Maenglishsite.files.wordpress.com



Terms and Definitions Topic II: CAT Definitions:Gisting: The term often figures in CAT which refers to the segments selected in the SL by the translator for translation which gives a synopsis of the portions of the SL text selected for translation. Localization: The adaptation of a product to the linguistic and cultural expectation of the target locale. ‘Localization’ is more commonly used in the Translation industry and is often used as a synonymic equivalence to the simple word ‘Translation’ itself. It often figures in CAT. Naturalization: is when a word which initially could exist in the foreign language form for a period of time- in due course, the translator makes appropriate lexical and grammatical adjustments; The translator then takes the target culture requirements well into account and even removes the apparent signs of foreignness of expression present in TT. Thus he makes the word or phrase ‘natural’ to the Target Language. A Natural Translation (as discussed in Prose Translation) is seen with reference to the specific message- in terms of the grammatical, lexical, intonation and sentence rhythm of a SL. It oes through the following stages: Pretranslation: wherein the translator uses ‘typical words’ [referring to the initial translation he does which is almost literal and does not directly reach the soul or the essence of the text]. Autotranslation: is the second stage when the translator ‘mediates’ between the Source Text and to others (TL audience) what he said or written. Transduction: The Translator here works as a mediator between Two other people- that is, the Source Text Reader and the TL Reader [ensuing the ‘impact’ to be one and the same]. This strategy is also referred to as ‘Localization’ in CAT. In CAT- it adapts the SL word first to the normal pronunciation, then to the normal morphology of the TL. (This may further be elaborated in terms of discussions done in class.) [Cross reference: Please Note that the term Autotranslation also means texts that are Self-translated by the Source language author himself to another Target Language eg: Tagore’s texts]. Polysystems Theory: Originates from the Russian Formalists and Even-Zohar an Israeli culture researcher advanced this into PolySystems theory. He explains that what poses challenges to translation is the complexities within a culture and between two cultures (of Sl and TL here). Which could be overcome using Univalent (that which cannot be paired) or Polyvalent factors which has the capacity ‘to act, interact and unite’. On analyzing the sets of relation between Language and Literature and Culture he saw the latter (Polyvalent factor) as the means by which untranslatability could be resolved by the translator shifting to socio-cultural systems to resolve translation issues in language. This refers to the overall literary aspect and considers Literature to be made of varied component systems. These minute sub-units (such as the various influences that have an impact on Language and Literature and Culture) interact and evolve dynamically in a hierarchy. Polysystem is inherently dynamic and each smaller system in it may change its position and influence over time and would alter itself based on the historical context to which it belongs. Such changes could be ‘Central’ or Innovative which is a Primary position; Or ‘Peripheral’, Conservative, Secondary position. (For Eg: If we analyze how the western feminists texts are seen by women in the Islamic community in a country like Arabia; and by Islamic women in a country like India. The more conservative Arabian women would welcome feminist texts only in a secondary manner while the latter (the Islamic women in India) could get more influenced by western feminists texts and the text might occupy the Central/Innovative or Primary position. This shows the manner in which how culture and cultural systems get altered according to the time period it belongs to and the cultural environment in which it figures. The same principle applies to the above concept and to translation too). Skopos Theory: This was developed first by Hans Vermeer meaning ‘purpose’. The word is Target Text oriented and focuses on achieving the ‘Skopos’ or purpose of communication. That is, in a translation attempt, the closeness to the Source text should be only sufficiently appropriate. While more importance is given to the Target Text (TT) that would make the Source Text more coherent and culturally relevant to the TL audience’s understanding. Transliteration: The one-by-one rendering of individual letters and signs of an SL item in one alphabet with the closest corresponding letters and signs of another alphabet in TL. Transcription is based on the Phonology of the word. Transcreation: This occurs when part of texts cause cultural untranslatability. Untranslatability here occurs often due to words or puns that separate the two languages such as SL and TL. The translator then relies on the ‘entire texts as a material for reference’ to figure out the characteristics of the SL author’s style. Unable to overcome the untranslatable issues or words or phrases he is thrown to ‘create’ a new text in a different dimension where ‘Liberality’ inevitably creeps into the translation. Haraldo de Campos- the Brazilian translator responsible for Cannibalistic translation uses numerous metaphors to describe the act of Translation- such as Transcreation, Transtextualization, Transparaization, Transillumination, Transluciferation and Mefistofaustica- each term here signifying the method and manner in which a translator chooses to translate; and the extended dimensions he employs to the “liberality’ he is forced to take with regard to the translation he attempts. Dear Students, Your paper is set for 40+ 60= 100 marks. Sec A 5 answers (choice-based) each carrying 8 marks= 40marksSec B 3 answers (choice-based) each carrying 20 marks= 60 marksElaborate your answers ‘appropriately’ after reading the questions well and mention technical tools or procedures wherever relevant and give examples too based on class discussions, materials posted or on your own translation attempts practiced in class or on any extra reading that you may have done. Do not write in your mother-tongue, instead you may mention the language and ‘transliterate’.Don’t make sweeping statements or give vague answers. Instead be clear and direct. Also, please write clearly especially those of you who have do not have an impressive handwriting. Space your writing so that the presentation would be neat and appealing. ................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download