CHAPTER 27 – THE COLD WAR AND THE REMAKING OF …



CHAPTER 27 – THE COLD WAR AND THE REMAKING OF EUROPE (1945 -- 1960’S)

KEY TERMS

INTRODUCTION

First world --

Second World --

Third World --

WORLD POLITICS TRANSFORMED

1. How was Europe structurally damaged by World War II?

2. Analyze Map 27.1, The Impact of World War II on Europe. What does the movement of peoples shown on the map suggest about social conditions in post–World War II Europe?

3. How did anti-Semitism continue into the postwar period? How did many of Europe’s surviving Jews react to this?

4. In what ways did Stalin dash many of the hopes for a better life for Soviet citizens in the postwar period?

5. What was Stalin’s propaganda toward women and Soviet Jews in the postwar period?

6. With this rebirth of ______________________, an atmosphere of ____________ returned to feed the cold war.

7. What are the two sides of the debate among historians about the origins of the cold war? How might both sides possibly be at fault?

8. What wartime and postwar events led Stalin to conclude that a “temporary military occupation would not be a sufficient safeguard for his own exhausted country, and that what the USSR needed was a permanent “buffer zone” of European states loyal to the Soviet Union?”

9. What were the main provisions of the Truman Doctrine of 1947? What was the USA committing itself to with this announcement?

10. What was the Marshall Plan? How were its provisions part of the overall policy outlined in the Truman Doctrine? Assess its impact and effectiveness.

11. How did Stalin react in Eastern Europe to the Marshall Plan?

12. What happened to Yugoslavia in the postwar period? How did Josip Tito manage to keep Yugoslavia outside of the Soviet sphere of influence?

13. Analyze the map Yugoslavia after the War. Knowing what you know about the cultural, religious and ethnic diversity of eastern Europe, how was a Yugoslavia dominated by Orthodox Christian Serbs potentially a cultural “powder keg.”

14. What agreements were made at Yalta in February 1945 about the future of Germany? What arrangements were made about the city of Berlin? Why might this pose a challenge to the USA and its western allies?

15. How did the merging of the British, American, and French zones into West Germany further heighten Cold War tensions?

16. Why did the Soviets blockade Berlin in 1948? How did the USA & its western allies react? Was the Berlin Airlift effective?

17. The Soviets ended their blockade in ________________ , but cold war rhetoric made the divided city of ___________ an enduring symbol of the __________________

____________________— of good versus evil.

Vocabulary

“buffer zone” --

Important Terms, People, Places, & Dates

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Warsaw Pact --

POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC RECOVERY IN EUROPE

1. While western Europe revived its _________________ political structures, its __________________ culture, and its productive capabilities, eastern Europe was far less _________________ and far more repressive under the Stalinism of the immediate postwar period. Even to the east, however, the conditions of everyday life improved as peasant societies were forced to ____________________ and some ___________________ industries and basic health services were restored. By ______, people across the continent were enjoying a higher ______________________________ than ever before in their history.

2. Why were the Nuremberg Trials such a significant event in the postwar period?

3. Why were refugees such a problem across postwar Europe?

4. In western Europe, _________________ of the war remained vivid, but ______________________ restored confidence and hope for a better ___________.

5. What was the immediate postwar political future of

a. France --

b. Italy --

c. Great Britain --

d. West Germany --

6. Given the wartime _________________, the economic _______________ of western Europe was even more surprising than the revival of _________________....

In the midst of this growing discontent, the _______________________ suddenly boosted recovery with American _______________; food and consumer goods became more _________________; and demand for ________________, ____________________, and _________________________ accelerated economic growth. Increased productivity wiped out most ______________________.

7. What were some wartime technologies that became common in everyday life in postwar Europe?

8. Timeline in the Birth of the Common Market:

a. 1951 --

b. 1957 --

9. Why did the Common Market prove to be so successful over time?

10. What were some programs offered in the welfare states of European governments? How did some of these programs address Europe’s low birthrate?

11. Why were there different policies in Western vs. Eastern European welfare states concerning working women and family policies and obligations?

12. The scarcity of consumer goods, the housing shortages, and the lack of household conveniences discouraged workingwomen in _______________ countries from having large families no matter what the government wanted. Because women bore the sole burden of ____________________ under such conditions on top of their paying jobs, they ______________welcomed additional children. As a result, birthrates in the eastern bloc _________________.

13. The combination of ___________________________ and state provision of health care dramatically extended ___________________________ and lowered rates of _________________________.

14. What was COMENCOM? How did it negatively impact Eastern European countries at the expense of the USSR?

15. How did science and culture become the building blocks of Stalinism in the satellite countries as well as in the USSR?

16. How did Stalin’s death in 1953 impact Russia? What kind of a person was Nikita Khruschev? How did he rule compared to Stalin?

17. What was Khruschev’s “Secret Speech” in 1956? Why was so different about this?

18. What was the Hungarian Revolution of 1956? How did the Soviets react to the uprising?

19. Under Khruschev, the USSR was more _____________ and more ___________. The Soviets took steps to reduce their diplomacy's paranoid style and to expand _____________________________ in the emerging nations of ___________, ______________, and _______________________. Despite the USSR's more relaxed posture, however, the cold war advanced and the superpowers moved the world to the __________________________.

Vocabulary / Important Terms, People, Places, & Dates

Christian Democrats --

Robert Schuman --

Treaty of Rome --

Sputnik (1957) / Yuri Gagarin --

DECOLONIZATION IN A COLD WAR CLIMATE

1. Decolonization --

2. Differences among _____________________beliefs, _________________groups, and ___________________practices—many of them invented or promoted by the colonizers to divide and rule—worked against political unity. Despite these complications, various peoples in what was coming to be called the third world succeeded in _________________________________, while the United States and the Soviet Union rushed in to co-opt them for the __________________________.

3. How was India split in 1947? Describe the violence that happened in the wake of independence in 1947 & 1948.

4. What changes took place in China in 1949 and beyond? How did Mao’s communism differ from Marxism and Stalinism? What reforms did Mao institute?

5. How did the Cold War play out in Korea in the years 1950-53? What’s the modern geographic and political legacy of the Korean War?

6. What happened in Indochina in the postwar years? How was Ho Chi Minh influential? What split did the Geneva Convention produce in 1954?

7. By playing the powers against one another, _______________________ leaders gained their _______________________ and built their _____________________clout.

8. Analyze Map 27.4, The Partition of Palestine and the Creation of Israel in 1947-48. Understand how the creation of Israel was both the fulfillment of the Zionist dreams from the late 19th century and humiliation for the Palestinians who desired their own, separate independent state in the region.

9. Explain how Gamel Abdel Nasser used the Suez Crisis in 1956 to further erode European colonialism in Egypt.

10. Analyze Map 27.5, The Decolonization of Africa, 1951 – 1990. Note the dates on which major African nations received their independence, and from which European countries they received their independence.

11. The liberation of ______________from ______________ rule was an uneven process, sometimes occurring peacefully and at other times demanding _________________ to drive out European settlers, governments, and armies. The difficult—and costly—process of nation building following liberation involved setting up ________________________, including ____________________ and other services. Creating ______________________out of many ____________________ also took work, except where the struggle against colonialism had already brought people together.

12. Why did the French army fright so bitterly in the 1950’s to keep colonial control in Algeria? What types of fighting did each side disintegrate into?

13. How was the French Fifth Republic created? Who became its new leader? What types of reforms did he insist on? How did he resolve the Algerian Crisis by 1962?

14. What was (is) the United Nations? Why did it succeed while the previous League of Nations had failed? What has it dedicated itself to?

15. Newly independent countries viewed the future with _________ but still had to contend with the high costs of _______________________ and problems left from decades of ___________________________________.

16. Amid the uncertainties of wars of liberation and independence, people from the former colonies began _________________________to Europe—a reversal of the nineteenth-century trend _________________________________ Europe.

17. From what regions and countries were these guest workers drawn? What “negotiated contracts” were there between European countries and these guest workers? Why were many “welcomed” in European countries?

18. However, Seeing Europe as a land of relatively _______________________, _________________, and ________________________, many immigrants were determined to stay. They simply appreciated having __________ and decent living conditions …. The advantages of living in Europe, especially the __________________, became so overwhelming that ___________________ (illegal) workers began arriving. As empires collapsed, European populations became more diverse in terms of __________, ________________, ____________________, and social life. As in the United States, many of these newcomers eventually became ___________________ and their children achieved high positions in ______________________, _____________________, _____________________, and the professions.

Vocabulary / Important People, Places, Dates, and Ideas

Guest workers --

S.E.A.T.O. --

DAILY LIFE AND CULTURE IN THE SHADOW OF NUCLEAR WAR

1. In hindsight, the existence of extreme ______________________ in an age of

unprecedented ______________________ seems utterly ____________________, but for those who lived with the threat of global ________________________, the dangers were all too __________.

2. What changes did Vatican II bring to European Catholics? How did some of these policies represent a break with the past?

3. University courses (or HS Advanced Placement European courses that your are currently taking) in _____________________after the war to reaffirm Western _____________________.

4. Define existentialism. How does existentialist philosophy reflect postwar values and attitudes? How do the themes of actions, responsibility, and choice reflect existentialist ideas?

5. What were the main ideas of Simone de Beauvoir’s The Second Sex? Why was this book seen as being so radical?

6. Government __________ on Europe's __________________ and _____________ helped prevent the kind of upheaval that had followed World War I. A rising _________________ and bustling ________________________ made for an upsurge in ________________________ that contrasted with the absence of spending in wartime because of a lack of anything to consume. Increased emphasis on consumer needs created jobs for ________________________.

7. What contrasting new roles / identities were both men and women presented with in the postwar years?

8. However, European women continued to work ________________________ after the war; indeed ______________________________________ were working more than ever before—especially in the Soviet bloc. The female workforce was going through a profound ____________________ as it gradually became populated by _______________________________ who would hold jobs all their lives…

9. Analyze Figure 27.2, Women in the Workforce, 1950 – 1960. Make sure you read the info. Below the figure and understand how the idealized role of women form the 19th century was no longer a reality in the mid-twentieth century.

10. How did the USA and the USSR engage in a cultural Cold War? How was Europe inevitably caught in the middle?

11. How did the radio serve as a vehicle for propaganda for both the east and the west during the Cold War?

12. Why did the East German government erect the Berlin Wall in 1961? What did this wall come to symbolize?

Vocabulary / Important People, Places, dates, and Ideas

“re-Christianization” --

ecumenism --

Albert Camus --

Jean-Paul Sartre --

Ian Fleming --

Abstract expressionism --

Socialist realist art --

Voice of America --

1963 Nuclear Test Ban Treaty --

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