Textbook Guided Reading – Students will answer a series of ...



Mr. Sullivan Name _______________________

AP World History Date ___________________

Textbook Guided Reading POD 19 Revolutions In Europe Period ________

Directions: Please complete these questions as a means to BEGIN studying and preparing for the upcoming POD test. It is your responsibility to complete this task by the due date. You may wish to refer to your class notes and materials, as well as your textbook for assistance in the completion of this task.

All answers should be placed on the answer worksheet below

Each Question is worth 1 point

Nota bene: The corresponding textbook page numbers are included with each question for your assistance.

|Ques|Answer |

|tion| |

|b. |Thirty Years War |

|c. |War of Austrian Succession |

|d. |French and Indian War |

|e. |Seven Years War |

REF: p. 582

2. The Enlightenment was the intellectual movement in which

|a. |the methods and questions of the Scientific Revolution were applied to human society. |

|b. |the methods and questions of the Confucian examination system were applied to society. |

|c. |the methods and ideology of the Protestant Reformation were applied to society. |

|d. |the ideas of the Renaissance were applied to society. |

|e. |the ideas of the absolutist rulers were applied to society. |

REF: p. 582

3. Which of the following would John Locke have argued?

|a. |The king is appointed by the divine will of God, and people have to respect that. |

|b. |Individual rights can only be guaranteed by an absolute ruler whose power is unchecked by the populace. |

|c. |People have the right to rebellion. |

|d. |The abolition of private property is necessary for the harmonious functioning of society. |

|e. |Democracy does not work because not all people are equal or should be a part of the working government. |

REF: p. 583

4. One of Rousseau's most radical ideas was that government

|a. |could not impose unwanted taxes. |

|b. |authority rested on the consent of the governed. |

|c. |had to respond to calls for reform. |

|d. |was responsible for controlling business. |

|e. |should be abolished. |

REF: p. 583

5. What were the goals of monarchs such as Catherine the Great of Russia and Frederick the Great of Prussia in supporting the Enlightenment?

|a. |They protected religious institutions from new ideas. |

|b. |Expansion of royal authority over localism, religious institutions, and the nobility |

|c. |They firmly reinforced the rights of feudal lords. |

|d. |They secured the social order in favor of the nobility. |

|e. |They favored a monopoly on joint-stock companies. |

REF: p. 583

6. Women helped disseminate new political ideas by

|a. |purchasing and discussing books of the era. |

|b. |contributing as writers and commentators. |

|c. |bringing together thinkers in their homes, or salons. |

|d. |raising the argument for women's rights. |

|e. |All of these |

REF: p. 584

7. The Enlightenment's intellectual ferment most deeply influenced the

|a. |upper class. |

|b. |poor. |

|c. |nobility. |

|d. |clergy. |

|e. |middle class. |

REF: p. 584

8. Respectable new public venues for discussion of intellectual ideas included:

|a. |universities |

|b. |church groups |

|c. |coffee houses |

|d. |bars |

|e. |sports clubs |

REF: p. 584

9. The salon was

|a. |a fashionable dinner club with music and gambling. |

|b. |a private venue for discussing intellectual ideas. |

|c. |an underground radical organization plotting the overthrow of the ancient regime. |

|d. |a Parisian boutique frequented by Marie Antoinette. |

|e. |where King Louis XVI met with his ministers. |

REF: p. 584

10. Counter Enlightenment thinkers argued that:

|a. |People where responsible to the leaders, who were empowered by Divine Right. |

|b. |the rights of the individual outweighed the rights of the popular consensus. |

|c. |change and utopianism were flawed ideals |

|d. |religion was unnecessary in the new Age of Science. |

|e. |People were inherently flawed and need strong government to maintain stability. |

REF: p. 585

11. In the eighteenth century, the common people of Europe sometimes expressed outrage over

|a. |the granting of the right to vote to women. |

|b. |violations of popular customs. |

|c. |the failure of European monarchs to proceed quickly with reforms. |

|d. |African slavery. |

|e. |the price of artwork. |

REF: p. 585

12. Enlightenment reformers sought to ban numerous folk traditions like harvest festivals or religious holidays because

|a. |they were a reminder of daily drudgery. |

|b. |they were wild, drunken revelry that was unseemly. |

|c. |to maintain control of a passive population. |

|d. |they were atheists and wanted people to progress to a modern era. |

|e. |they emphasized class differences and might start revolutions. |

REF: p. 586

13. The French Revolution

|a. |did not create an enduring form of representative democracy. |

|b. |did not undermine the traditional monarchy. |

|c. |did not undermine the power of the Catholic Church. |

|d. |was a bloodless revolution. |

|e. |inspired the American Revolution. |

REF: p. 590

14. As a result of the French Revolution, King Louis XVI was

|a. |restored. |

|b. |elected. |

|c. |beheaded. |

|d. |deported. |

|e. |enriched. |

REF: p. 594

15. The system of social organization in France would have placed the clergy in

|a. |the first estate |

|b. |the second estate |

|c. |the third estate |

|d. |clergy were not governed by secular legal classifications. |

|e. |none of these |

REF: p. 590

16. Which of the following did not contribute to the financial crisis that triggered the French Revolution?

|a. |The costs of the Seven Years War |

|b. |The costs of the American Revolution |

|c. |The costs of the War of Austrian Succession |

|d. |Failure to collect tithes from the clergy |

|e. |Failure to collect taxes from the nobility |

REF: p. 591-592

17. In 1787, the Assembly of Notables

|a. |acted as a rubber stamp for new reforms and taxes. |

|b. |unquestioningly accepted the competence of the king. |

|c. |were the first socialist government in French history. |

|d. |declared war on Russia to raise money. |

|e. |sought to protect their own interests. |

REF: p. 592

18. In 1787, King Louis XVI called a meeting of the Estates General, the French national legislature, because

|a. |only it could control the violent peasantry. |

|b. |the French elite would not consent to new taxes. |

|c. |he needed its consent to impose martial law. |

|d. |he wanted to demonstrate the power of the throne. |

|e. |he wanted their support for the manumission of slaves. |

REF: p. 592

19. Which French Estate declared itself to be the National Assembly?

|a. |First Estate |

|b. |Second Estate |

|c. |Third Estate |

|d. |Fourth Estate |

|e. |Fifth Estate |

REF: p. 592

20. The Tennis Court Oath was

|a. |the declaration by the Third Estate that they would not convene again without a constitution. |

|b. |a ceremony on a tennis court in which Louis XVI required his nobility to swear their oaths of allegiance to the Second |

| |Estate. |

|c. |taken by Jacobins on the tennis court at Versailles after deposing the king. |

|d. |where Napoleon was sworn in as head consulate in 1801. |

|e. |an investiture of the Freemasons. |

REF: p. 592

21. In response to economic depression, hunger, and high bread prices in 1789, a Parisian crowd

|a. |burned the Palace at Versailles. |

|b. |attacked the Bastille. |

|c. |petitioned to have Joan of Arc made a saint. |

|d. |protested the building of Fontainebleau. |

|e. |took the king and queen hostage. |

REF: p. 592

22. When the Parisian crowd marched to Versailles, it

|a. |beheaded Marie Antoinette. |

|b. |petitioned the Crown for assistance. |

|c. |took the entire National Assembly captive. |

|d. |demanded the return of the royal family to Paris. |

|e. |demanded a change from civil to common law. |

REF: p. 593

23. The Declaration of the Rights of Man was

|a. |the first French constitution. |

|b. |the French version of the Declaration of Independence. |

|c. |a contract between the king and the National Assembly outlining certain rights. |

|d. |the resignation of Louis XVI and recognition of a new Republic in France. |

|e. |the Manifesto of the Committee of Public Safety. |

REF: p. 593

24. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen included all of the following rights except:

|a. |freedom of expression of ideas |

|b. |freedom of religion |

|c. |equality before the law for all citizens |

|d. |representative government |

|e. |freedom to own property. |

REF: p. 593

25. In September of 1792, rumors of counterrevolutionary plots caused mobs to

|a. |attack Paris prisons, killing half of the prisoners. |

|b. |release all those who were imprisoned by the king. |

|c. |imprison all high government officials. |

|d. |destroy all of the city's prisons. |

|e. |demand that Louis XVI be reinstated to the throne. |

REF: p. 594

26. King Louis XVI lost his authority in France when it was taken in 1792 by which agency?

|a. |The Directory |

|b. |The National Assembly |

|c. |The National Convention |

|d. |The Legislative Assembly |

|e. |The Estates General |

REF: p. 594

27. The Jacobin members of the National Convention were

|a. |loyal to the monarchy. |

|b. |advocates of military dictatorship. |

|c. |anarchists. |

|d. |middle-class democrats. |

|e. |socialists. |

REF: p. 594

28. Robespierre was a member of which political party?

|a. |The Mountain |

|b. |Royalists |

|c. |Sans Culottes |

|d. |Feulliants |

|e. |Girondins |

REF: p. 594

29. The Reign of Terror

|a. |made a new calendar without Sundays. |

|b. |abolished clocks as symbols of the repressive industrial element of society. |

|c. |killed hundreds of cats in Paris. |

|d. |mutilated many nobles. |

|e. |All of these |

REF: p. 594

30. The end of the Reign of Terror came in 1794 when

|a. |Danton was elected president by the Committee for Public Safety |

|b. |Napoleon Bonaparte seized power. |

|c. |Austrian forces overran Paris and deposed the National Assembly |

|d. |Robespierre was arrested and executed by conservatives in the Convention. |

|e. |The Constitution of 1794 was passed by majority consensus. |

REF: p. 595

31. Napoleon's rise to power marked another modern form of government called

|a. |popular sovereignty |

|b. |enlightened despotism |

|c. |republicanism |

|d. |popular authoritarianism |

|e. |proletarian dictatorship |

REF: p. 595

32. Napoleon's plans for European conquest were held in check by the naval supremacy of

|a. |Britain. |

|b. |the Netherlands. |

|c. |France. |

|d. |Spain. |

|e. |Portugal. |

REF: p. 598

33. Napoleon won the support of the peasantry and the middle class by

|a. |giving tax rebates. |

|b. |rewriting French law to assert equality in law and protection of property. |

|c. |campaigning door to door. |

|d. |humiliating the British navy. |

|e. |allowing any peasant to become a member of the bourgeoisie. |

REF: p. 598

34. Napoleon's invasion of ____ led to his decline.

|a. |Scotland |

|b. |Finland |

|c. |Greece |

|d. |Afghanistan |

|e. |Russia |

REF: p. 598

35. After his escape from Elba, Napoleon was defeated at the Battle of

|a. |Waterloo. |

|b. |the Bulge. |

|c. |Britain. |

|d. |Scappa Flow. |

|e. |Stalingrad. |

REF: p. 598

36. Saint Domingue was most important to France because

|a. |of the large numbers of Frenchmen on the island. |

|b. |it was the French military outpost in the Americas. |

|c. |it generated one-third of all French foreign trade. |

|d. |it was the last part of France's overseas empire. |

|e. |it was strategically located between St. Lucia and Martinique. |

REF: p. 599

37. Aside from the brutal conditions on Saint Domingue, the island erupted in revolt because

|a. |of the intervention of the English navy. |

|b. |of the turmoil in revolutionary France. |

|c. |all trade and exports were cut off. |

|d. |the planter elites started their own government. |

|e. |of the mystical visions of its leader. |

REF: p. 599

38. Who was François Dominique Toussaint L'Ouverture?

|a. |The leader of a slave revolt in Saint Domingue |

|b. |The Caribbean delegate to the French Revolutionary Council |

|c. |The great impressionist painter of the French Revolution |

|d. |The son of Robespierre and the Empress Josephine |

|e. |The French general who crushed the slave revolt in Saint Domingue |

REF: p. 599

39. Support for the Haitian revolution was found in the gens de couleur, who were

|a. |revolutionary women's brigades |

|b. |free men and women of color in Haiti |

|c. |wealthy planters in Haiti |

|d. |radical revolutionaries in the National Assembly |

|e. |disenfranchised military officers who refused to enforce French government orders of slavery in the West Indies |

REF: p. 599

40. The Congress of Vienna was

|a. |a meeting of delegates from Britain, Austria, Russia, and other European countries to restore order in post-Napoleonic |

| |Europe. |

|b. |a meeting held to determine where Napoleon should be exiled. |

|c. |where Napoleon had his court when he took over most of Europe. |

|d. |where the exiled monarchs of Europe during Napoleon's reign plotted to overthrow him. |

|e. |where the pan-European constitution was signed in 1848. |

REF: p. 601

41. In 1830, Greece won its independence from the

|a. |Ottoman Empire. |

|b. |British Empire. |

|c. |Russian Empire. |

|d. |French Empire. |

|e. |Byzantine Empire. |

REF: p. 602

42. The revolutions of 1848 were widespread across Europe and were inspired by

|a. |the establishment of permanent democracy in the Holy Roman Empire. |

|b. |the desire for democratic reforms and national self-determination. |

|c. |the installation of Louis Philippe as emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. |

|d. |the demand that women be granted the right to vote. |

|e. |Gil Scott-Heron's famous poem. |

REF: p. 602

43. Enclosure was

|a. |closing factory doors at working time and not opening them again until closing. |

|b. |a closed emigration policy. |

|c. |restriction of common agricultural land. |

|d. |maintaining private garden plots for personal use. |

|e. |a process of closing off rivers for waterpower in factories. |

REF: p. 608

44. What new crop contributed to the agricultural revolution?

|a. |The potato |

|b. |Wheat |

|c. |Rice |

|d. |The soybean |

|e. |The tomato |

REF: p. 608

45. The agricultural revolution was a change in farming methods and crops that resulted in

|a. |the creation of a large class of landless farm laborers. |

|b. |wealthy landowners taking over communal lands. |

|c. |European population growth as a result of new crops such as potatoes and corn. |

|d. |the introduction of better livestock, soil improvement, and crop rotation. |

|e. |all of these. |

REF: p. 608

46. In rural areas manufacture was carried out through cottage industries, where

|a. |a factory owner "put out" his workers to work in other factories. |

|b. |merchants delivered raw materials to craftspeople and picked up the finished product. |

|c. |merchants and factory owners collaborated to "cottage" a lower wage. |

|d. |silk and cotton textiles were manufactured together. |

|e. |workers led an idyllic working life. |

REF: p. 609

47. The most profitable item in international trade in the 18th century was:

|a. |Cotton |

|b. |Corn |

|c. |Coal |

|d. |Sugar |

|e. |Slaves |

REF: p. 609

48. Which of the following is not one of the factors that gave Britain a "head start" on the Industrial Revolution?

|a. |It recovered from the plague more quickly than the rest of Europe. |

|b. |It had the largest merchant marine. |

|c. |It was highly commercial, and many people were involved in production and trade. |

|d. |It enjoyed a high standard of living and a "fluid" society. |

|e. |It was the world's leading exporter of tools, guns, hardware, and other crafts. |

REF: p. 610-611

49. Britain's social structure is described as being "more fluid" than the rest of Europe. Which of the following is the most likely reason for that?

|a. |They had a reformed national church. |

|b. |It had a less powerful aristocracy. |

|c. |It did not have the three estate system of France. |

|d. |It had a highly regimented government bureaucracy. |

|e. |It had a lot of rivers. |

REF: p. 611

50. New forms of energy were important for industrialization, such as

|a. |horse power. |

|b. |wind and water energy. |

|c. |the steam engine and electricity. |

|d. |hydroelectric power. |

|e. |gas turbine engines. |

REF: p. 612

51. Which of the following was NOT an effort that European governments made to stimulate their economies?

|a. |opening of technical schools. |

|b. |organization of workers' unions |

|c. |elimination of internal tariffs |

|d. |encouraging joint stock companies |

|e. |promotion of private investment in industry building. |

REF: p. 611

52. Why was industrialization of continental Europe more difficult than in Britain?

|a. |Ongoing wars slowed the diffusion of British technologies and discouraged investment in industrial production. |

|b. |Nationalism prohibited trade with other countries. |

|c. |Tariffs (taxes on goods between countries) made transportation very expensive. |

|d. |Europe lacked rivers. |

|e. |Continental Europe had no colonies from which to get raw goods. |

REF: p. 612

53. "Division of labor" in manufacturing means

|a. |dividing the work force into capitalists and communists. |

|b. |dividing work into specialized and repetitive tasks. |

|c. |using "division" as well as other mathematical functions. |

|d. |having the worker make the entire product. |

|e. |dividing the labor unions in order to weaken them. |

REF: p. 612-613

54. The pottery industry in England became successful by utilizing the method of

|a. |mass production |

|b. |mechanization. |

|c. |gendered labor practices. |

|d. |the factory system |

|e. |the putting out system. |

REF: p. 612

55. England began importing raw cotton

|a. |because the English Parliament banned importation of cotton cloth. |

|b. |because there was no other source of cheap clothing. |

|c. |because it badly needed the raw material for its mills. |

|d. |because its export was stopped by other countries. |

|e. |in order to support the southern states during the American Civil War. |

REF: p. 614

56. Among the new inventions developed to weave cotton textiles was (were)

|a. |the steam engine. |

|b. |the spinning jenny and the water frame. |

|c. |the power loom and the thread "genie." |

|d. |the fulling press and the iron "foot." |

|e. |the rotary weaving engine. |

REF: p. 614

57. According to the chapter, what was not one of the five major contributors to industrialization?

|a. |Electricity |

|b. |The steam engine |

|c. |The division of labor |

|d. |Increased production of iron |

|e. |Free trade |

REF: p. 612

58. Mechanization offered which two major advantages?

|a. |increased job opportunities for labor forces, and higher wages than cottage industry. |

|b. |urbanization and increased social mobility. |

|c. |increased productivity for the manufacturer and lower prices for consumers. |

|d. |increased trade opportunities globally, and increased leisure time for middle classes. |

|e. |increased work opportunities for women and improved economic opportunities for families. |

REF: p. 614

59. As a result of industrialization of Britain, the most valuable crop in America was:

|a. |coal |

|b. |lumbar |

|c. |steel |

|d. |cotton |

|e. |potatoes |

REF: p. 615

60. Iron production was transformed by Abraham Darby's discovery that

|a. |machines could do the work of hammering iron better than humans. |

|b. |mills operated with hydroelectric power produced stronger iron. |

|c. |coke could be used in the place of charcoal in the smelting process. |

|d. |taconite was a more valuable byproduct than the iron itself. |

|e. |people worked better for higher wages. |

REF: p. 615

61. A significant contribution to the mass manufacture of cheap metal items was the development of

|a. |interchangeable parts. |

|b. |lost wax casting of iron. |

|c. |individual fitting together of parts by hand. |

|d. |molded metal. |

|e. |amalgamations of metal known as pig iron. |

REF: p. 616

62. The most revolutionary invention of the Industrial Revolution was James Watt's

|a. |cotton gin. |

|b. |steam engine. |

|c. |saddle. |

|d. |bicycle. |

|e. |light bulb. |

REF: p. 616

63. The United States was the first country to create commercially viable steamships. The major transportation artery that opened the Great Lakes area to European settlement was the:

|a. |St. Lawrence Seaway |

|b. |Hudson River |

|c. |Mississippi River |

|d. |Ohio River |

|e. |Erie Canal |

REF: p. 617

64. In continental Europe, industries such as iron, construction, and machinery were greatly stimulated by

|a. |railroads. |

|b. |the Crimean War. |

|c. |the use of slave labor. |

|d. |the increase in literacy. |

|e. |American banking advances. |

REF: p. 617-618

65. What invention revolutionized communication during the Industrial Revolution?

|a. |The phonograph |

|b. |Radar |

|c. |The electric telegraph |

|d. |The battery |

|e. |The telephone |

REF: p. 618

66. One profound effect that industrialization had on the world was that

|a. |Europe and North America were empowered at the expense of the rest of the world. |

|b. |the raw material of Africa made it the center of industrialization. |

|c. |the availability of cheap labor in Asia caused its markets to expand rapidly. |

|d. |Europe went into a slow decline due to worldwide competition. |

|e. |workers' wages and quality of living rose quickly. |

REF: p. 618

67. Urbanization had the greatest impact on

|a. |the elite, who came to the cities to attend fashionable events. |

|b. |the bourgeoisie, who developed a professional class. |

|c. |the factory owners, who came to the cities to keep an eye on their businesses. |

|d. |the poor, who came to the city from rural areas for work. |

|e. |children, who attended schools in cities. |

REF: p. 619

68. Which of the following was not true of poor urban neighborhoods?

|a. |They were often filled with overcrowded tenements. |

|b. |There was an atmosphere of filth, pollution, and sewage. |

|c. |The danger of typhus, smallpox, dysentery, and tuberculosis was very high. |

|d. |Most poor urbanites lived in factory-owned apartment buildings. |

|e. |Houses were often mixed in with factories. |

REF: p. 619-620

69. The most obvious change in rural life during the Industrial Revolution was

|a. |electrical power. |

|b. |the appearance of new roads, canals, and railroads. |

|c. |an increase in leisure time. |

|d. |a population shift to rural areas. |

|e. |the increase of political power of rural residents at the expense of industrial centers. |

REF: p. 620-621

70. The engineering of canals was subsequently turned towards transforming lands for:

|a. |roads for carriages. |

|b. |toll roads. |

|c. |railroads. |

|d. |electrical power. |

|e. |telecommunications cables. |

REF: p. 621

71. A significant technology that transformed the lives of factory workers' hours was:

|a. |gas lighting. |

|b. |electricity |

|c. |indoor plumbing |

|d. |regulation of clocks |

|e. |public transportation. |

REF: p. 621

72. In the early years of industrialization, most women worked in

|a. |laundry and sewing. |

|b. |coal mining. |

|c. |textile factories. |

|d. |nursing and teaching. |

|e. |domestic servant positions. |

REF: p. 622

73. Industrial work had an enormous effect on the family because

|a. |it provided a steady income for families. |

|b. |work was now removed from the home and family members were separated all day. |

|c. |children were happier in factories than on farms. |

|d. |factory work was safer than farm work. |

|e. |the move to the city made families happier and more stable. |

REF: p. 623

74. Women typically earned

|a. |as much as men. |

|b. |one-third to one-half as much as men. |

|c. |10 percent of what men made. |

|d. |twice as much as men. |

|e. |nothing, as their service was "tenure" service to the owner. |

REF: p. 622

75. Single women and married women both did factory work but for different reasons:

|a. |Married women worked if their husbands were unable to support their families. |

|b. |Married women worked if their husbands worked in a dangerous job. |

|c. |Married women worked to put their children through school. |

|d. |Single women worked to make friends and be social. |

|e. |Single women worked for excitement and fun. |

REF: p. 623

76. When child labor laws began to pass in England,

|a. |children were required to be paid minimum wage. |

|b. |children were required to go to school for a minimum of four years before they could work. |

|c. |factories were subject to regular inspection for health and safety codes. |

|d. |factory owners simply replaced child workers with Irish immigrants, who were cheaper. |

|e. |factory owners refused to hire children or women. |

REF: p. 623

77. The real beneficiaries of the Industrial revolution, according to your text, were

|a. |the factory owners. |

|b. |recent immigrants who were able to obtain jobs in industry. |

|c. |rural farmers and sharecroppers who were in demand for food supply. |

|d. |the middle classes. |

|e. |women who had greater social mobility and earning power. |

REF: p. 624

78. In the United States, many factory owners opened their factories with a commitment to decent wages and housing

|a. |but soon converted to machine-driven looms. |

|b. |but soon rejected female workers in favor of child laborers. |

|c. |but eventually lowered wages and imposed longer hours. |

|d. |and continued to improve the lot of workers. |

|e. |but did none of these. |

REF: p. 623

79. The cotton boom enriched planters as well as manufacturers and

|a. |led to the decline of American slavery. |

|b. |encouraged the growth of a domestic textile industry in India. |

|c. |made many sharecroppers rich. |

|d. |created a high demand for mulch. |

|e. |created a high demand for slaves. |

REF: p. 623

80. With industrialization, the role of middle-class women became management of the home, children, and servants. This was known as

|a. |the "factory at home." |

|b. |the "female world of home." |

|c. |"home, sweet home." |

|d. |"children, kitchen, and church." |

|e. |the "cult of domesticity." |

REF: p. 624

81. In The Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith proposes that the government should

|a. |not interfere in business. |

|b. |carefully regulate business. |

|c. |leave business alone, except for enacting protective tariffs. |

|d. |protect workers. |

|e. |carefully allocate resources to ensure their best possible use. |

REF: p. 624

82. Smith's argument challenged the prevailing economic model of the time, which was:

|a. |mercantilism |

|b. |capitalism |

|c. |communism. |

|d. |industrialism. |

|e. |anarchosyndicalism. |

REF: p. 624-625

83. Thomas Malthus's explanation of workers' misfortunes was that

|a. |the population was outgrowing the food supply. |

|b. |workers were immoral and destined to fail. |

|c. |the weak would perish and the strong would survive. |

|d. |workers needed to work harder and longer hours. |

|e. |the government was uncaring. |

REF: p. 625

84. Friedrich List, the German economist, argued that

|a. |England was unfairly oppressing religious minorities into serfdom. |

|b. |Germany could only effectively compete with Britain by erecting tariffs against British imports. |

|c. |capitalism was doomed to fail in the wake of violent revolution between the haves and have-nots. |

|d. |laissez-faire economics could not work in continental Europe because of nationalist interests. |

|e. |Adam Smith was wrong, and mercantilism was the correct and best economic model. |

REF: p. 625

85. To address the misery of the poor, French socialists proposed that workers form communities under the protection of business leaders; their views were known as

|a. |totalitarianism. |

|b. |humanism. |

|c. |positivism. |

|d. |Darwinism. |

|e. |communism. |

REF: p. 625

86. Chartism appealed to which group in England?

|a. |Whig reformers in Parliament. |

|b. |Utilitarians such as Bentham |

|c. |industrial workers and miners. |

|d. |factory owners opposed to tariffs. |

|e. |landowners who benefitted from the Corn Laws. |

REF: p. 625

87. Which of the following was not one of the ways in which workers resisted harsh treatment?

|a. |Changing their jobs frequently |

|b. |Frequently assassinating unpopular factory owners |

|c. |Doing poor-quality work |

|d. |Rioting and going on strike |

|e. |Being absent on Mondays |

REF: p. 625

88. The Factory Act of 1833

|a. |prohibited textile mills from employing workers under the age of nine. |

|b. |increased wages for all workers of Great Britain and Scotland. |

|c. |granted women equal pay for equal work. |

|d. |created separate guilds for male and female workers. |

|e. |enacted safety laws. |

REF: p. 625

89. As a result of industrialization, the relationship between western Europe and the non-Western world

|a. |improved through increased communications. |

|b. |worsened through the savagery of the slave trade. |

|c. |remained the same. |

|d. |became based on Western dominance. |

|e. |became dominated by the non-Western world through their monopoly of raw materials. |

REF: p. 626

90. A significant impediment to Russian economic modernization was:

|a. |restrictions on work times imposed by the Orthodox Church |

|b. |relative nonexistence of the middle classes. |

|c. |the perpetuation of serfdom |

|d. |complete lack of an educational system |

|e. |demonization of the reform efforts of Peter the Great still lingered in the nobility. |

REF: p. 670

91. Which of the following was NOT a factor hindering reforms in Russia?

|a. |lack of urbanization |

|b. |predominance of agriculture. |

|c. |poor transportation opportunities. |

|d. |diversity of languages proscribing unification. |

|e. |religious prohibitions |

REF: p. 670

92. The construction of a railroad in Russia

|a. |was halted by the intervention of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. |

|b. |relied on foreign experts. |

|c. |created a link between the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean. |

|d. |allowed new territories to be opened in the Asian steppes. |

|e. |was never completed because of financial problems. |

REF: p. 671

93. The Russian government viewed industrialization

|a. |as a necessary evil. |

|b. |as the wave of the future. |

|c. |as a sign of the decline of respect for religious authority. |

|d. |as a potential environmental disaster waiting to happen. |

|e. |with limited interest, preferring to import industrial goods. |

REF: p. 671

94. What was the major reason the Russian state resisted industrialization?

|a. |A deep suspicion of western ideas, especially liberalism and socialism |

|b. |It was trying to initiate a communist revolution first. |

|c. |Long-term disputes with Germany led to reluctance to use German advisers. |

|d. |Serfs could not learn how to run machines. |

|e. |Local landowners feared losing their labor force if peasants left the fields to go to factories. |

REF: p. 671

95. Pan-Slavism was the doctrine

|a. |of diminishing economic returns. |

|b. |of freedom for all serfs. |

|c. |that Slavic peoples were inherently superior. |

|d. |that advocated the unity of all Slavic peoples through military means. |

|e. |that advocated the unity of all Slavic peoples through peaceful means. |

REF: p. 671

96. The process of modernization in Russia in the nineteenth century was accomplished more smoothly than in the Ottoman Empire because

|a. |it had longer been an issue, starting with Peter the Great. |

|b. |the Russian court emulated European fashion and languages. |

|c. |Alexander's reforms included bringing in Western advisers. |

|d. |European monarchs accepted Russian tsars more readily than they accepted reforming rulers in Ottoman territories. |

|e. |All of these |

REF: p. 672

97. Russian imperial expansion in the 19th century was focused on which direction?

|a. |the Pacific ocean |

|b. |the Baltic coast |

|c. |the southern borders |

|d. |Poland and Romania |

|e. |Prussia. |

REF: p. 671

98. When Tsar Alexander I died in 1825, reformers in the military provoked

|a. |a confrontation with Japan that resulted in the Russo-Japanese War. |

|b. |a border war with China. |

|c. |a failed uprising called the "Decembrist Revolt." |

|d. |the secretary of the defense into resigning. |

|e. |widespread rebellion among the nobility. |

REF: p. 672

99. Intellectuals pressing for reform in Russia wanted all of the following except

|a. |a constitution. |

|b. |freedom of the press. |

|c. |liberation of the serfs. |

|d. |reorganization of the imperial bureaucracy. |

|e. |college education for women. |

REF: p. 673

100. The main force opposing westernization in Russia was

|a. |Slavophiles |

|b. |Decembrists |

|c. |student clubs |

|d. |Orthodox church advocates |

|e. |the nobility |

REF: p. 673

101. How was ocean shipping transformed by the mid-nineteenth century?

|a. |There were more efficient, powerful engines. |

|b. |The average size of freighters increased from 200 to 7,500 tons. |

|c. |Steel replaced wooden hulls. |

|d. |Propellers replaced paddle wheels. |

|e. |All of these |

REF: p. 714

102. The "annihilation of time and space," extolled by the public and the press, referred especially to

|a. |the development of aircraft. |

|b. |submarine telegraph cables. |

|c. |transcontinental railroads. |

|d. |the science fiction musings of H. G. Wells. |

|e. |an accurate clock. |

REF: p. 714

103. Most railways were built by European or American engineers with equipment from the West. The exception to this was in

|a. |Japan. |

|b. |China. |

|c. |Mexico. |

|d. |the Orient Express. |

|e. |Russia. |

REF: p. 714

104. The largest railway network in the world at the end of the nineteenth century was in

|a. |Great Britain. |

|b. |Canada. |

|c. |Mexico. |

|d. |Japan. |

|e. |the United States. |

REF: p. 714

105. One of the most significant environmental effects of building railroads was

|a. |displacement of the indigenous populations. |

|b. |destruction of local wildlife. |

|c. |vast consumption of lumber. |

|d. |pollution from coal burning engines. |

|e. |soil erosion that damaged agriculture. |

REF: p. 714

106. The chemical dye industry hurt tropical nations such as India because

|a. |of those nations' textile industries. |

|b. |the industry exploited workers in those countries. |

|c. |those nations grew the most indigo. |

|d. |of the environmental impact of dye factories. |

|e. |Indians and other tropical peoples could not afford chemical dyes. |

REF: p. 715

107. Industrial chemistry was a great advantage to Germany because Germany

|a. |controlled the sources for the raw materials. |

|b. |was the most innovative nation at that time. |

|c. |allowed the government to support those industries. |

|d. |had the most advanced scientific institutions. |

|e. |was forbidden to do military research. |

REF: p. 715

108. The most prominent early use of electric current was

|a. |in steel making. |

|b. |for lighting. |

|c. |for telegraph systems. |

|d. |in the chemical dye industry. |

|e. |the electric chair. |

REF: p. 716

109. The negative environmental effects of nineteenth-century industrialization included all of the following except

|a. |smoke and particulate matter polluting the air. |

|b. |large piles of waste product and slag left behind. |

|c. |chemical and dye materials dumped into the rivers. |

|d. |deforestation and reduction of agriculture for areas used for mining coal, iron, and limestone. |

|e. |depletion of the ozone layer. |

REF: p. 718-719

110. By 1900, Britain controlled all of the following industries except:

|a. |shipping |

|b. |international banking |

|c. |submarine cables. |

|d. |chemical dyes |

|e. |foreign infrastructure development |

REF: p. 717

111. The increase in the number of Europeans overseas was largely due to

|a. |a drop in the death rate. |

|b. |epidemic disease in Europe. |

|c. |famine and starvation. |

|d. |plague spreading in Europe. |

|e. |the abolition of serfdom in Russia. |

REF: p. 718

112. As a result of immigration, between 1850-1910, the population of northern America increased by almost

|a. |half |

|b. |three-quarters |

|c. |twice |

|d. |four-fold |

|e. |ten-fold |

REF: p. 718

113. Which of the following is not one way that cities in industrial nations changed their character in the nineteenth century?

|a. |Railroads with regular schedules brought food and commuters into the cities to work. |

|b. |Police and fire departments were created. |

|c. |Poverty virtually disappeared. |

|d. |City planning was used. |

|e. |Sanitation improved and death rates decreased. |

REF: p. 718-719

114. The most important urban technological innovation was

|a. |gas lamps for lighting. |

|b. |electric streetcars and subways. |

|c. |paved roadways for transport and travel. |

|d. |pipes for water and sewage. |

|e. |apartment buildings. |

REF: p. 718

115. The growth of towns and cities was made easier by railways, creating the commuter society. This affected primarily which class?

|a. |Students traveling to universities |

|b. |Missionaries seeking to evangelize |

|c. |Middle-class entrepreneurs escaping to country estates on the weekend |

|d. |Working-class laborers in the suburbs |

|e. |The wealthy, who could afford train tickets |

REF: p. 718-719

116. New models of urban development laid out city plans modeled after:

|a. |Chicago |

|b. |London. |

|c. |Paris. |

|d. |Buenos Aires |

|e. |St. Petersburg |

REF: p. 718

117. The Victorian Age refers to rules of behavior and family wherein

|a. |marriage was an economic contract between male and female. |

|b. |men and women began to share equally the duties of child-rearing. |

|c. |the home was idealized as a peaceful and loving refuge. |

|d. |male and female children were educated away from the family in boarding schools. |

|e. |women were finally encouraged to work outside the home. |

REF: p. 720

118. Late-nineteenth-century Victorian morality dictated that men and women

|a. |belong in factories. |

|b. |belong in comparable social spheres. |

|c. |belong in "separate spheres." |

|d. |should be involved in politics. |

|e. |should be in a competitive relationship. |

REF: p. 720

119. Families were considered middle class only if they

|a. |had a second home. |

|b. |were college-educated. |

|c. |did not work with their hands. |

|d. |owned their own horses. |

|e. |employed a full-time servant. |

REF: p. 720

120. Care and support of the new infrastructure by municipal governments included all of the following except

|a. |police protection. |

|b. |fire protection. |

|c. |garbage removal. |

|d. |health inspectors. |

|e. |homeowner's associations. |

REF: p. 718

121. The most important duty of middle class women was considered:

|a. |teaching. |

|b. |supporting her husband by creating a happy domestic sphere. |

|c. |maintaining moral and spiritual purity. |

|d. |raising children. |

|e. |contributing to the household economy. |

REF: p. 720

122. When the typewriter and telephone were first used in business in the 1880s,

|a. |businessmen found that they were ideal tools for women workers. |

|b. |only men could use them. |

|c. |they created new jobs for immigrant workers. |

|d. |widespread job losses resulted. |

|e. |they were a failure because people feared new inventions. |

REF: p. 721

123. Why were women considered well suited for teaching jobs?

|a. |Women refused to do most other types of work. |

|b. |They were better educated than men. |

|c. |Men were needed in factory work. |

|d. |Teaching was an extension of the duties of Victorian mothers. |

|e. |Teaching was considered unimportant. |

REF: p. 721

124. Some women sought satisfaction outside of the home and became involved

|a. |in working as volunteer social workers or nurses. |

|b. |in organizing reform movements to curtail alcohol, prostitution, and child labor. |

|c. |in working for women's suffrage. |

|d. |All of these |

|e. |None of these |

REF: p. 721

125. Urban planning methods in replacing old, crowded cities included

|a. |organizing neighborhoods according to immigrant nationality. |

|b. |laying out new cities on rectangular grids. |

|c. |maintaining traditional streets to appeal to national historical memory. |

|d. |creating "planned communities" with all amenities within walking distance of miniature villages. |

|e. |removing vestiges of medieval town halls. |

REF: p. 718

126. Which of the following is not one way that working-class women earned money to support the family?

|a. |Doing piecework such as sewing and making lace, hats, or gloves |

|b. |Doing laundry for people |

|c. |Taking in boarders |

|d. |Doing domestic service or factory work |

|e. |Teaching |

REF: p. 721

127. Suffragists lobbied for which reform of women's lives?

|a. |equal wages. |

|b. |the right to vote. |

|c. |elimination of prostitution. |

|d. |access to universities. |

|e. |workers' rights. |

REF: p. 721

128. As a result of the revolutions of cotton cloth and sewing machines,

|a. |the poor could afford to own several sets of cloths. |

|b. |the "mauve decade" emerged with a new trend for purple clothes. |

|c. |ready-made clothing increased the number of department stores. |

|d. |more women were forced to work in garment sweat-shops. |

|e. |the woolen trade decreased significantly. |

REF: p. 722

129. What ideology questioned the sanctity of private property?

|a. |Capitalism |

|b. |Socialism |

|c. |Manichaeism |

|d. |Mercantilism |

|e. |Liberalism |

REF: p. 723

130. The nineteenth-century movement that defended workers against their employers was

|a. |Social Darwinism. |

|b. |liberalism. |

|c. |the labor union movement. |

|d. |millenarianism. |

|e. |the Wobblies. |

REF: p. 723

131. Karl Marx defined "surplus value" as the

|a. |appropriate profit of business. |

|b. |difference between wages and the value of goods. |

|c. |proper cost of goods in the marketplace. |

|d. |amount that business owners were able to put into the bank. |

|e. |sum total of all goods and services produced in a country. |

REF: p. 723

132. In the Communist Manifesto, Marx and Engels argued that the elimination of private property would

|a. |empower the workers to have a revolution. |

|b. |strip the bourgeoisie of their oppressive powers. |

|c. |establish a new society without government. |

|d. |end the suffering of the third world. |

|e. |redistribute all material wealth universally. |

REF: p. 724

133. Workers around the world primarily sought change

|a. |by participating in the political system through voting. |

|b. |by overthrowing political institutions. |

|c. |by changing jobs. |

|d. |through radical socialist ideology. |

|e. |by striking. |

REF: p. 724

134. According to Marx, the end of worker exploitation would occur when

|a. |"scientific socialism" was proven by the intellectuals. |

|b. |war broke down barriers of nationalism and included colonist countries. |

|c. |free democracy replaced all entrenched monarchies in Europe. |

|d. |workers tired of being "have-nots" and rose up in violent opposition to their oppressors. |

|e. |war broke out and the Western industrialized, Christian world conquered the East. |

REF: p. 724

135. The first place where universal male suffrage became law was in:

|a. |France |

|b. |The United States. |

|c. |England. |

|d. |Germany |

|e. |Iceland. |

REF: p. 724

136. A conflict between men and women in radical political movements resulted in:

|a. |working class women had little time for politics. |

|b. |Emma Goldman and Rosa Luxemburg attracted a few followers. |

|c. |the reluctant realization that women's liberation would have to come second to workers' rights. |

|d. |exclusion from trade unions and radical political parties. |

|e. |all of these. |

REF: p. 725

137. The most influential idea of the nineteenth century was

|a. |Darwinism. |

|b. |liberalism. |

|c. |existentialism. |

|d. |authoritarianism. |

|e. |nationalism. |

REF: p. 726

138. Which of the following was not an idea of liberalism?

|a. |The sovereignty of the people |

|b. |The need for a constitutional government |

|c. |Freedom of expression |

|d. |The need for a national parliament |

|e. |Equality for all peoples |

REF: p. 726

139. Who was the most famous early-nineteenth-century nationalist?

|a. |Giuseppe Mazzini |

|b. |Gavrilo Princip |

|c. |Cecil Rhodes |

|d. |Emma Goldman |

|e. |John D. Rockefeller |

REF: p. 726

140. The revolutions of 1848 convinced politicians that

|a. |use of the media was the most important tool in swaying public sentiment. |

|b. |rubber bullets were an effective deterrent to rioters. |

|c. |they couldn't keep the people out of politics forever. |

|d. |democracy was an unworkable system. |

|e. |the common person should never participate in politics. |

REF: p. 726

141 The most successful leader of Italian unification efforts was:

|a. |Pope Pius IX |

|b. |Giuseppe Mazzinni |

|c. |Giuseppe Garabaldi |

|d. |Camillo Cavour |

|e. |Benito Mussolini |

REF: p. 726

142. Bismarck's plan to unite most German-speaking people into a single state focused on using

|a. |liberalism and language. |

|b. |industry and nationalism. |

|c. |religion and conservatism. |

|d. |ethnicity and race. |

|e. |democracy and liberalism. |

REF: p. 728

143. A significant point of dispute between France and Germany was

|a. |Germany's seizure of Alsace and Lorraine. |

|b. |Germany's assault on French naval supremacy. |

|c. |Germany's desire that France get out of Africa. |

|d. |Germany's support for Alfred Dreyfus. |

|e. |France's insistence that Strasbourg speak French. |

REF: p. 728

144. The British nineteenth-century attitude toward Europe has been called a policy of

|a. |"splendid isolation." |

|b. |arrogance and conceit. |

|c. |"laissez-faire." |

|d. |"divide and conquer." |

|e. |"ignorance is bliss." |

REF: p. 733

145. Why did nationalism fail to unify Russia and Austria-Hungary?

|a. |Their empires never developed public education. |

|b. |Their empires included many ethnic and language groups. |

|c. |Their empires did not have a national anthem or flag. |

|d. |Their empires were too far away from states with new exciting ideas. |

|e. |Their economies were too poor. |

REF: p. 731 | p. 733

146. A significant source of conflict between Russia and Austro-Hungary was

|a. |Austria's attempts to dominate the Balkans, which undercut Russia's role as "protector" of the Slavic peoples. |

|b. |Austro-Hungary eyeing territories along the Black Sea in anticipation of the demise of the Ottomans. |

|c. |Austrian annexation of Albania. |

|d. |Austria trying to dominate Christians in the Ottoman Empire, which Russia felt was its domain because of Orthodoxy. |

|e. |Austria declaring an open-border policy to Jews escaping Russian persecution. |

REF: p. 733

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