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McKay, et. al. 11e, Chapter 15 – Study Guide

Absolutism and Constitutionalism (ca. 1589-1725)

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“I have no intention of sharing my authority.” “One king, one law, one faith.”

“L’etat, c’est moi.” (I am the state) “The interests of the state must come first.”

-Louis XIV of France

CHAPTER SUMMARY

The two most important forms of government to evolve in early modern times were the absolute monarchy and the constitutional state. This chapter examines how the political system of absolutism succeeded gloriously in France and faded dismally in England in the seventeenth century. Few kings have been as successful in establishing complete monarchal sovereignty as the great Sun King of France, Louis XIV. Louis gave Europe a masterful lesson on how to collaborate with the nobility to strengthen the monarchy and to reinforce the ancient aristocracy. He was a superb actor and propagandist, who built on the earlier achievements of Henry IV and Richelieu and used his magnificent palace of Versailles to imprison the French nobility in a beautiful golden cage. He succeeded in expanding France at the expense of the Habsburgs, and his patronage of the arts helped form the great age of French classicism. However, the economic progress he first made was later checked by his policy of revoking religious toleration.

While the France of Louis was the classic model of absolutism as the last phase of an historic feudal society, Spain was the classic case of imperial decline. By 1600 Spain was in trouble, and by 1700 it was no longer a major European power. Not only did the silver and labor of America run out, but this great American wealth ruined the Spanish economic and social structure. War with the Dutch, the English, and the French also helped turn Spain into a backwater of Europe.

England and the United Provinces of the Netherlands provide a picture of constitutionalism triumphing over absolutism. For England, the seventeenth century was a long period of political conflict, complete with a bitter civil war and a radical experiment with republicanism. The causes of this era of conflict were varied, but it is clear that by 1689 the English army and Parliament had destroyed the Stuart quest for divine-right absolutism. The period that followed witnessed some important changes in the way the state is managed. The Netherlands was important not only because it became the financial and commercial center of Europe, but also because it provided the period’s third model of political development—a loosely federated, middle-class constitutional state.

SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY CRISIS AND REBUILDING (15.1)

Before you read:

1. In the seventeenth-century most Europeans lived in the city. True or False

2. The Thirty Years’ War was fought for purely religious reasons. True or False

While you read:

1. Describe the life of peasants in 17th century Europe. How were the villages organized? Why did village society exist on the “edge of subsistence?”

     

2. List each of the 4 phases of the Thirty Years’ War, it characteristics and implications as well as the Peace of Westphalia that ended the conflict.

Phase/Peace Characteristics and Implications

|      |      |

|      |      |

|      |      |

|      |      |

|      |      |

3. Facing economic and war crisis, explain the “absolutist” and “constitutionalist” reactions, as well as the commonalities both faced in reacting to these problems.

     

4. In the seventeenth-century riots and revolts were common. What were the causes for these revolts and what were the differing reactions by the crown/authorities?

     

After you read:

|1. |Sovereignty is: |

| |Rights of nobles to carry out taxes |

| |Monopoly over the instruments of justice and force. |

| |Royal money used to control army. |

| |Control over the serfs in society. |

|2. |How did the Eastern landlords deal with the loss of population problem caused by the Black Death? |

| |Allowed marginal gains in land ownership. |

| |Re-enserf peasants controlling their lives. |

| |Invest in research to stop the spread of the Plague. |

| |Mandatory Church attendance |

3. In the Thirty Years’ War, France supported

The German Catholics

The Holy Roman Emperor

Spain

England

The German Protestants

ABSOLUTISM IN FRANCE AND SPAIN (15.2)

Before you read:

1. Louis XIV is alone responsible for the absolutism in France in the 17th Century. True or False

2. Versailles acted as a tool for French Absolutism under Louis XIV. True or False

While you read:

1. Describe the influence of Henry IV and Cardinal Richelieu in French Absolutism.

     

2. Explain the significance of this quote: “the public should know, from the rank of those whom I chose to serve me, that I had no intention of sharing power with them.”

     

3. Describe how Louis XIV used Versailles as a tool for absolutism.

     

4. How was Jean-Baptiste Colbert’s theory of mercantilism applied to France?

     

5. Discuss the foreign policy of Louis XIV. Was he successful? Explain.

     

6. What were the reasons for the fall of the Spanish empire?

     

Mapping the Past (Map 15.2):

1. How and why did so many European countries possess scattered or discontinuous territories? What does this suggest about European politics in this period? Does this suggest potential for future conflict? Why?

     

After you read:

1. Cardinal Richelieu’s most notable accomplishment was

The creation of a strong financial system for France

The creation of a highly effective administrative system

Winning the total support of the Huguenots

Creating the Cardinal’s Guard

Allying the Catholic church with the government

|2. |The Spanish Crown expelled the Moriscos, who are they? |

| |Immigrant Muslims from Morocco |

| |Anti-Jewish Christian group. |

| |Former Muslims. |

| |Politically active group wanting to increase overseas exploration. |

|3. |What did the Peace of Utrecht accomplish? |

| |Ended the War of Spanish Succession. |

| |Prevented the joining of French and Spanish crowns. |

| |Led to the rise of the British Colonial Empire. |

| |All of the above |

Living in the Past: The Absolutist Palace (15.2)

1. Compare the images. What did concrete objects and the manipulation of space accomplish for these rulers that mere words could not?

     

2. What disadvantages might stem from using architecture in this way?

     

3. Is the use of space and monumental architecture still a political tool in today’s world?

     

ABSOLUTISM IN AUSTRIA AND PRUSSIA (15.3)

Before you read:

1. Prussian Absolutism focused on the military state. True or False

While you read:

1. How did Eastern Absolutist foundations differ from those in the West?

     

2. Describe the success of Habsburg power in Bohemia and the struggle in Hungary.

     

3. Fill in the chart of Prussian leaders with their additions to Prussian Absolutism

|Frederick William |      |

|“The Great Elector” | |

|Frederick I |      |

|Frederick William |      |

|“the Soldiers King” | |

4. Describe the reluctant cooperation of the Prussian Junkers in developing Absolutism in Prussia.

     

After you read:

|1. |Francis Rakoczy represents |

| |Protestant domination of Bohemia. |

| |Hungarian defiance of Habsburg domination. |

| |Junker control of Brandenberg. |

| |Absolutist architecture. |

|2. |Who are the Grenadiers? |

| |The Prussian nobles. |

| |Bohemian nobles. |

| |Ferdinand III’s military guard |

| |Frederick William I’s beloved military guard. |

THE DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIA AND THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE (15.4)

Before you read:

1. The Cossacks moved to control all of Russia for over 200 years. True or False

2. Peter the Great of Russia desperately clung to the “old ways” of Russia. True or False

While you read:

1. What was the changing relationship between the Mongol khans and the Russians.

     

2. How was the election of Michael Romanov as tsar a turning point in Russian history?

     

3. How did Peter the Great “drag Russia out of the Medieval times” and into the Western society?

     

4. Describe the form of government used by the Ottoman Turks, was it effective?

     

After you read:

|1. |How did the Russian Boyars help the Muscovite princes gain control of Russia from the Mongols? |

| |They controlled the Orthodox Church. |

| |They helped build a massive navy. |

| |They supported the Tsars in their bid for power. |

| |They provided a uniform tax code for the Tsars use. |

|2. |To Western Europe, the Ottomans were seen to be… |

| |Highly respected for their intellectual capability. |

| |Opposite of “western” ideas and militaristic. |

| |Intolerant of Christianity. |

| |Admired as equals. |

Primary Source: A German Account of Russian Life (15.3)

1. How did Olearius characterize the Russians in general? What supporting evidence did he offer for his judgment?

     

2. How might Olearius’s account help explain Stenka Razin’s rebellion?

     

3. On the basis of these representative passages, why do you think Olearius’s book was so popular and influential in central and western Europe?

     

ALTERNATIVES TO ABSOLUTISM IN ENGLAND AND THE DUTCH REPUBLIC (15.5)

Before you read:

1. The Puritans were ardent supporters of the King. True or False

The Dutch political success was based on their commercial prosperity. True or False

While you read:

1. Explain the difference between Constitutionalism and Republicanism.

     

2. In what ways did the “Long Parliament” try to limit the power of King Charles I.

     

3. Describe the policies of Cromwell’s Protectorate by the “Instrument of Government”.

     

4. How did the “Glorious Revolution” reflect the ideas of John Locke’s Second Treatise of Civil Government?

     

5. Identify Robert Walpole and the development of his Cabinet System.

     

6. Discuss the political uniqueness of the Republic of the United Provinces of the Netherlands.

     

After you read:

|1. |During The English Civil War, the “New Model Army” fought on the side of |

| |The Scottish nobility. |

| |The Puritan leader Oliver Cromwell. |

| |King Charles I. |

| |Irish rebels. |

|2. |In his book Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes advocates a system of |

| |A social contract between the ruler and society. |

| |Rule of law under a despotic monarch. |

| |A Commonwealth, Republican style of government. |

| |Theocracy, where society was governed by religious tenets. |

BAROQUE ART AND MUSIC (15.6)

Before you read:

1. Baroque Art is mainly connected with the Catholic Church. True or False

While you read:

1. Describe the characteristics of Baroque style and give examples in painting and music.

     

After you read:

1. What was the response to Baroque art by the Jesuits?

Embraced it as a tool for worship

Rejected it as the “work of the devil”

Tolerated it

Actively fought against the expansion of the style

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Chapter Timeline

--1550

--1600

--1625

--1650

--1700

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