipment to explore for deposits;
• SSM operate randomly to explore minerals in their areas. Due to uncertainty on quality and quantities mineable and also how deep mineralization goes, it is hard to obtain loans for bank financing.
• Getting loans from banks for prospecting is too risky since one may spend it all and fail to get the intended deposits to pay for loan;
• The Mobile unlicensed SSM are good for the country, since they carry the risk of exploring minerals at their own cost, letting PML and LSM access their areas with minimal risks;
• Large Prospecting Licenses have no physical boundaries to make SSM know them brewing conflicts of trespassing;
• Large Prospectors (PL) holds large chunks of land for years without working on them, once mobile miners discovers minerals in their licenses and rush to apply for PMLs, that is when PL owners come taking police with them to evacuate the SSM. They view this as being unfair to them;
• Discovery of minerals starts with mobile miners – PML holders – LSM;
• The PML tenure of 5-years is too short for long term investment of SSM;
Currently, methods of searching for mineralized areas is very much random causing many of them to leave behind uncovered holes when they fail to hit mineralized reefs, causing environmental impacts.
On the other hand, LSM rarely relinquishes areas in favour of SSM for fear of losing good grounds which may later turn into large deposits to their disappointment. This denies SSM with further areas to continue exploring.
b) Acquisition of Modern Mining Equipment
SSM expresses the need to have financial and technical assistance to mine and process the surface and deep-seated deposits in their PMLs, which is now becoming difficult with their existing rudimentary tools and methods.
• Most SSM are able to recover only 20% of the gold from the ore, the rest is stockpiled as tailings for future further work due to lack of proper processing methods and equipment;
• Need for cheaper and effective mineral processing methods in place of existing poor and expensive local manual crushing and ineffective grinding methods as shown in Figure 2.6(a).
• Poor working conditions, no safety clothes, boots, helmets, etc., to miners working underground and processing the ore as shown in Figure 2.6(b), (c) and (d);
c) Training
Training of SSM on better mining and processing methods of gold has been undertaken several times with great success. With additional training using mobile units to be provided by the Government, positive impact will result from this since technology change with time. Most SSM consulted supported the move and expects significant gains from the plan.
Issues which exist in regard to training however, include;
• Low awareness of laws governing prospecting and mining especially for unlicensed SSM, who are constantly mobile;
• Absence of short-course training institutions for upgrading of miners on modern methods of exploration, mining and mineral beneficiation works;
• Absence of technical support (engineers & geologists) to guide their works; one miner was forced to send his technicians to South Africa for a short course on cyanide leaching to work in his mine;
d) Lack of Cooperation Among Miners
Any assistance in terms of financial or equipment supply to the SSM could be granted to either an individual miner from whom others could find access to learn new technology and ways of operating and managing equipment or to groups of miners who forms an association or cooperatives. Lack of cooperation among SSM is a hindrance for them to obtain financial assistance. They preferred to work as individuals rather than as an association or cooperative.
e) Provision of Social Services
None of the important social services are available at most of the SSM mine workings, i.e. good toilets, schools especially kindergarten and primary levels, health services, safe living shelters, etc.;
Table 1.2: Comparison of impacts on assistance to an individual and cooperative society
|ASSISTANCE TO INDIVIDUAL MINER |ASSISTANCE TO A GROUP (SACCOS) |
|+ve Impacts |-ve Impacts |+ve Impacts |-ve Impacts |
|For serious miners, more |Most miners are envious of|Will benefit more miners rather |Stiff competition among groups: |
|effective usage of equipment and |others getting prosperous |than a individual miner in a |Village councils insists to start |
|proper maintenance will result | |short time; |with their groups |
|Easy to manage and monitor since |Few outside miners will be|Cooperatives are made up of |Require experienced management to |
|it is a single proprietary |willing to go there to |established constitutions hence |manage assets as a group, which may |
|undertaking and usually not a |learn |checks and balances are |be lacking |
|large undertaking. | |available; Stability is ensured | |
| |Runs a risk of selling | |Difficult to implement since each PML|
| |equipment and disappearing| |holder feels his/hers to be better |
| |without paying off any | |than the other ones. |
| |debt; | | |
3. LSM EXTENSION SERVICES TO SSM
On some occasions large scale miners (LSM) have, extended assistance to SSM within the proximity of their mining areas. As an example, SSM from Nyarugusu and Lwamgasa areas in the Geita district are some of the miners who have benefited from the assistance granted by the LSM, namely Geita Gold Mine (GGM). In March 2006, GGM management mobilized miners from these localities and held discussion on areas where they could provide technical assistance in a bid to improve their working conditions. Assistance were extended to the miners at Nyarugusu and Lwamgasa on training on better mining methods of mining; funding for a Mining Fair in 2006 by GGM, UNIDO and DFID; formation of a 13 member Committee involving LSM, SSM and RMO for Geita to identify further areas of cooperation and improving relations between SSM and LSM; GGM supplying used ball mill charges (steel balls), to SSM for use in their locally made ball mills.
An issue which the SSM had over LSM, which creates conflict between them, is the aspect of “mobile Artisanal miners” most of whom are employees of the SSM with licenses. These Mobile miners are hard to control and manage because they are not salaried employees by the SSM with licenses. They operate independently and often in groups causing the following negative impact to the environment:
• Invade LSM prospecting areas in search of mineralized areas. This is due to these LSM holding large areas, which they are unable to control or secure. As a result, through their trial and error method of digging in search of gold, they end up leaving open holes which may cause injury and sometimes death to fauna, people and their livestock; Figure 2.7(b) shows an example of the environmental degradation caused by unlicensed mobile SSM;
• They often invade these areas in groups and often at night causing security concern to even the LSM security guards;
Most are children of the same miners and residents of the respective mining areas causing the task of controlling them even more difficult.
These SSM often dig even underneath infrastructural activities such as within the road reserves and sometimes underneath the road at night, under bridges, etc.
4. SMALL SCALE GEMSTONE MINING
Gemstone mining in Tanzania has traditionally been undertaken by small scale miners. Major regions for gemstones mining include Arusha, Tanga, Ruvuma, Dodoma, Morogoro, Shinyanga, and Rukwa regions. However, it appears that gemstones are abundant in the country since there have been several discoveries in areas some of which were formerly regarded to have no gemstones deposits.
Some of the famous gemstone mining areas include Mirerani (tanzanite) and Mayoka (emeralds) in Manyara Region; Longido (ruby) in Arusha Region; Mahenge and Matombo (ruby) in Mororgoro region; Mponda (emeralds) in Rukwa Region; Tunduru (alexandrite and its variants) and Mbinga (sapphire and its variants) in the Ruvuma Region. Others include Mpwapwa (sapphire and its varieties) in Dodoma region, and; alluvial diamonds in Shinyanga Region.
Mining of gemstones in some places such as Mirerani, Longido, and other places where rocks are hard, takes place by drilling and blasting the hard rock, trimming and hoisting the broken material to the surface and sorting for the precious gem. This is undertaken after some development has been completed of developing an access shaft and drifts within the host rock to access the mineralized rock. Often this is done after a careful study of the geology of the area to ensure the mine hits a mineralized rock with great certainty.
The bulk of the mining activities thereafter, are to break and handle waste material to the surface to pave way for mining the rock that hosts the required gemstone. Key equipment used includes drills, compressors, ventilation fans, monorail hoist, and hand held spades and picks. Figure 2.4(a) and (b) shows some infrastructure of SSM of tanzanite in Mirerani – Simanjiro District.
Many of other gemstone mining areas however, are located in riverine environments, where alluvial gemstones have been transported from their parent rocks by both geographical and geological events over millions of years and deposited in valleys or favourable places for their depositions. Mining in these places is simpler with hand tools than the hard rock types though potentially is unsafe. It is in these places where unlicensed mobile SSM operate since digging is simpler with hand tools.
1. Financial, Technical Assistance & Alternatives
Request for financial and technical assistance varies from one place to another with regard to gemstone mining. It is a fact that gemstones are very valuable and enticing to many and not bulk in nature; a fact that tends to make miners a bit sceptical about any assistance to be provided. In many cases, miners do not want their production to be known, as this will increase security risks of their mines leading to frequent attacks from robberies.
Another fact that leads to certain choices of the type of assistance needed by SSM in gemstone areas is that some SSM avoid letting other people know and understand their mine layout. A case example is SSM at Mirerani; where the miners would not wish anybody to know their mine orientations down dip since they cross borders randomly towards other SSM properties. They wouldn’t like their neighbours to know where their pits have reached. Also SSM of Mirerani do not wish to have any financial or technical assistance in terms of physical equipment for mining and processing of their ores as this will lead other SSM access their mines and learn from them and cause a breach of security of their undertakings.
Most of the consulted miners however, are happy to have mobile demonstration units from which all can be trained on better mining methods. Processing of the ores however, is a non-issue to most of the SSM, because gemstones are readily visible. Security however, is a major challenge to most SSM and even large scale miners.
2. LSM Extension Services to SSM
Large to medium scale mines located in areas where small scale mining is thriving have been assisting small-scale miners on various issues ranging from technical assistances to training of miners in different fields of knowledge.
Case example is at Mirerani where there are three LSM located in block A (Kilimanjaro Mines), Block C (TanzaniteOne Ltd) and Block D (Tanzanite Africa Ltd). The other blocks, block B and part of Block D are operated by several SSM with their blocks subdivided into smaller licensed plots. The three LSM on different occasions have, provided extension services to SSM within blocks B and D, though with different proportions. Notably of the three LSM is TanzaniteOne who have at different times provided technical services to many of the SSM in Mirerani. TanzaniteOne Ltd also has established a Small Miners Assistance Program (SMAP) to assist miners in Blocks A, B and D in areas such as designing a mine layout; conducting basic geological study especially the aspect of rock identification; equipping a mine and a shaft; and the whole essence of starting up mines. Some of the extension services provided to SSM by TanzaniteOne mine include: Training SSM in mine construction, management, safety and mine rescue operations; mine geological works and underground mine surveying; mine rescue operations for several disasters which occurred at Mirerani in SSM pits; Technical services in sinking shafts and equipping several mines in the Mirerani area.
3. Environmental and Social Issues in Gemstones Mining Areas
Most of the gemstone mining areas have issues which are common and they include the following:
• Moral decay in the villages surrounding these mine sites among the youths, with prostitution, drunkenness, drug abuse, etc., being on the increase;
• Security deterioration in the villages near the mine sites with thefts and other criminal activities being on the increase;
• Wildfires are apparent when they chase away snakes and clear lands for prospecting gemstones, especially in alluvial deposits;
• Increased land degradation through many uncovered pits and holes in the area;
• Pathetic safety record with fatalities of 4 – 5 miners per year in places such a Mbinga District resulting from being buried in the pits; Figure 2.13(c) and (d) is an example of a mine accident involving unlicensed SSM who were digging at night resulting in 4 fatalities at Masuguru in Mbinga District;
• Impact on cultural sites with respect to cutting trees and interfering with ritual sites. For example at Amani Makoro village it is illegal to cut down a tree called “Muhoro” which is believed to be sacred and is never to be cut down.
5. SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIAL MINERALS MINING
Mining of industrial minerals by small-scale miners in Tanzania has a long history, dating back to late 1960s. Most of the minerals that were mined by small-scale miners include limestone, Bentonite, meerschaum, mica, salt, stones aggregates, gypsum, kaolin, dolomite, to mention a few. Currently most of the miners are more interested in mining minerals that are readily marketable like salt, limestone for producing lime, clays for brick making, aggregates, gypsum, and kaolin and to a lesser extent dolomite. Minerals like mica have lost market due to availability of materials that technologically replaces it; therefore, small-scale miners are no longer mining mica.
Minerals that do not normally lend themselves to small-scale mining include copper, iron ore; lead, zinc, manganese, nickel , coal, and other varieties of base metals largely because of the need for economies of scale in production and traditionally have not been exploited by small-scale miners in Tanzania. Following worldwide increase in demand, interest in some of these minerals, particularly copper ore has sparked interest for SSM leading into searching and mining of the ore countrywide. Coal also has sparked interest of SSM following possible markets with cement manufacturing factories.
Construction and chemical industries in Tanzania are growing fast leading to increased demand of raw materials such as limestone, aggregates, kaolin and gypsum. Medium scale miners dominated the productions of these minerals; however, the increase in demand of these raw materials has resulted in putting into play the small-scale miners.
Mining, quarrying and processing of industrial minerals varies depending on the commodity to be mined and processed. Equipment choice for mining, quarrying and processing of industrial minerals is dependent on the type of mineral. For instance, small scale miners of gypsum need only basic tools such as picks and shovels to recover the gypsum in its raw form; and sale the same without further processing. Those who are engaged in production of stone aggregates require sophisticated equipment such as drill rigs, crushers and screens, whilst needing the service of blasting expertise.
Production of kaolin by small scale miners, as observed during the study period at Pugu site in Kisarawe, have been developed following the failure of former operator, Pugu Kaolin Mines. The current operators, Mr. Richard Mutatina and Mr. Ramadhan Sengwila former employees of the defunct mine have utilized their experience of processing kaolin at Pugu Kaolin Mines, that has enabled them to imitate some of the operations of the Pugu plant and activities of the mine. Fifteen employees are engaged in the operation producing about 5 to 10 tons of kaolin over a fortnight. The operation is highly labour intensive.
Current demand for kaolin is high, given that the only locally operated and known resource is at Pugu. The small scale operators are unable to meet the demand from the local market which encompass various industries in the country such as Sapa Chemicals, Lake Trading for leather curing, Rubber/Plastic Industry, Sadolin Paints, Bora Plastics, Kibo Matches, SIDO industries, General Tyre, and Mufindi Paper Mill to mention a few.
1. Issues Facing SSM in Industrial Minerals
Mining, quarrying and processing of some industrial minerals requires the use of much sophisticated equipment. The bulk nature of the material requires the use of large transportation equipment. In terms of revenue, the industrial minerals are not as valuable as gold or gemstones, on the weight-to-weight or volume-to-volume basis, thus tending not to be very attractive to SSM. However, getting involved in industrial minerals production assures a long-term profitable and stable business venture.
Some of the major challenges facing the SSM engaged in industrial minerals production include:
• Lack of access to credit for the purchase mining and processing equipment.
• Un properly handling of safety, health and environmental issues at the mining site;
2. Alternative Financial & Technical Assistance
The following assistance is being sought by the SSM to improve production operations and their livelihood:
a) Equipment for Mining and Processing
• Equipment needed for mining of industrial minerals like kaolin include bulldozer for stripping out waste overburden materials to access the raw kaolin. This need to be complemented by the loader or excavator to load a truck to transport the raw materials to the processing plant.
• Processing of raw kaolin need two most basic components which are water and the raw material itself. The rest is equipment that fastens the process of separating sand from the kaolin. Basic equipment needed include roll crusher, attrition cells, filter press, milling machine, and a bag packing machine.
b) Training:
• Technical assistance in setting up an efficient production system to reduce manual work is needed. The existing set-up has been made using limited financial and technical capacity and once improved, will increase production of kaolin several times more.
• Safety, health and environmental (SHE) awareness is lacking among the entrepreneurs and there has never been any training undertaken to their workers on how to manage the SHE.
• Business management skills of their mine and marketing skills of their product are lacking.
• Quality control;
6. LSM BENEFIT STUDIES
Benefits of LSM to the government, society and its shareholders are many though a detailed study is needed to quantify benefits accrued from these mines to each of the stakeholder group versus the cost which these mines have imposed to their surrounding environments.
Mining companies constitute the majority of the LSM in Tanzania and they offer the largest benefit of all LSM companies. Some of the benefits which LSM companies provide to Tanzania and its shareholders include the contribution to GDP growth, formal employments creation and foreign exchange earnings; Direct employment of workers inclusive of contractors workers; Increased economies of District Councils where these mines are located through various levies (Geita, Kahama, Tarime, Nzega, Biharamulo & Bukombe,); royalties to the Central Government of 3% of gross income from all mines; various taxes to the government; community support in respect of schools, hospitals & dispensaries, etc.; HIV/AIDS campaigns and awareness raising at respective districts and nationally; Infrastructural improvement, with respect to roads, power, water supply systems, etc; Technology transfer to SSM; Other extension services to SSM.
Table 1.3 identified impacts of LSM to SSM.
|S/No. |NEGATIVE IMPACT |SIGNIFICANCE |POSITIVE IMPACT |SIGNIFICANCE |
|1. |Little support from LSM on |High, long term, |Technology transfer to SSM in respect of |High, long-term, favourable |
| |Industrial Minerals due to |adverse and reversible |opening up mines, preparation of mine | |
| |Competition over same markets | |plans, etc. | |
|2. |Little support from LSM on |Low, long-term, |Supply of used materials & parts, i.e |High, long-term, favourable |
| |gemstones due to market flooding |adverse, reversible |used steel balls, to SSM | |
| |lowering prices of gems | | | |
|3. |- | |Training on safety, health & environment |High, long-term, favourable |
| | | |and providing emergency assistance and | |
| | | |mine rescue. | |
|4. |- | |Sharing Geological and other technical |Medium, long-term, favourable |
| | | |information | |
|5. |-Confrontation with small scale |Medium, long-term, |Infrastructure |High, long-term, favourable |
| |miners |adverse, reversible | | |
|6. |-Competing for same resource |High, long-term, |Community support (good health care & |High, long-term, favourable |
| | |adverse, reversible |education) | |
7. MINING CADASTRAL INFORMATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM [MCIMS]
Tanzania decided to follow the modern worldwide trends to reform the Mining Act and set up a Mining Cadastre. Experience showed that the coordination with the National Cadastre and the Registrar is necessary to solve conflicts with possessors or holders of other rights.
The FlexiCadastre system uses a rules and workflow-centric approach to facilitate the efficient administration of mineral title in multiple jurisdictions. Flexi Cadastre is a mining cadastre management system that uses a web portal for data management and reporting, advanced task management, configurable business logic, best of breed GIS technologies and innovative concepts.
There has been a significant challenge to provide the system to 21 Zonal and Regional Offices throughout Tanzania and in many of the offices visited during the study, the system was not working. According to Zonal & Resident mines officers, the longest time one could access the system was two hours and the best they could do in the two hour period is to enter and search for one or two licenses.
Currently the server is slow and based in Dar es Salaam; there is lack of information, poor networking, and collaboration, and limited information sharing. There is therefore, need for re-examining the strategy of the Cadastre, outsourcing of services which can be attained through engaging the services of UCC; and training of staff (field data) to make the system perform to the capacity of its intended level.
8. STATE MINING CORPORATION (STAMICO)
STAMICO was formed in 1972 by a Government Notice No. 163 under the Public Corporation Act of 1969 and came into operation on 1st January 1973. The main role of STAMICO is the provision of professional mineral services, which include drilling (for mineral and water), land and mine surveying, mineral exploration and investment promotion, promotion and modernization of the small-scale mining sub-sector, promotion of industrial minerals development and mineral consultancy.
The SMMRP will finance a strategic assessment of STAMICO, exploring existing institutional capacity and options for self-financing, as a pre-condition for its future role with the private sector for both, large-scale and small-scale mining opportunities.
According the Director General, STAMICO is looking into the possibility of expanding collaboration. That is, other than depending on support from International Organizations and support from western companies to also incorporate the Eastern bloc countries such as China, India, etc. He also recommended that there is need to add value to gemstones being mined in various parts of the country than selling them raw. Adding value skills could be imparted on local ASM through training.
STAMICO felt that it should not be involved in this project and instead, funds which will be allocated to STAMICO should be directed to SSM budget. STAMICO supports KIPOKOLA’s committee report which recommends that the Ministry of Energy and Minerals be split into two independent Ministries viz; Energy and Minerals. Alternatively the ministry could have two Permanent Secretaries to cater for Energy and Minerals, respectively.
9. ARUSHA GEMSTONE AND CARVING CENTRE
Arusha Carving & Gemstone Centre was established in Arusha in year 2001 with a purpose of training gemstone cutters and stone carving technicians, who will become trainers of other artisans in gem cutting and stone carving.
The centre which is not yet complete has some of the equipment procured by the Government in the period of 2002 – 2003, which also included rehabilitation of buildings and structures of what used to be the Tanganyika Meerschaums Industry, which stopped functioning due to liquidity problems. The rehabilitation included also the buildings for the Zonal Mines offices for the Northern Zone.
Consultant was contracted to purchase and commission the equipment and provide training to few trainers. The training was incomplete but equipment for stone cutting, stone carving, moulding, and fine polishing were fitted and were made operational. However, the lapidary and jewellery sections with its equipment were yet to be procured and at the time of our study, only the stone carving section was complete.
Major issues which were identified included:
• Lack of commitment from the Government to support the centre, which has caused some trained employees to seek alternative employment elsewhere;
• Absence of close administration and management of the centre, which made even the Zonal office bearers to refer to issues of the centre to the MEM Head office(Project office);
• Difficulty of obtaining gemstones for training the gemstone cutters in a local market, thereby making it difficult to conduct training in gemstone cutting;
• Lack of clear goals of the centre among the employees and staff of the centre;
• Absence of any form of award from the centre after completing the training program causes the training program to be un-attractive;
It is therefore, important that the centre receive financial assistance that will be used to purchase additional equipment and fund for the remaining part of the training program of the trainers, who had completed the first phase of training from the consultant. It is also important that a curriculum is built that will be in line with National Council for Technical Education (NACTE) requirements and that the centre be managed by a training institution that will incorporate the curriculum into its programs.
10. PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN IN THE MINING SECTOR
Mining is historically a male- dominated industry. The under representation of women reflects social and economic inequalities between men and women. Apart from these, cultural beliefs and traditions do not allow women in mining pits as they are considered by male miners to be unclean. However in Tanzania women seclusion was partly restricted to poor tools that require masculine power. Typically women were engaged as labourers carrying and crushing ore, using hand harmers or pestle and mortars and sieving as was observed at Sambaru gold mines and Chunya mines.
The process of mining underground produces fine dust that was reported to cause respiratory problems including diseases such as chronic bronchitis, asthma and tuberculosis.
Women were also reported to sieve mud, old tailings and crushed rock that is often is contaminated with Mercury in search of left over gold and trash gemstones. Women and children are rendered vulnerable by spending too much time and energy for no or little returns while at the same time they are exposed to health hazards. Women were mostly engaged in non-mining activities as providers of goods and services ranging from food vending, barmaids, and domestic chores.
The percentage of women in small scale mining is highest in Africa (40 -50%) as compared to Asia(10).For example about 137,500 women are engaged in SSM as compared to 500 in S. Africa.(ILO, 1999), Amutabi et-al, 2002), Onu (2002). Dreschler, (2001) reports that 25% of Tanzania’s 500,000 artisanal and small scale miners are women and notes that Gemstone mining is the most important sectors for women although gold and other minerals are also important.
A study of gender issues in Small Scale mining in Mukibiri, Kenya(Amutabi et-al (2001) indicated that women play a central part in Artisanal mining and that women tend to spend their proceeds from mining on their families and that women pass down their expertise to younger generations.
Participation of women in the mining sector in Tanzania is presented in Table 1.4 and table 1.5 presents the numbers women with mineral rights.
Table 1.4: Participation of Women in Mining by Mineral Type
|Commodity |Direct |Indirect |Total |
|Gold |8,400 |41,810 |50216 |
|Diamond |523 |505 |1028 |
|Gemstone |17866 |50430 |74296 |
|Salt |9876 |7585 |17464 |
|Aggregates |14 |37 |62 |
|Dimension stones |9920 |7699 |17619 |
|Total |46599 |114066 |160685 |
Source: Dreschler, 2001
Table 1.5: Number of Women with Mineral Rights in Mining areas of Tanzania
|Area |Mineral |Number of PML |LSM |
| | |Men |women |men |Women |
|Songea |Gold |15 |1 |- |- |
| |Gemstones |250 |9 |- |- |
| |Building materials |12 |- |- |- |
|Sambaru Singida |Gold |19 |1 but reported many women were reported|1 Shanta | |
| | | |to have PML | | |
|Mwanza Nyarugusu |Gold | |Mwanza Women miners Association |1 GGM | |
| | | |(Mwawoma) | | |
Source: Field data
11. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MINING, LOCAL COMMUNITIES & INDIGENOUS PEOPLE
Tanzanians are Africans with differing cultural and linguistic characteristics. Indigenous people, in Tanzanian context, range from nomads/pastoralist such as the Maasai of Arusha and Manyara regions; hunter/gatherers such as the Hadzabe of Manyara region and Tindiga of Singida; agriculturalists such as Sukumas of Mwanza, to fishers/ traders of coastal regions. Impact on indigenous people in most mining areas is insignificant due to cross-cultural interference, which has resulted in the indigenous people harmoniously assimilating into other people’s foreign cultures or the other way round. In limited areas however, and for a short-term, project’s impacts on indigenous people is anticipated on aeromagnetic mapping activities of the areas in Singida, Dodoma, Arusha and Manyara Regions, where Tindiga, Hadzabe and Mang’ati people inhabit the land. Past similar works on aerial mapping in the same areas indicated insignificant impacts when prior notices and awareness campaigns to the people were conducted.
Mining activities will attract people with more interest, abilities and skills in respective minerals than the residents. For example gold mining is believed to interest Sukumas more than the Arusha people who in turn are more conversant with Gemstones. Other than the experts, gold and other mineral rush includes job seeking youths. The length of stay of these newcomers will depend on the nature and existence of the mineral. However the new comers have no commitment to the environment or social life of the mine sites.
As has been observed elsewhere, local mining activities tend to create social deficits that usually begin with by displacement of local people from their traditional lands and activities. Also there tends to be an influx of men in the areas. This population explosion may not only create pressure on social and economic resources such as land, water, and food, but may also lead to moral erosion and introduction of new behaviours including alcoholism, drug abuse, prostitution, crimes, divorces, wife and children abandonment, and violence etc.
Change of behaviour due to intertribal and ethnic interference from miners was reported by the RUVUREMA leaders and Amani Makoro village leaders in Mbinga District, where sapphire is being mined at Masuguru, Mkako and Kitai areas. Moral decay and introduction of bad habits such as smoking bhang, drunkenness, and commercial sex were among the new habits from among new comers in the community. Abhorred was also the watering down of marriage and family life. It was reported that marriage was shifting from an expected lifetime commitment to short term contracts lasting as longer as the woman or man was in the mining village. Temporary love relationships were reported to be responsible for abandoned spouses and children in most mining communities.
Improved mining could become environmentally friendly, especially if the mining groups are going to be confined by issuance of PMLs and provision of improved tools whereby random excavating for minerals and gemstones will be controlled.
Co-existence between miners and local ethnic groups was only observed at Mirerani where the Maasai could be seen with their livestock mingling with small and large scale miners. However, it seems that efforts through negotiation were made between the mines and the Maasai. In whichever way, mining activities can still have irreversible interference with natural environment for grazing, cultivation and other renewable and non-renewable resources such as unproductive deep soils that replace the top soils, vegetation change, and water and air pollution. Inclusion of indigenous tribes in upcoming plans and strategies for the mining sector improvement may lead to conflict free sustainable programs.
Effect of mining activities of Kaolin on the indigenous groups could be solely related to mining of kaolin and other industrial minerals such as construction materials of sand and gravel. Currently the most notable observation is that most mining areas for sand and gravel are in private land. Small scale miners in these areas indicated poor knowledge of laws governing surface rights in relation to mineral rights and related regulations and by-laws. Hence, the communities where minerals are mined do not usually have adequate negotiation skills for land and minerals.
Traditional beliefs and divination were identified to be a common phenomenon to the majority of SSM. Capacity to identify rich pockets of minerals is believed to provide them with fortunes once they fulfil certain conditions set by traditional healers. The belief has gone very deep in the mining society suspected to be the cause for certain groups of the society to suffer through human sacrifices, i.e., Albino killings. The lack of capacity to explore for rich mineralized areas might be among the causes for such beliefs, which may partly be mitigated through SMMRP support by geologically mapping large unknown areas providing these miners with alternative mining sites. This however, needs to be coordinated with an intensive awareness campaigns to the miners on the vice.
1.12 IDENTIFICATION, ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS AND PROPOSED MITIGATION MEASURES
A summary of issues identified during the study, the description of impacts, classifications of impacts and proposed mitigations measures have been summarized in the following sections. Section 1.12.1 presents the Specific project Issues while Section 1.12.2 presents the general sector issues.
1.12.1 SMMRP Specific Impacts and Mitigation Measures
|No. |Impact |Description of the Activity |Classification of the |Proposed Mitigation/Enhancement Measures |
| | | |Impact | |
|2 |Improved SSM livelihood |The Technical assistance extended to SSM will improve mineral production thereby improving |High, favourable, Long| |
| | |their income and livelihood in their communities. |–term | |
| | |The Technical assistance will increase employment of skilled miners improving their standard | | |
| | |of living providing them with higher cash income. | | |
|3 |Improved knowledge |Training that will be undertaken as a component of the technical assistance to the SSM will |High, favourable, Long| |
| |capacity to use the |increase their knowledge and skills in mining and in SHE which will boost production of |–term | |
| |machinery and equipment |minerals | | |
| |and general SHE. |Training will reduce the impact of SSM becoming mobile by seeking employment in mines which | | |
| | |are mechanized thereby reducing the impact on land and water resources | | |
|4 |Improved Land value |The technical assistance through improved Geological data base and Technical assistance in |High, favourable, Long| |
| | |respect of mining equipment will reduce the number of mobile SSMs who cause Environmental |–term | |
| | |degradation of land in mining areas by accessing mineralized areas for exploring and mining. | | |
|5 |Improvement of Social |The Technical assistance will increase the capacity of SSM through improved income to |High, favourable, Long| |
| |services |contribute towards construction and improvement of Social infrastructure and Social services |–term | |
| | |in the villages and wards; | | |
|6 |Increase in Government |The technical assistance to the SSM will increase production of the mineral product which |High, favourable, Long| |
| |Revenue |will increase royalty and other taxes to the Government |–term | |
| | |Production of more Gemstones will boost the Gemstone cutting industry as the value added | | |
| | |activity that will attract more revenue to the Government. | | |
| | |Technical assistance through equipment assistance will boost production of Industrial | | |
| | |minerals locally, which will reduce the cost of production of many of the local industries, | | |
| | |which imports these raw materials making them more profitable providing the Government with | | |
| | |more revenue through taxes. | | |
| | |Production of new Geological Information resulting from the aeromagnetic mapping will boost | | |
| | |Government Revenues through sales of Geological maps, Aeromagnetic Maps etc. | | |
| | |Improvement of the cadastre system will increase the number of license applicants, who pays | | |
| | |application fees and license fees, which will increase government revenues; | | |
|7 |Increase in Local |The technical assistance will improve the livelihoods of people in mining areas and in |High, favourable, Long| |
| |Government Revenues |villages due to increased mineral output and this will translate into increased levies for |–term | |
| | |local governments. | | |
|8 |Enhancement of women |The technical assistance through provision of technology which is user friendly and gender |High, favourable, Long| |
| |participation in Mining |sensitive will boost participation of women in mining which ultimately will improve the |–term | |
| |Activities |livelihood of communities where they live. | | |
|9 |Disturbance and noise |Mapping Aeromagnetic Survey will require planes flying at low level from the ground surface |High, adverse, |Adequate information to local leadership and community|
| |levels from flying |causing disturbance to people and animals in the areas to be mapped. |Short-term |in advance concerning timeframes and activities and |
| |aircraft. |Aeromagnetic mapping of large areas using aircrafts/helicopters will generate noises above | |outcomes of exercise |
| | |normal causing impacts to wildlife, indigenous people, who are not used to seeing the planes | |Screen projects based on criteria presented in Annex 1|
| | |at low altitudes in their areas; | | |
| | |Technical support in respect of equipment, machinery, etc for mining will generate noises | |Enforce WB safeguard policy 4.01 |
| | |which will impact miners underground and on the surface. | |Enforce Mining (safe practice and occupational health)|
| | | | |Regulations 1999; |
| | | | |Conduct awareness in communities to be covered by the |
| | | | |aeromagnetic mapping; |
| | | | |Ensure aeromagnetic mapping is concentrated in |
| | | | |targeted areas only without exceed into other |
| | | | |sensitive areas, i.e., wildlife protected areas; |
| | | | | |
|10 |Potential for accidents |Machinery and equipment donated a technical assistance to the SSM could result into hazards |High, adverse, |Screen projects based on criteria presented in Annex 1|
| |to workers as they |when the operators are not adequately trained to handle them. |Long-term, | |
| |operate the equipment | |irreversible |Enforce WB safeguard policy 4.01 |
| |and machinery |The local community and the SSM may not be able to operate the new machines and tools given | |Enforce Mining (safe practice and occupational health)|
| | |for lack of skills and technical know- how. | |Regulations 1999; |
| | | | |Formulate adequate training programs for equipment and|
| | | | |machinery operators on safety, health & environmental |
| | | | |aspects of managing equipment and machinery. |
| | | | |Formulate safety codes on each of the donated |
| | | | |equipment and machinery through the technical |
| | | | |assistance for all the operators to adhere. |
| | | | |Design several sign post for warning non workers/ |
| | | | |operators to operate or handle the machinery and |
| | | | |equipment without any formal training to operate. |
| | | | |Conduct needs assessment for technical skills within |
| | | | |the community and SSM; |
| | | | | |
1.12.2 Mining Sector Broad Sector Impacts and Mitigation Measures
|No. |Impact |Description of the Activity |Classification |Proposed Mitigation/Enhancement Measures |
| | | |of the Impact | |
|2 |Conflict between Local |Exploration mining activities are not clearly understood by the majority |High, Adverse, |Conduct SESA |
| |governments with Mineral |of LGRAs and few LGRAs have laws that guide mining in their libraries; |long-term, |The mining company operating within the local community should adhere to |
| |Prospecting Companies in |The Top – Down approach in exploration activities procedures is causing |reversible |the LGRAs By-laws; |
| |their areas. |concerns to the LGRAs, since they are not at all involved; | |Community participation should be improved in decision making to ensure |
| | |Poor knowledge and information on the available mineral deposits in their| |there is smooth cooperation between parties; |
| | |areas; | |Advocate a bottom – up community participation approach; |
| | | | |The outcome of the exploration should be transparent with regard to the |
| | | | |minerals and mining information. |
|3 |Triggering economic and |Increase in the supply/offer of efficient technologies for mining and |Medium, adverse,|Advocate for entrepreneur skills including savings and credits, proper |
| |social development associated|advancing from alluvial to hard rock mining, capacity to mine at deeper |long-term, |investments etc. |
| |problems |layers, etc., will increase income and expenditures and also increase of |reversible |Advocate alternative income generating activities such as agriculture, |
| | |investments which will widen the gap between the poor and the rich. | |SME etc. |
| | | | |Improve the infrastructure and social services in the areas. |
|4 |Population explosion |Project support for mining equipment and machinery will lead to a |High, adverse, |Develop opportunities for proper investment; |
| | |conducive environment for investment in the mining and non- mining |long-term, |Put in place the infrastructure for business and employment |
| | |activities at local and international levels. Tendency to flock into |irreversible |opportunities; |
| | |mining areas for job opportunities (employment) and business lead to | |Updating information on mining activities and prospects through the |
| | |sub-urban environment. | |media, associated press, magazines, and brochures. |
| | |Competition/ pressure on available natural resource as water, land, and | | |
| | |Social services health | | |
|5 |Displacement of indigenous |The livelihood of some ethnic groups such as the Tindiga, Hadzabe, |High, adverse, |Trigger OP4.20 on indigenous peoples. |
| |ethnic groups through |Sandawe and Barbaig depend on forest foods such as roots, fruits, wild |permanent, |Trigger OP 4.12 on resettlement |
| |destruction of their |honey, herbal medicines and wildlife meat like monkeys. Cutting trees |Irreversible |Trigger OP 4.36 on forests |
| |environment |and forest fires lead to scarcity of these resources as plants become | |Trigger OPN 11.03 on Cultural |
| | |extinct, animals and birds are killed or flee from deforestation, noise, | | |
| | |human settlement and over hunting. | | |
| | |Also these tribes are unique by culture and traditions, they normally | | |
| | |lead a forest life and shy away from other people which means by clearing| | |
| | |the forest it means expelling them from the environment as well | | |
|6 |Unemployment to the local |Improvement of the technology will lead to requirements for adequate |High, adverse, |Build the local capacity for job skills through training and education |
| |communities/ Inability to |skills and technical competence, which will lay-off unskilled workers |long-term, |Empower women and youths to vie for the jobs |
| |compete for existing jobs |leading to unemployment. |reversible | |
|7 |Loss of Trees |SSM often cut trees when in search of minerals since the methods they are|High, Adverse, |Screen projects based on criteria presented in Annex 1 |
| | |using are trial and error. They thus cover large areas since they are |long-term, |Trigger OP 4.36 on forests |
| | |many and are not organized. |reversible |Source alternative form of fuels for the SSM to use, e.g. solar power; |
| | |After discovering minerals, they cut more trees to build shelters, | |Collaborate with the local communities on mitigating impacts of cutting |
| | |support their mine opening, use trees to burn their amalgam to process | |trees especially District Forest Officers and District environmental |
| | |gold, use firewood for their domestic cooking, and some burn charcoal for| |officers (DEO) in all the mining areas with emphasis of planting native |
| | |sale. | |tree species; |
| | | | |Collaborate with village leaders on establishing aforestation and |
| | | | |re-forestation programs in consultation with DEO, District/Ward forest |
| | | | |officer and village environmental committees; |
| | | | |All tree cutting activities should be conducted through permission of |
| | | | |forest officer and/or village environmental committees; |
| | | | |Establishing aforestation programs; |
|8 |Loss or Disturbance to |Exploration of minerals and construction of different facilities (e.g. |High, Adverse, |Screen projects based on criteria presented in Annex 1 |
| |Biodiversity |shelters, haulage roads, sites for minerals processing, tailings storage |Long-term, |Trigger WB OP 4.04 on natural habitats |
| | |sites etc.) to support improved small-scale mining activities will cause |Irreversible | |
| | |more land to be stripped of its vegetation thus rich ecosystems to be | | |
| | |destabilized. | | |
|9 |Land/soils Pollution |Accidental spillage of fuels/oils during fuelling, refuelling of |High, adverse, |Screen projects based on criteria presented in Annex 1 |
| | |machinery and equipments; |long-term, |Trigger WB OP 4.01 |
| | |Different activities such as exploration, mining, minerals processing and|irreversible |Collect all scrap metals and send them to recyclers; |
| | |procurement of goods will attract generation of more solid waste in the | |Reuse as much waste (mill-balls, plastic and steel drums etc) as |
| | |form of plastics, drums, tins, stationeries etc. Which will need to be | |possible; |
| | |disposed of in an environmentally friendly manner; | |Constructing diversion bunds to direct clean runoff downstream from the |
| | |Improved production of minerals (gold, gemstones & industrial minerals) | |maintenance facilities to tailing storage facility; |
| | |will lead to increased consumption of chemicals such as Mercury and | |Enforce national laws and regulations related to importation, |
| | |Cyanide which has potential to pollute soils, | |transportation, storage and disposal of hazardous chemicals |
| | | | |Construct containment bunds within the maintenance facility to ensure |
| | | | |that any hydrocarbon spillages drain to sumps before being collected and |
| | | | |stored in containers or special tanks... then what next?; ( What about |
| | | | |use of oil/water separators?) |
| | | | |Provide containers for disposal of the solid waste generated from the |
| | | | |various activities and regularly disposing them off to designated |
| | | | |landfills constructed by the village/ward/District governments; |
| | | | |Proper management of exhausted oils with possibility of reusing or |
| | | | |returning to suppliers once not in use or expired; |
|10 |Surface and Ground water |Usage of mercury will increase to meet the increased demand due to higher|High, adverse, |Screen projects based on criteria presented in Annex 1 |
| |pollution from Chemicals used|gold production as a result of technical support in respect to provision |long-term, |Trigger WB OP4.01 on environmental assessment; |
| |in the mining activity |of financial and equipment to SSM; |reversible |Construct storage facilities for Hazardous chemicals and process reagents|
| | |Improved gold recovering process using cyanide in SSM areas will have | |(e.g. Sodium cyanide) |
| | |potential risks of contaminating the surface and ground water resources. | |Train employees on safety issues with regards to handling of reagents and|
| | | | |hazardous chemicals; |
| | | | |Construct tailings storage facility; |
| | | | |Construct diversion bunds to direct clean runoff downstream from the mine|
| | | | |facilities into TSF; |
| | | | |Construct containment bunds within the processing plant area; |
| | | | |Manage tailing and/or return water spillages between the processing plant|
| | | | |and the tailing storage; |
| | | | |Erect fences around all sensitive infrastructures of the mine (e.g. TSF,|
| | | | |processing plant and chemical storage areas); |
| | | | |Develop “Tailings Management Contingency Plan” detailing the procedures |
| | | | |to be undertaken in the event of: |
| | | | |Develop proper methods and procedures for using mercury; |
|11 |Pollution of water resources |Mining of volumes of rocks, which could be acidic rock, thereby, through |High, adverse, |Screen projects based on criteria presented in Annex 1 |
| |from resulting AMD |its exposure to water and oxygen will generate weak sulphuric acid which |long-term, |Enforce national Laws and Policies related to Environment and water |
| | |will contaminate surface and ground water resources; |Irreversible |resources management with respect to SMMRP ; |
| | | | |Develop and implement procedure for management of waste dumps and |
| | | | |tailings dams in the mining areas to reduce the effect of AMD; |
| | | | |Formulate programs of progressively re-vegetation in all disturbed areas.|
| | | | |Formulate programs for regular monitoring of surface and groundwater |
| | | | |quality; |
|12 |Ground Vibrations caused by |Drilling and blasting of mine workings will cause frequent ground |High, adverse, |Screen projects based on criteria presented in Annex 1 |
| |blasting works; |vibrations in the areas near the mines, thereby damaging nearby surface |long-term, |Implement safety codes to reduce ground vibrations by strictly adhering |
| | |structures such as the river bedrocks hence disturbing or redirecting the|irreversible |to Explosives Act, 1963, the explosives Regulations of 1964, Mining (Safe|
| | |water channels; | |Working & Occupational Health) Regulations of 1999 and Occupational & |
| | | | |Safety Act 2003. |
| | | | |Continuous monitoring of vibrations and cracks on walls of the shaft; |
| | | | |Formulation of safety codes for a mine which are necessary to reduce |
| | | | |accidents; |
| | | | |Involve the community to create awareness and delivery of |
| | | | |notices/warnings during blasting operations; |
|13 |Increased sediment loads due |As a result of technical assistance in respect of equipment support and |Low, Adverse, |Screen projects based on criteria presented in Annex 1 |
| |to erosion |machinery clearance of some areas to construct shelters, access roads, |short-term, |Construct sedimentation controls downstream of mines and ensure constant |
| | |drainage channels, will increase the sediment load to the surrounding |reversible. |maintenance over the year round. |
| | |Environment through erosion of the loose ground surface and embankments. | | |
|14 |Pressure on land resources |The technical assistance will improve the productivity of the SSM thereby|High ,adverse, |Screen projects based on criteria presented in Annex 1 |
| | |generating more solid rock waste and tailings which will occupy chunks of|long-term, |Enforce national Laws and Policies related to Environmental and social |
| | |land which is used for agriculture, grazing livestock, forest |reversible |management and land resources with respect to SMMRP; |
| | |(beekeeping), settlements, etc. | | |
| | |In some mining areas SSMs are located within the traditional migration | | |
| | |routes for wildlife; therefore taking up chunks of land will affect the | | |
| | |wildlife example Sambaru in Singida rural. | | |
|15 |Pressure on water resources |Improved production will demand more usage of water for processing the |High, adverse, |Screen projects based on criteria presented in Annex 1 |
| | |ore to obtain minerals (gold, gemstones & industrial minerals). In view |long-term and |Enforce national Laws and Policies related to Environmental and social |
| | |of the scarcity of water in some areas, any increase in the usage of |reversible |management and water resources with respect to SMMRP; |
| | |water will compromise with other users, thereby brewing conflicts. | | |
|16 |Unemployment |Technical support in respect of modern equipment and machinery will | |Build the local capacity for job skills through training and education |
| | |reduce the workforce currently used to mine using rudimentary tools and | |Empower women and youths to vie for the jobs |
| | |crushing ore manually. The machines will demand few people, causing the | | |
| | |existing workers to be laid off. | | |
|17 |More participation of women |Technical assistance through provision of modern technology through |High, |Introduce gender and user friendly technologies that are related to |
| |in mining activities |improved mining equipment and machinery will enable women to manage |favourable, |existing technologies and tools. |
| | |activities which earlier were not possible such as operating equipment, |long-term | |
| | |etc. | | |
|18 |Increased community and |Technical support in mining equipment and machinery will draw skilled |High, Adverse, |Strengthen the existing traditional security systems and where necessary |
| |household insecurity |manpower into the areas and people with high paying jobs, leading to |long-term, |erect new police posts. |
| | |broken marriages, school pregnancies, sex trade, school dropouts, etc., |reversible | |
| | |all of which will cause insecurity to the local households, social | | |
| | |households capital. | | |
|19 |Change of behaviours and |Improved mining technology will lead to improved mineral extraction that |High, adverse, |Raise awareness to restrict the pollution of traditional norms; |
| |pollution of traditional |will result to increased cash income that is a catalyst to population |long-term, |Strengthen the traditional structures and enforce the by-laws. |
| |norms like drunkenness, drug |growth, urbanization and an influx of non- indigenous groups. |reversible | |
| |abuse, etc | | | |
|20 |Destruction of the marriage |Income disparities may lead to an increased broken marriages, abandoned |High, adverse, |Conduct awareness on the cultural traditions in the community and |
| |institution |spouses and children. |long-term. |strengthen the structures responsible for guarding the norms. |
| | | |irreversible |Strengthen the traditional structures and enforce the by-laws. |
|21 |Health Problems (STDs and |Increased cash income may lead to a wide economic gap between the local |High, adverse, |Strengthen community awareness programs and advocacy on gender issues, |
| |reproductive health problems)|communities and those involved in the mining activities, hence attract |long-term, |reproductive health and human rights. |
| | |prostitution, unsafe sex, abortion and other reproductive health related |irreversible |Develop strategies for poverty alleviation including SMEs, work life |
| | |issues. | |styles, etc. |
|22 |Transmission of HIV/ AIDS |Most people who involve in mining are unmarried or they leave behind |High, adverse, |Support and strengthen TACAIDS strategies for WMAC and VMAC. |
| | |their spouses. In cases of unsafe sex practices, there is a high chance |long-term, |Implement the MDGs |
| | |for transmission of HIV whereby it (HIV) is carried in and out of the |irreversible | |
| | |mine sites. | | |
|23 |Physical fatigue and |This is contributed by carrying heavy loads, working long hours, walking |High, |Introduce appropriate technologies that reduce work load to workers. |
| |exhaustion |long distances and engaging in heavy duty works by men, women and |Favourable, |Enforce labour laws |
| | |children including youths before the technical assistance. Once the |Long-term | |
| | |assistance from the government is extended to the SSM, these will be | | |
| | |highly reduced providing them with better health and long-life | | |
|24 |Inadequate social services |Currently, in most of SSM areas, community social services are inadequate|High, Adverse, |Provide social services |
| |(health, education, water, |to support existing populations |Medium-term, | |
| |household food and land) | |irreversible | |
|25 |Displacement/ Replacement of |Expansion of mining activities may require bigger lands and encroach on |High, Adverse, |Conduct valuations and compensate all affected or displaced communities; |
| |community inhabitants |community lands. Also destruction of the environment through mining may |Long-term |Implement the resettlement in accordance with the WB policies on |
| | |lend the land not suitable for agriculture and livestock keeping and |Irreversible |involuntary resettlement (OP4.12) |
| | |hence force traditional communities to migrate in search for more fertile| | |
| | |lands. This also will cause interference with the livelihood activities | | |
| | |of the local communities | | |
|26 |Change in traditional |Mining activities, population influx can lead people to abandon their |Medium, Adverse,|Undertake full EIA to determine the existing livelihoods so as to |
| |livelihoods. |living styles and cultures and opt for the new ones |long-term, |integrate them in the mining activities without affecting them. |
| | | |Irreversible | |
|27 |Disturbance in social |Resettlement may involve physical separation of families, kinships, |High |Resettlements to consider impeding loss of social networks and capital |
| |structure, social capital and|relatives and friends hence interfering with social networks and capital | | |
| |networks | | | |
|28 |Air pollution (dust, noise, |Increased drilling and blasting activities in underground mines will |Medium, adverse,|Screen projects based on criteria presented in Annex 1 |
| |noxious gases) from moving |generate more dust to workers as a result of technical assistance in |medium-term, |Enforce WB safeguard policy 4.01 |
| |equipment machinery |respect of provision of mining equipment; |reversible |Enforce Mining (safe practice and occupational health) Regulations 1999; |
| | |Mining and mineral processing activities such as hauling of ore, crushing| | |
| | |and screening rocks will create more dust; | | |
| | |Surface moving equipment will generate dust and noxious gases from diesel| | |
| | |equipment generated through the technical assistance; | | |
-----------------------
[1] Mikakati ya Kuwaendeleza Wachimbaji Wadogo, 2006
[2] These guidelines derive from a research study carried out in August 2003 by the Bank’s East Asia and Pacific (EAP) Region titled: “Rahill, B. and Vaideeswaran, S. Environmental Management Mechanisms in CDD and Other Decentralized Implementation Frameworks: A Review of the India Portfolio. Volume 1. Final Report and Annexes 1 – 6.”
-----------------------
WORLD BANK
STEERING COMMITTEE
• Permanent Secretary
• Commissioner for Minerals
• Director of Administration and Personnel
• Chief Accountant
• Director of Policy and Planning
• Director of Policy and Planning
• Director of Environment (VPO)
• Director of Local Government (PMO)
PROJECT MANAGEMENT UNIT
• Project Manager
• Project Technical Officer
• Project Accountant
• Procurement Specialist
TECHNICAL COMMITTEE
• Commissioner for Minerals
• Project Manager
• Project Coordinator (GST)
• Head-Environmental Management Unit
• Head-Legal Services Unit
• Head-Management Information Unit
• Head-Procurement Management Unit
• Head-Information, Education and Communication unit
• Head-Small-Scale Mining Development Section
• Head-Mineral Economics and Trading Section (Promotion and statistics)
• Head-Licensing and Mineral Rights Section
• Head-Mines Inspectorate Section
E2138
Figure 3.1: Areas for SMMRP Activities under extension services and Industrial mining programs
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- world bank doing business rankings
- world bank retiree portal
- world bank pension log in
- world bank retiree website
- world bank staff retirement plan